Thursday, October 3, 1901. Victorolas and the Episcopal Church.

Today In Wyoming's History: October 3: 1901  The Victor Talking Machine Company incorporated.

 A Victrola.

Delegates from the Diocese of Milwaukee and the Diocese of Colorado at the annual meeting of the clergy of the Episcopal Church of the United States, held in San Francisco, urged the church to change its name to "The American Catholic Church".

That's an interesting item in that it indicates that certain sections of the Episcopal Church were quite Anglo Catholic at the time.

Last edition:

Tuesday, October 1, 1901. My paternal grandfather born.

Labels: 1840s, 1900s, 1901, 1910s, 1912, 1940s, 1949, California (San Francisco), Colorado (Denver), Iowa, Iowa (Dyersville), Paderborn Westphalia, Rudyard Kipling, The family, The written word, Westphalia

Tuesday, October 1, 1901. My paternal grandfather born.

My paternal grandfather was born in Iowa, part of a large Westphalian American family that had immigrated to the U.S. in the 1840s.  He was one of 8 children and was their fourth child.

He went to work in 1912 in San Francisco, returning home to Iowa sometime after that, and then moving to Denver where he entered the meatpacking industry, his occupation for the rest of his life.  He died in 1949.

Rudyard Kipling's novel Kim was published in book form.

Last edition:

Saturday, September 28, 1901. Battle of Balangiga.

Labels: 1900s, 1901, 1901. Battle of Balangiga, Army, F. E. Warren AFB, Ft. D.A. Russell, Philippine Insurrection, Saturday, September 28, Wyoming

Saturday, September 28, 1901. Battle of Balangiga.

Today In Wyoming's History: September 28: 1901   At Balangiga on Samar Island, Philippine villagers surprised a the US military Company C, 9th Infantry Regiment, killing 48 out of a command of 74 with edged weapons.  Philippine casualties were estimated at 50-250.  

The city would subsequently be retakane and Church bells, allegedly used to signal the attack from the city's Catholic Churches, were taken by the Americans as prizes.  The bells were installed at Ft. D. A. Russell Wyoming upon the 9th Infantry's return, where they remained until 2018 on the now F. E. Warren AFB.  A member of the Wyoming Veterans Commission lost his seat by stating that he supported their return.  The Filipino representatives maintained that the bells in some cases reflect that they were taken from churches other than those near the battle.

They were, as noted, returned.

King Gillette incorporated the American Safety Razor Company.

Famous television personality Ed Sullivan was born.

Last edition:

Thursday, September 26, 1901. Czolgosz speaks.

Labels: 1900s, 1901, Anglo Ashanti Wars, Boer War, British Empire, Concentration camps, Crime, Orange Free State, South Africa, Transvaal Colony

Thursday, September 26, 1901. Czolgosz speaks.

A stunned Leon Czolgosz was sentenced to death for the murder of William McKinley.  He gave a brief statement noting that nobody else was involved in the murder.

The British annexed the territory of the Ashanti Empire into Ghana.  The war that had preceded it, the War of the Golden Stool, did not recover the stool itself, the object of the war.

A report from South Africa indicated that 1,268 Boer civilians had died in concentration camps in the Transvaal, and a further 1,052 in the Orange River Colony.  Most of the dead were children.

Last edition:

Tuesday, September 24, 1901. Czolgosz found guilty.

Labels: 1900s, 1901, Crime, law, New York (Buffalo), The Law, William McKinley

Tuesday, September 24, 1901. Czolgosz found guilty.

Leon Czolgosz was found guilty of the murder or President William McKinley.

Last edition:

Monday, September 23, 1901. Czolgosz trial begins.

Labels: 1900s, 1901, law, Medicine, New York (Buffalo), Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt, William McKinley

Monday, September 23, 1901. Czolgosz trial begins.

The murder trial of Leon Czolgosz began in Buffalo, New York.  He was, of course, accused of murdering William McKinley.

