Showing posts with label 1900s. Show all posts
Showing posts with label 1900s. Show all posts

Saturday, July 18, 2026

Tuesday, July 18, 1911. Premier game of the Wyoming State Penitentiary All Stars

 


New warden Felix Alston organized the team following his appointment to the position in 1911. He chose  George Saban, convicted murderer from the Spring Creek raid, to be head coach and team captain due to their friendship.  The only team they played against was the Rawlins Juniors, which they played four times in 1911. They won all four games.

The team was comprised for the following members:

Coach: Saban, George.  Convicted of murder, he escaped and disappeared from history in December, 1913.

Cameron, Thomas Convicted of Sexual assault, his sentence expired in June 1912.

Pendergraft, Harry A.  Convicted of Larceny , he was granted parole in Jan 1912

C, RF:  Powell, James.  He had been convicted of rape.  Powell was black.  This was an integrated team.

1B: Rowan, Eugene.  He had been convicted of rape, and breaking and entering.  He was granted parole in Nov 1913.  Rowan was also an African American.

2B: Fitzgerald, Frank.  Breaking and entering.  His sentence expired in Dec 1911

SS: Guzzardo, Joe.  Manslaughter.  He was pardoned in July 1912.  Guzzardo had killed a woman in 1908 while shooting at a man who was threatening his life.

3B: Crottie, John.  Grand larceny. He was released in Nov 1911

LF: Carman, Ora.  Grand larceny.  He completed his sentence in Sept 1911.

LF: Stone, Earl.  Breaking and entering.  He completed his sentence in Sept 1911.

CF: Potter, Sidney.  Forgery.  He completed his sentence in June 1912.

RF, C, SS:  Seng, Joseph.  First-degree murder. He was hanged in May 1912

Their August 29, 1911 game was their last.

Contrary to a myth about the team, they were not all on "death row", and indeed only one of the men, Joseph Seng, was. Seng had killed his supervisor after he was fired from his job as a watchman in Evanston.  He was the first man to be executed at the Wyoming State Penitentiary.

Russian backed and equipped deposed Shah of Persia Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar landed at the Caspian Sea port of Astarabad with an army in an attempt to regain the throne that he had lost in 1909.

Last edition:

Saturday, July 15, 1911. Unreasonable demands.

Thursday July 18, 1901. Tom Horn murdered Willie Nickell.

Willie Nickell.

Today In Wyoming's History: July 18: 1901. Tom Horn murders Willie Nickell, for which he is later hung. In part, Horn is relatively rapidly identified due to leaving an expended .30-30 cartridge at the site, that being a rifle cartridge he was associated with.  At the time, the .30-30 was regarded as a long range high velocity cartridge and it was a relatively new cartridge as well.  The murder was almost certainly a mistake, as Horn was very likely waiting for Willie's father.  Willie was a big kid, albeit only age 14, and was wearing his father's coat on the day of the murder.

It's interesting to note that Horn was born in Missouri and grew up on a large family farm, although he left home as an early teen. His 1860 birth date would have caused him to grow up in the Missouri of the 1860s and 1870s, which were particularly lawless, and produced a variety of notorious gunmen.  He served as a civilian scout in the Army under the legendary Al Sieber and saw service on both sides of the border.  He picked up a knowledge of the Apache language during this period..

In the period leading up to this infamous act, he seems to have been employed as an enforcer for certain cattle interests that were continuing to contest along the lines of the Johnson County War as well as the ongoing sheep war.  He first took up hiring out as a gunman in the Southwest, after his service to the Army.  His role in Wyoming was often as a "stock detective", which gave a degree of legality to some of his activities.

His arrest and conviction is one of two instances in the first decade of the 20th Century in Wyoming in which the gunman was rapidly identified due to a cartridge preference, the other being the 1909 Spring Creek Raid, which was the last raid of Wyoming's long running sheep wars. In that event, one of the assailants was armed with a semi automatic Remington 1908 in .25 Remington, his rifle being the only one of that type in the region.