At the time, law did not move at the speed of Baby Boomers.  If Boomers were in charge at the time, we'd still be waiting for the trial to occur.

Theodore Roosevelt moved into the White House.  His sisters dined with him that evening in celebration of their late father's 70th birthday.

German gastroenterologist Georg Kelling introduced the minimally invasive diagnostic surgery and demonstrated a modern laparoscopic procedure.

Last edition:

Tuesday, September 17, 1901. Battle of Blood River Poort.

Labels: 1900s, 1901, Battle of Blood River Poort, Boer War, William McKinley, World War One

Tuesday, September 17, 1901. Battle of Blood River Poort.

The United States remained in deep mourning over the death of William McKinley.

Lieutenant Colonel Hubert Gough led his 280-man Mounted Infantry force into a surprise attack on Boer forces in the Battle of Blood River Poort.  He did not bother to reconnoiter is advance.

Outnumbered, after what was effectively a melee, his force was captured, although he and most of his surviving men would make their escape over the next few days.

Gough would go on to be a senior commander in the British Army in World War One.

Gough, for reasons we will not go into here (and may have already done) would end up in disgrace for his command in World War One, and enter private life in 1918, becoming a farmer.  He proved to be a fairly successful businessman.  A man of deep religious faith, he died at age 92 in 1963/

Poor planning lead to multiple injuries in Washington D.C. as people crushed in to pay their respects to William McKinley, lying in state.

Last edition:

Saturday, September 14, 1901. The death of William McKinley.

Labels: 1900s, 1901, 1907, China, Education, Grover Cleveland, It was because of the Civil War, New York, Ohio, Personalities, Qing Dynasty, Spanish American War, The Law of Unintended Consequences, Theodore Roosevelt, William McKinley

Saturday, September 14, 1901. The death of William McKinley.

William McKinley, 58 years of age, died at 2:15 in the morning.  His entire cabinet, save for Theodore Roosevelt, were present.

Two additional telegrams arrived at the remote New York campsite of Theodore Roosevelt yes there were, and even are remote New York campsites, for the Vice President, who had departed McKinley's side when it seemed safe to do so.  Less obvious to us now, in the age of Cable News Commentators, there was a feeling at the time that if Roosevelt remained, it indicated that McKinley would die. And also, frankly, in an age when people accepted death as a reality, which we no longer do, even though it still arrives, keeping on, keeping on, often seemed to be the thing to do.

With the telegrams, Roosevelt departed camp at 12:30 in the morning in a buckboard in the middle of a dark, stormy and uncertain night.  He switched wagons at the Tarawas Club clubhouse at 2:10 in the morning.  He arrived at at North Creek at 5:00 a.m. where he was informed of McKinley's death.  

He was darned lucky not to be killed in the journey.

He was sworn in as President at 3:25 in Buffalo.

Roosevelt was 42 years old, the youngest man to ever become President of the United States. That fact is often noted, but worth noting is that McKinley was only 58 years old at the time of his death, young by contemporary standards, ironically enough.  Eight U.S. Presidents have been in their 40s when they assumed office.  Only two have been in their 70s, with Trump twice being in his 70s.  Only ten have been in their 60s, with many being in their 50s.  The extreme old age we are currently experiencing is an anomaly, nd not a good one, and one the framers, who would have regarded life beyond 50 years of age as tenuous, did not contemplate.  Personally, I'd favor a Constitutional amendment precluding anyone from starting a first term who had obtained the age of 60, save for Vice Presidents who had started their term prior to age 60s.  If that was the law now, Ronald Reagan, William Henry Harrison, James Buchanan, George H. W. Bush, Zachary Taylor, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Andrew Jackson, and John Adams could not have served as President.  If you made that age Ronald Reagan,William Henry Harrison  and James Buchanan could not have served, and I'd be fine with that.