Horn has remained an oddly popular and well known figure in Wyoming's history and has his apologists.  The reasons for this are not entirely clear.  There are those who claim even to the present day that he was not guilty of the murder and was framed by those who had formerly employed him, citing to the efforts of Joe Lefors, who was critical in tracking him down and supplying testimony against him. But the apologists arguments do not stand up to scrutiny.   Looked at objectively, Horn was a late Frontier era figure who became ensnared in the violence of the period at the same time at which it was winding down.  The same decade of his arrest would see Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid conclude their criminal activities in the state (also with Lefors playing a part in that) and the end of the Sheep Wars due to the arrival of effective law enforcement and unbiased juries.  Perhaps Horns role as a fin de siecle play a role in the ongoing fascination with him.
Philippine Commission's Act Number 175 established the paramilitary Philippine Constabulary to take over from the U.S. Army in fighting the remaining insurgents.  It existed until 1991.

Last edition:

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Wednesday, July 15, 2026

Monday, July 15, 1901. Tom Horn goes visiting.

Today In Wyoming's History: July 15: ..

1901    Tom Horn, returned from Army service in the Spanish American War, and employed by John Coble, member of the Wyoming Stock Growers Association, visited Jim and Dora Miller's ranch near Iron Mountain, as well as Glendolene Kimmel, the 22 year old teacher at the Iron Mountain School.


The Millers and Horn, including the Miller children, engaged in target shooting later that day, with Horn shooting his .30-30 Winchester.


Kimmel would go on to be a defense witness for Horn at his trial for the murder of Willie Nickell, one of her students.  That would end up in her being charged with perjury, although the charges were dismissed.  She moved to Missouri and thereafter lived with her family in Hannibal.  She moved with her mother to California in 1913, and lived there until her death in 1949 at age 68.  She never married.

The Kimmel story has been a feature of the Tom Horn legend from nearly the beginning, but in truth she had very little connection with Horn, having met him on a very limited basis.  On this occasion, he told stories, and given his role as a frontier scout and in the Spanish American War, he had stories to tell.  But Horn was nearly 40 years old on this occasion and Kimmel, a single woman in Wyoming, would have been sought after by nearly any single male in the region.

She would claim that one of the Miller boys claimed the murder, which is certainly possible even if he didn't.  She swore an affidavit to that effect.  She also wrote an unpublished book on Horn defending him.  While that might show a strong degree of interest in him, it didn't rise to the level of a romantic relationship as suggested in later day.

A better view would be that based on her limited interaction with him she took an interest in his fate, and felt honor bound after hearing a confession of the murder, whether it was true or not.

Indeed, the more surprising things is that she never married.

The Edison Manufacturing Company attained a monopoly over the production of American motion pictures after a federal court in New York ruled in its favor in a suit against the American Mutoscope & Biograph Company for patent infringement.

The Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers went on strike.

Christy Mathewson pitched no-hitter for the Giants against St. Louis

Last edition:

Saturday, July 13, 1901. A good effort.

Tuesday, July 14, 2026

Coldest Julys in Wyoming since 1895

Coldest Julys in Wyoming since 1895

Stacker compiled a ranking of the coldest Julys in Wyoming since 1895 using data from the National Centers for Environmental Information. Rankings are based on the lowest average temperature in each month. For each of the coldest months listed below, we've included the average state temperature, state-wide highs and lows for the month, and the total precipitation.

#10. July 1912
- Average temperature: 62.3°F
- Monthly high temperature: 75.5°F
- Monthly low temperature: 49°F
- Total precipitation: 2.2"

#9. July 1904
- Average temperature: 62.2°F
- Monthly high temperature: 76.9°F
- Monthly low temperature: 47.5°F
- Total precipitation: 1.06"

#8. July 1972
- Average temperature: 62°F
- Monthly high temperature: 77.5°F
- Monthly low temperature: 46.4°F
- Total precipitation: 0.99"

#7. July 1902
- Average temperature: 61.7°F
- Monthly high temperature: 76.8°F
- Monthly low temperature: 46.6°F
- Total precipitation: 0.97"

#6. July 1958
- Average temperature: 61.4°F
- Monthly high temperature: 75.8°F
- Monthly low temperature: 46.9°F
- Total precipitation: 2.02"

#4. July 1950 (tie)
- Average temperature: 61.2°F
- Monthly high temperature: 75.7°F
- Monthly low temperature: 46.7°F
- Total precipitation: 1.52"