McKinley was a pius Methodist who, as noted, forgave his attacker, much to his credit.  He regarded the assailant as tragically deluded, which he was..  He had served in the Union Army during the Civil War, which caused him to have a horror of warfare.  He was not keen on the developments that swept the country into the Spanish American War, which he did not regard as a moral war, and in fact it was not.  He was a lawyer who entered state politics, seeing his rise to governorship of Ohio and later the Presidency.  His family was small for the time, as he had only two children, neither of whom survived to adulthood..  His wife was heartbroken by his murder and she died in 1907 at age 59.  Massee McKinley, a descendant of President Grover Cleveland, is William McKinley's closest living relative, and resembles him in appearance.

McKinley was a fairly good President, but for a disastrous tariff policy that Donald Trump has oddly cited for proof that tariffs work.  In fact, McKinley's tariffs proved disastrous fairly quickly, which he appreciated and sought to redress.  The tariffs also angered Canada enormously, which we are repeating.  Canadians at the time regarded them as an attempt to subvert their sovereignty and force them into a union with the US, which they did not react well to.  As noted, unlike King Donald, he'd experienced war and desperately wanted to avoid war with Spain. And he could recognize a tariff mistake when he saw it.

May the Perpetual Light Shine upon  him.

Events, of course, would prove fateful and things took on a life of their own.  Roosevelt's ride through the night was dangerous in the extreme, but he was a man who did not eschew danger and he never was.  He'd usher in the age of the Imperial Presidency, which he did masterfully and for the public good, but he can and has been criticized for that.  His cousin and fellow New Yorker would take that further, and of course New Yorker Donald Trump has taken it to dictatorial and disastrous extremes, perhaps, maybe, bringing it to an end.

Let us hope so.

The law of unintended consequences works enormously here.  McKinley was a man of average means who struggled early in his life and rose to great heights based on his character and intelligence, while enduring personal tragedy of an extreme most of us can hardly imagine.  He's more like average Americans today than most people, and was more like an average American in his own age.  His death brought in a man who was nearly a force of nature, one of the most exceptional Americans to ever live, who was from a well to do family but who represented the best of the common man.  His cousin Franklin has been called "a traitor to his class". Now we have a man of wealth who every single one of them would have been horrified by.  The MAGA movement is nearly what Theodore Roosevelt worried about and warned about when he was concerned with Socialism, with the radical left and radical right never being very far apart.

As a total aside, there was a time in the country's history in which notable Americans last names were used as first names in certain demographics.  Most recently, I've seen that in the use of the the name "Reagan" as a first name.  If that was my first name, I'd start going by "Bob", or perhaps Diognetus, but I've seen it, and I once represented a Reagan from an extremely Republican family in a lawsuit.  Of note that same family had once been Democrats, prior to the Great Wyoming Political Shift. The use of the name "Roosevelt" had a following in African American families, recognizing what Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Roosevelt had done for their cause.  McKinley had enough of a following that one of the greatest bluesmen of all time had McKinley as a first name, that being McKinley Morgenfeld, born in 1913.  He's better known as Muddy Waters. 

The Qing Dynasty converted provincial academies into colleges with each to offer a Western world education in addition to Confucian studies.

Last edition:

Friday, September 13, 1901. McKinley approaches the end.

Labels: 1900s, 1901, Theodore Roosevelt, William McKinley

Friday, September 13, 1901. McKinley approaches the end.

President McKinley's condition worsened and it became event to all that he was on death's door and he would not recover.  At 8:00 he fell asleep and would never wake up.

Harrison Hall, a mountain guide of 50 years of age, was detailed to find Vice President Roosevelt, who was camping.  His hike to locate TR took fourteen hours.  As it was night, Roosevelt determined, quite correctly, it was best to remain the night and return the following day.

Last edition:

Wednesday, September 11, 1901. McKinley doing well.

Labels: 1900s, 1901, Monarchy, Puerto Rico, Russia, ships Germany, Taxes, United States, William McKinley

Wednesday, September 11, 1901. McKinley doing well.

President McKinley's physicians told reporters, "Good news, good news, nothing but good news. We have washed and fed the President, and moved him to another bed" and  "that a count of his blood shows that it is in a normal condition, and we feel that we can announce definitely that there is not the least indication of blood poisoning."

The Director-General of the Pan-American Exposition announced plans for "a day of special thanksgiving, a day of national jubilee over the escape of President McKinley from death".

Clergymen attending a national conference in Chicago proposed a second Thanksgiving Day in honor of McKinley's escaping death.

Cousins Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany and  Czar Nicholas of Russia met on the Kaiser's yacht, SMY Hohenzollern, which made a rendezvous with the Tsar's yacht off of the German coast.  The Czar was ferried to the location on his yacht, the Standart.

The U.S. Circuit Court for New York ordered a refund of $490,139.09 to the American Sugar Refining Company for improper tariffs.  The tax was imposed on sugar from Puerto Rico, which was except.

Last edition:

Tuesday, September 10, 1901. Goldman arrested.

Labels: 1900s, 1901, Anarchy, Communists, Economics, Emma Goldman, William McKinley

Tuesday, September 10, 1901. Goldman arrested.

Communist/Anarchist Emma Goldman, looking pissed off.

A nationwide roundup of anarchist resulted in the arrest of the perpetually pissed off looking Emma Goldman.  She was released on September 23.  William McKinley, who had been shot by Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist, continued to recover.

Goldman in 1886, age 17, apparently before she was perpetually pissed off.  In this photo she bears a remarkable resemblance to Ella Cordova.

The U.S. Treasury announced a massive bond buy back.

Last edition:

Monday, September 9, 1901. McKinley rallies.

Labels: 1900s, 1901, Theodore Roosevelt, William McKinley

Monday, September 9, 1901. McKinley rallies.

President McKinley rallied and doctors were cautiously optimistic he would recover.

Vice President Theodore Roosevelt, acting on the news, departed for the Adirondacks to go  hiking.

Last ediction:

Sunday, September 8, 1901. McKinley on the verge of death.

Labels: 1900s, 1901, Crime, Death, William McKinley

Sunday, September 8, 1901. McKinley on the verge of death.

 

Last edition:

Saturday, September 7, 1901. Official end of the Boxer Rebellion, Roosevelt in Buffalo.

Labels: 1900s, 1901, Boxer Rebellion, China, Crime, Diplomacy, New York (Buffalo), Theodore Roosevelt, William McKinley

Saturday, September 7, 1901. Official end of the Boxer Rebellion, Roosevelt in Buffalo.

China signed the Boxer Protocol, one of China's "Unequal Treaties".

SETTLEMENT OF MATTERS GROWING OUT OF THE BOXER UPRISING (BOXER PROTOCOL)

The Plenipotentiaries of Germany, His Excellency M. A. Mumm von Schwarzenstein; of Austria-Hungary, His Excellency M. M. Czikann von Wahlbom; of Belgium, His Excellency M. Joostens; of Spain, M. B. J. de Cologan; of the United States, His Excellency Mr. W. W. Rockhill; of France, His Excellency M. Paul Beau; of Great Britain, His Excellency Sir Ernest Satow; of Italy, Marquis Salvago Raggi; of Japan, His Excellency M. Jutaro Komura; of the Netherlands, His Excellency M. F. M. Knobel; of Russia, His Excellency M. M. de Giers; and of China, His Highness Yi-K'uang, Prince of the First Rank Ching, President of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and His Excellency Li Hung-chang, Earl of the First Rank, Su-i, Tutor of the Heir Apparent, Grand Secretary of the Wen-nua Throne Hall, Minister of Commerce, Superintendent of the Northern Ports, Governor-General of Chihli, have met for the purpose of declaring that China has complied to the satisfaction of the Powers with the conditions laid down in the note of the 22d of December, 1900,[3] which were accepted in their entirety by His Majesty the Emperor of China in a decree dated the 27th of December, 1900 (Annex No. 1).