#4. July 1895 (tie)
- Average temperature: 61.2°F
- Monthly high temperature: 76.1°F
- Monthly low temperature: 46.4°F
- Total precipitation: 0.99"

#3. July 1992
- Average temperature: 60.8°F
- Monthly high temperature: 74.7°F
- Monthly low temperature: 46.8°F
- Total precipitation: 2.24"

#2. July 1915
- Average temperature: 60.3°F
- Monthly high temperature: 74.3°F
- Monthly low temperature: 46.3°F
- Total precipitation: 1.75"

#1. July 1993
- Average temperature: 58.9°F
- Monthly high temperature: 73.2°F
- Monthly low temperature: 44.6°F
- Total precipitation: 1.88"

Monday, July 13, 2026

Saturday, July 13, 1901. A good effort.


Brazilian aviator Alberto Santos-Dumont became the first person to fly around the Eiffel Tower three times, a requirement for winning ta prize of 100,000 francs sponsored by oilman Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe.

He didn't get it as he failed to timely complete a round trip between the Longchamp Racecourse and the Tower within less than half an hour. 

William McKinley became the first President to ride in an automobile.

It was a Saturday, and the Saturday Evening Post ran this odd cover.


The accompanying article was "An American Invasion".

Last edition:

Wednesday, July 10, 1901. Registering for 160 acres of Oklahoma.

Friday, July 10, 2026

Wednesday, July 10, 1901. Registering for 160 acres of Oklahoma.

Registration opened for the Oklahoma Territory land lottery at 9:00 a.m in El Reno and at Lawton.  By 6:00 p.m. on July 26, when registration closed, 167,000 people had spent the $25 registration fee to be eligible for one of 13,000 tracts of land of 160 acres each, with drawing to begin on July 29.

Cole and Jim Younger were granted parole after almost 25 years in the Minnesota State Prison in Stillwater, Minnesota for their attempted robbery of a bank in the James Gang's Northfield Minnesota on September 7, 1876.

Chinese Imperial troops were defeated by the Allied Villagers Society at Chichou.

Last edition:

Sunday, July 7, 1901. McKinley opens more of Oklahoma.

Tuesday, July 7, 2026

Sunday, July 7, 1901. McKinley opens more of Oklahoma.

William McKinley proclaimed certain Indian lands in Oklahoma Territory, including the Creek Nation, open to settlement effective August 6, 1901.

Last edition:

Wednesday, July 3, 1901. Last train robbery of the Wild Bunch.

Friday, July 3, 2026

Wednesday, July 3, 1901. Last train robbery of the Wild Bunch.


Today In Wyoming's History: July 3: 1901:  The Wild Bunch rob a Great Northern train near Wagner Montana, their last robbery in the U.S.

It is unclear if Butch Cassidy was present or not.  The Sundance Kid was not.  

1901  First automobile appears to appear in Calgary, Alberta.

Last edition:

Thursday, July 2, 2026

Sunday, July 2, 1911. Krazy Kat debuts.

 Krazy Kat debuted as a spinoff from The Dingbat Family, which it would supplant.


The United States broke diplomatic relations with Colombia over an ongoing dispute about the US's role in severing Panama in 1903 from the country, which was a fairly stinky thing for the US to do.  It was based on our desire to see the canal built on the Isthmus of Panama.  The US was attempting to repair the situation, which understandably upset Colombia.

The ongoing balkanization of Central America is a major source of its ongoing difficulties today.  Some of the territory which is now in independent states bordering Mexico should really be part of Mexico and the balance, perhaps absent Panama, one single state.  This would, in fact, comport with the original hopes of those who severed those regions from Spain.

The Interstate Commerce Commission ordered an investigation of all express train companies in the United States.

Last edition:

Saturday, July 1, 1911. The Agadir Crisis commences.

Monday, June 29, 2026

Saturday, June 29, 1901. Large sailing vessels collide.

George W. Wells.

The only two six masted schooners in the world, the George W. Wells and the Eleanor Percy, collided off the coast of Cape Cod in fair weather.  Both would need to be repaired.

Elanor Percy

The Royal Navy received its first dedicated hospital ship, the HMS Maine.