Article I a

By an Imperial Edict of the 9th of June last (Annex No. 2), Tsai Feng, Prince of the First Rank Ch'ün, was appointed Ambassador of His Majesty the Emperor of China, and directed in that capacity to convey to His Majesty the German Emperor the expression of the regrets of His Majesty the Emperor of China and of the Chinese Government for the assassination of His Excellency the late Baron von Ketteler, German Minister.

Prince Ch'ün left Peking the 12th of July last to carry out the orders which had been given him.

Article I b

The Chinese Government has stated that it will erect on the spot of the assassination of His Excellency the late Baron von Ketteler a commemorative monument, worthy of the rank of the deceased, and bearing an inscription in the Latin, German, and Chinese languages, which shall express the regrets of His Majesty the Emperor of China for the murder committed.

Their Excellencies the Chinese Plenipotentiaries have informed His Excellency the German Plenipotentiary, in a letter dated the 22nd of July last (Annex No. 3), that an arch of the whole width of the street would be erected on the said spot and that work on it was begun the 25th of June last.

Article II a

Imperial Edicts of the 13th and 21st of February, 1901 (Annexes Nos. 4, 5, and 6), inflicted the following punishments on the principal authors of the outrages and crimes committed against the foreign Governments and their nationals:

Tsai-I, Prince Tuan and Tsai Lan, Duke Fu-kuo, were sentenced to be brought before the autumn Court of Assizes for execution, and it was agreed that if the Emperor saw fit to grant them their lives, they should be exiled to Turkestan and there imprisoned for life, without the possibility of commutation of this punishment.

Tsai Hsün, Prince Chuang, Ying Nien, President of the Court of Censors, and Chao Shu-Chiao, President of the Board of Punishments, were condemned to commit suicide.

Yü Hsien, Governor of Shanhsi, Chi Hsiu, President of the Board of Rites, and Hsü Cheng-yu, formerly Senior Vice-President of the Board of Punishments, were condemned to death.

Posthumous degradation was inflicted on Kang Yi, Assistant Grand Secretary, President of the Board of Works, Hsü Tung, Grand Secretary, and Li Ping-heng, former Governor-General of Szu-ch'uan.

An Imperial Edict of February 13th, 1901 (Annex No. 7), rehabilitated the memories of Hsü Yung-yi, President of the Board of War, Li Shan, President of the Board of Works, Hsü Ching-cheng, Senior Vice-President of the Board of Works, Lien Yuan, Vice-Chancellor of the Grand Council, and Yuan Chang, Vice-President of the Court of Sacrifices, who had been put to death for having protested against the outrageous breaches of international law of last year.

Prince Chuang committed suicide the 21st of February, 1901, Ying Nien and Chao Shu-chiao the 24th, Yü Hsien was executed the 22nd, Chi Hsiu and Hsü Cheng-yu on the 26th. Tung Fuhsiang, General in Kan-su, has been deprived of his office by Imperial Edict of the 13th of February, 1901, pending the determination of the final punishment to be inflicted on him.

Imperial Edicts dated the 29th of April and 19th of August, 1901, have inflicted proportional punishments on the provincial officials convicted of the crimes and outrages of last summer.

Article II b

An Imperical Edict promulgated the 19th of August, 1901 (Annex No. 8), ordered the suspension of official examinations for five years in all cities where foreigners were massacred or subjected to cruel treatment.

Article III

In order to make honorable reparation for the assassination of Mr. Sugiyama, chancellor of the Japanese Legation, His Majesty the Emperor of China by an Imperial Edict of the 18th of June, 1901 (Annex No. 9), appointed Na Tung, Vice-President of the Board of Revenue to be his Envoy Extraordinary, and specially directed him to convey to His Majesty the Emperor of Japan the expression of the regrets of His Majesty the Emperor of China and of his Government at the assassination of the late Mr. Sugiyama.