Czar Nicholas confirmed the law incorporating Finish residents into the Russian Imperial Army.

Last edition:

Tuesday, June 25, 1901. Proclamation 457—Ratifying an Agreement Between the Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes and the Muscogee or Creek Tribe of Indians

Wednesday, April 1, 2026

Preserving eggs 1909

 

Preserving eggs 1909

It's always interesting to see what people did for food preservation before refrigeration was common.

There's no way you'd use some of these methods now.

Friday, March 20, 2026

Two Weapons stories as the US heads towards ground troops deploying, again, in the middle east.

The Marine Corps, which insists on avoiding equipment adopted first by the Army, looked at the M7,and said, nah. . . 

M7 Rifle.


Marines not interested in switching from M27 to Army’s M7 anytime soon

Chances are good, I'd rate them as overwhelming, that the USMC will be using M27s within a week or two in Iran.  This will be the modified HK416's first major combat use, maybe its first use at all.

M27 Automatic Rifle.

It's a mistake, the M7 is definitely the better rifle with better ammunition.  But the Marines, if allowed to have a different rifle, will always do so.

Marines in China with M1895 Navy Lee, at the time at which the Army was using the Krag.  They didn't use it long.

And there's now drone killing ammunition:

U.S. Military Unveils "Drone Killer" Rifle Cartridges | An Official Journal Of The NRA

The pelletized ammunition sort of resembles "snake shot" for pistols used by outdoorsmen in the summer months.  It was developed by the Navy.

Tuesday, October 21, 2025

The Vandals.

American democracy has several great weaknesses, the primary one being that Americans believe that we have a "two party system".

We don't.  We've just allowed two parties to take over and even fund their party elections, the primaries, with government funds, and tolerate the creation of bogus Congressional roles, such "Senate Majority Leader".

That needs reform desperately.

Amongst other weaknesses, however, is that Americans believe that we have a free enterprise economic system. We don't. We have corporate capitalism which allows businesses to escape the implications of their actions through the corporate business form.

Americans believe so strongly in "free enterprise" that they basically never vote with their wallets.  They'll let businesses absolutely screw them and keep supporting them.  On the rare occasions in which they actually will vote with their wallets and boycott a product it's when its something trivial and otherwise readily available, as in when sales of Bud Light dropped off over a transgender personality advertising it.

Lots of companies brew beer.

I note this as the illegitimate occupant of the White House, who has no real authority, is having the East Wing of the  White House destroyed for on oversized garden shed, aka, a ballroom.

The White House doesn't need a ballroom.  This isn't 1875.  What Donald Trump wants is something overblown and gaudy, which is his brand, so that hopefully people remember him after he departs this Earth for his final reward. It's much the same motivation that has him angling for the Nobel Peace Prize.  He's hoping to be remembered as a serious person, rather than as a real estate developer/serial polygamist.

Before we move on, we should note that the White House was originally designed as a house, and its been modified continually.  Frankly, it ought to flat out stop. The constant monkeying with the structure only encourages this sort of baloney, and the building isn't getting any better looking over time.  The East Wing only dates back to 1942 and to some degree was built as a cover for the construction of a bomb shelter underneath it.  I suppose you can argue the bomb shelter was a good addition, but this just goes on and on.

The West Wing has been modified a great deal over time, but basically dates back to 1902.  Theodore Roosevelt was President then, and his large family was busting at the seams of the White House.

This is different, however.

The West Wing was built as office space.  Basically it's an office space annexation. The East Wing, as noted, was originally added to cover the construction of a bomb shelter.  In later years, offices for correspondence, calligraphers and the social secretary were placed in the East Wing. It became the offices of the First Lady, with the First Lady requiring offices a fairly dubious proposition, quite frankly.

Trump wasn't supposed to really touch the East Wing Structure but a Volvo bucket is out destroying part of the facade now. The new structure will be, of course, a garden shed. . .um a ballroom.

Adding offices made sense.  Adding a bomb shelter in 1942 made sense, after all, German rocket technology brought the ICBM within reach during  World War Two and submarine launched aircraft actually did made land strikes on the West Coast during the war.

A ballroom, however, is a superficial structure for somebody who likes to entertain.