Article IV

The Chinese Government has agreed to erect an expiatory monument in each of the foreign or international cemeteries which were desecrated and in which the tombs were destroyed.

It has been agreed with the Representatives of the Powers that the legations interested shall settle the details for the erection of these monuments, China bearing all the expenses thereof, estimated at ten thousand taels for the cemeteries at Peking and within its neighborhood, and at five thousand taels for the cemeteries in the provinces. The amounts have been paid and the list of these cemeteries is enclosed herewith (Annex No. 10).

Article V

China has agreed to prohibit the importation into its territory of arms and ammunition, as well as of materials exclusively used for the manufacture of arms and ammunition.

An Imperial Edict has been issued on the 25th of August, 1901 (Annex No. 11), forbidding said importation for a term of two years. New Edicts may be issued subsequently extending this by other successive terms of two years in case of necessity recognized by the Powers.

Article VI

By an Imperial Edict dated the 29th of May, 1901 (Annex No. 12), His Majesty the Emperor of China agreed to pay the Powers an indemnity of four hundred and fifty million Haikwan Taels. This sum represents the total amount of the indemnities for States, companies or societies, private individuals, and Chinese referred to in Article VI of the note of December 22nd, 1900.

(a) These four hundred and fifty millions constitute a gold debt calculated at the rate of the Haikwan Tael to the gold currency of each country, as indicated below:

1 Haikwan Tael = Marks 3.055

= Austro-Hungarian Crowns 3.595

= gold Dollar 0.742

= Francs 3.750

= Pound Sterling 0 3s. 0d.

= Yen 1.407

= Netherlands Florin 1.796

= gold Ruble (17.424 dolias fine) 1.412

This sum in gold will bear interest at 4per cent per annum, and the capital shall be reimbursed by China in thirty-nine years in the manner indicated in the annexed plan of amortization (Annex No. 13).

Capital and interest will be payable in gold or at the rates of exchange prevailing on the dates at which the different payments fall due. The amortization will begin on the 1st of January, 1902, and will end at the close of the year 1940. The amortizations are payable annually, the first payment being fixed on the 1st of January, 1903.

Interest will run from the 1st of July, 1901; but the Chinese Government shall have the right to pay off within a term of three years, beginning January 1, 1902, the arrears of the first six months, ending the 31st of December, 1901, on condition, however, that it pay compound interest at the rate of 4 per cent per annum on the sums the payments of which shall have thus been deferred. Interest shall be payable semiannually, the first payment being due on the 1st of July, 1902.

(b) The service of the debt will be effected at Shanghai, in the following manner: Each Power will be represented by a delegate on a commission of bankers authorized to receive the amount of interest and amortization which shall be paid to it by the Chinese authorities designated for that purpose, to divide it among the interested parties, and to give a receipt for the same.

(c) The Chinese Government shall deliver to the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps at Peking a bond for the lump sum, which will subsequently be converted into fractional bonds bearing the signatures of the delegates of the Chinese Government designated for that purpose. This operation and all those relating to the issue of the bonds will be performed by the above-mentioned Commission, in accordance with the instructions which the Powers shall send their delegates.

(d) The proceeds of the revenues assigned to the payment of the bonds shall be paid monthly to the Commission.

(e) The revenues assigned as security for the bonds are the following:

1. The balance of the revenues of the Imperial Maritime Customs, after payment of the interest and amortization of preceding loans secured on these revenues, plus the proceeds of the increase to five per cent effective of the present tariff on maritime imports, including articles hitherto on the free list, with the exception of rice, cereals, and flour of foreign origin, as well as of gold and silver, minted or unminted.

2. The revenues of the native customs, administered in the open ports by the Imperial Maritime Customs.

3. The total revenues of the gabelle [salt tax], exclusive of the fraction previously set aside for other foreign loans.

The raising of the present tariff on imports to five per cent effective is agreed to on the conditions mentioned below.

It will be put in force two months after the signing of the present protocol, and no exceptions shall be made save for merchandise shipped not more than ten days after that date.

1°. All duties on imports levied ad valorem shall be converted as far as possible and as soon as may be into specific duties. This conversion will be made in the following manner: The average value of merchandise at the time of its unloading during the three years 1897, 1898, and 1899, that is to say, the market price less the amount of import duties and incidental expenses, shall be taken as the basis for the valuation of merchandise. Pending the result of the work of conversion, duties shall be levied ad valorem.

2°. The beds of the rivers Peiho and Whangpu will be improved with the financial participation of China.

Article VII

The Chinese Government has agreed that the quarter occupied by the legations shall be considered as one specially reserved for their use and placed under their exclusive control, in which Chinese shall not have the right to reside and which may be made defensible.

The limits of this quarter have been fixed as follows on the annexed plan (Annex No. 14):

On the west, the line 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

On the north, the line 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.

On the east, Ketteler Street: 10, 11, 12.

On the south, the line 12–1, drawn along the outer base of the Tartar wall, taking in the bastions.

In the protocol annexed to the letter of the 16th of January, 1901,[4] China recognized the right of each Power to maintain a permanent guard in the said quarter for the defense of its legation.

Article VIII

The Chinese Government has consented to raze the forts of Taku and those which might impede free communication between Peking and the sea. Steps have been taken for carrying this out.

Article IX

The Chinese Government has conceded to the Powers, in the protocol annexed to the letter of the 16th of January, 1901, the right to occupy certain points, to be determined by an agreement between them, for the maintenance of open communication between the capital and the sea. The points occupied by the Powers are:

Huang-tsun, Lang-fang, Yang-tsun, Tientsin, Chum-liang, Ch'eng, Tang-ku, Lu-tai, Tang-shan, Lan-chou, Chang-li, Ch'in-wang tao, Shan-hai kuan.

Article X

The Chinese Government has agreed to post and to publish for two years in all district cities the following Imperial Edicts:

(a) Edict of the 1st of February, 1901 (Annex No. 15), prohibiting forever, under pain of death, membership in any anti-foreign society.

(b) Edicts of the 13 and 25 February, 29 April and 19 August enumerating the punishments inflicted on the guilty.

(c) Edict of the 19th August, 1901, prohibiting examinations in all cities where foreigners were massacred or subjected to cruel treatment.

(d) Edict of the 1st of February, 1901 (Annex No. 16), declaring all governors-general, governors, and provincial or local officials responsible for order in their respective districts, and that in case of new anti-foreign troubles or other infractions of the treaties which shall not be immediately repressed and the authors of which shall not have been punished, these officials shall be immediately dismissed, without possibility of being given new functions or new honors.

The posting of these edicts is taking place progressively throughout the Empire.

Article XI

The Chinese Government has undertaken to negotiate such amendments to the treaties of commerce and navigation as the foreign Governments have considered desirable, as well as other points bearing on commercial relations, with the object of facilitating these.

At present, and as a result of the stipulations contained in Article VI concerning the indemnity, the Chinese Government agrees to assist in the improvement of the courses of the rivers Peiho and Whangpu, as stated below.

(a) The works for the improvement of navigation in the Peiho, begun in 1898 with the cooperation of the Chinese Government, have been resumed under the direction of an international Commission. As soon as the administration of Tientsin shall have been handed back to the Chinese Government, the latter will be able to have a representative on this Commission, and will pay each year a sum of sixty thousand Haikwan Taels for continuing the works.

(b) A River Board, charged with the management and control of the work of straightening the Whangpu and improving the course of that river, is hereby created.

This Board shall consist of members representing the interests of the Chinese Government and those of foreigners in the shipping trade of Shanghai. The expense to be incurred for the works and the general management of the undertaking is estimated at the annual sum of four hundred and sixty thousand Haikwan Taels for the first twenty years. This sum will be supplied in equal portions by the Chinese Government and the foreign interests concerned. Detailed stipulations concerning the composition, duties, and revenues of the River Board are embodied in Annex No. 17.

Article XII

An Imperial Edict of the 24th of July, 1901 (Annex No. 18), reorganized the Office of Foreign Affairs, (Tsungli Yamen), on the lines indicated by the Powers, that is to say, transformed it into a Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Waiwu Pu), which takes precedence over the six other Ministries of State. The same Edict appointed the principal members of this Ministry.

An agreement has also been reached concerning the modification of Court ceremonial as regards the reception of foreign Representatives and has been the subject of several notes from the Chinese Plenipotentiaries, the substance of which is embodied in a memorandum herewith annexed (Annex No. 19).

Finally, it is expressly understood that as regards the declarations above set forth and the annexed documents emanating from the foreign Plenipotentiaries, the French text alone is authoritative.

The Chinese Government having thus complied to the satisfaction of the Powers with the conditions laid down in the above-mentioned note of December 22nd, 1900, the Powers have acceded to the wish of China to terminate the situation created by the disorders of the summer of 1900. The foreign Plenipotentiaries are therefore authorized to declare in the names of their Governments that, with the exception of the legation guards mentioned in Article VII, the international troops will completely evacuate the city of Peking, on the 17th September, 1901, and, with the exception of the localities mentioned in Article IX, will withdraw from the province of Chihli on the 22d of September.

The present final Protocol has been drawn up in twelve identic copies and signed by all the Plenipotentiaries of the Contracting Countries. One copy will be given to each of the foreign Plenipotentiaries, and one copy will be given to the Chinese Plenipotentiaries.

Peking, 7th September, 1901.

[For Germany:]

A v Mumm[seal]

[For Austria-Hungary:]

M. Czikann[seal]

[For Belgium:]

Joostens[seal]

[For Spain:]

B J de Cologan[seal]

[For the United States]

W. W. Rockhill[seal]

[For France:]

Beau[seal]

[For the United Kingdom:]

Ernest Satow[seal]

[For Italy:]

Salvago Raggi[seal]

[For Japan:]

Jutaro Komura[seal]

[For the Netherlands:]

F. M. Knobel[seal]

[For Russia:]

M. de Giers[seal]

[For China:]

Yi-K'uang[seal]

Li Hung-chang[seal]

Annexes to the Final Protocol

Vice President Roosevelt traveled to Buffalo where he met with the President, the Cabinet, various Senators and Congressmen and the press. 

Last edition:

Friday, September 6, 1901. McKinley shot.

Labels: 1900s, 1901, Pan American Exposition, telephone, Theodore Roosevelt, Weapons

Friday, September 6, 1901. McKinley shot.

McKinley entering the Temple of Music at the Pan American Exposition moments before being shot.  He attended the event over the objections of his personal secretary.

Anarchist Leon Czolgosz shot President William McKinley twice with a .32 Iver Johnson revolver, a "hammerless" revolver that was marketed as a self protection handgun.   The small caliber bullet fired from the low velocity cartridge actually bounced off of a coat button with the first shot, but the second entered his abdomen.  The low powered round did not kill him, but he was severely wounded and required surgery, which was performed about 30 minutes later. The surgery did not locate the bullet, the surgery complicated by McKinley being obese.  McKinley's words at the time indicated a forgiving and sympathetic view of his assassin.

Abdominal wounds normally resulted in gangrene, which in fact this one did.

News of the shooting reached Theodore Roosevelt, who as on vacation in Vermont, by phone.

Last edition:

Thursday, September 5, 1901. President McKinley's last public address.

Labels: 1900s, 1901, baseball, New York (Buffalo), Pan American Exposition, the spoken word, William McKinley