Trump is a superficial person who has been spending a lot of his time at the golf course.

Trump can't molest the structure unless the forces of capitalism dutifully line up to give him his dream. There was never any doubt that they would.  So, have you wondered who the Vandal hired by the illegitimate occupant of the White House/Real Estate Developer/Serial Polygamist to design and construct a giant garden shed is?

Well, wonder no more:

President Trump Hires National Civic Art Society Board Member to Design New White House Ballroom

James McCrery, a classical architect who is a co-founder of the National Civic Art Society and a member of our Board of Directors, has been chosen by President Donald Trump to design a new ballroom at the White House.

According to the administration, “The White House State Ballroom will be a much-needed and exquisite addition of approximately 90,000 total square feet of ornately designed and carefully crafted space, with a seated capacity of 650 people — a significant increase from the 200-person seated capacity in the East Room of the White House.”

McCrery, who is principal and founder of McCrery Architects in Washington, D.C., is associate professor at the Catholic University of America's School of Architecture. He was a commissioner on the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, appointed by President Trump during his first term. McCrery served alongside NCAS President Justin Shubow, who was chairman of the Commission.

According  to Shubow, “The National Civic Art Society is ecstatic that President Trump selected James McCrery to design the new White  House ballroom. McCrery is one of the best architects in America, and he will  honor and respect one of the most beloved classical buildings in the United  States. Our organization has no doubt he’ll design a beautiful, fitting  addition. It was President Theodore Roosevelt who personally chose Beaux-Arts architect Charles  McKim to renovate the White House in his time. President Trump has made an  equally wise decision in hiring McCrery.”

Announcement from the National Civil Art Society.

The National Civil Art Society is an organization that sponsors the view that public buildings should be in a classic style.  It's a worthwhile goal, as there sure are a lot of ugly public buildings around.  And the architects firm, McCrery Architects, based on their website, designs a lot of nice classical buildings.  Frankly, choosing them was a really good move for a really bad building.  Things could have been a lot worse.

So should we rejoice?

Well, no, 

McCrery clearly has a lot of talent, as do the people on his staff, but this is still a huge oversized shed that looks ugly.  No matter, it'll go down on his resume, unless it turns out to be a national embarrassment, in which case it will be removed from his resume.

He's designed some beautiful buildings, including the Cathedral of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus in Knoxville, TN.  To go from that, to this . . what a waste.

The contractor for the abomination is heavy contractor Clark Construction, whose website declares "Building What Matters".

M'eh.

This structure doesn't matter.

It is, however, no doubt a major contract.  Nobody could blame them for bidding on it, as that's what they do.

Engineering was done by AECOM, whose website declares; "AECOM is the trusted global infrastructure leader committed to delivering a better world.".  

Well, this structure and the project makes the world just a little bit worse.  No matter, it's probably a big contract.

Funding for the project is not public.  The $200,000,000 to $250,000,0000 vandalization will cost is going to be born by Real Estate Developer Donald Trump and donors.  Donors include Google, Lockheed Martin, Palantir, Booz Allen Hamilton, and NextEra Energy, but there are a lot more.  Lockheed Martin is chipping in $10,000,000.

And there's the real question.  

Blogger, which this is published on, is a Google thing.  Google itself is darned near impossible to avoid, so even though I think they're chipping in is inexcusable, I'll continue to use Google's products, making me just as hypocritical as can be.  I don't buy anything from Lockheed, and I'm not a shareholder, but if I was I'd write in and complain.  

Why would outfits like these chip in?  Well, they're making a bet that King Donald will love them, or at least not hate them.  That's why.  And frankly, if some future administration wanted to build to whack it down, which will occur, and put up a Trump Hall of Shame, they'd contribute to that.

The overall shame, however, is that this is public property.  It's being vandalized.  And nobody can apparently do anything about it.

When this era is over, the country needs major reform.  Part of that reform needs to be an effort to reign the Oval Office into reason.  Another part needs to be to kick the dead asses in Congress back to work and require them to do their actual jobs.

As a final note, Hitler was fond of monumental projects too, planning on building a monumental Berlin after the Second World War.  Franco had the monumental Valley of the Fallen built, which at least commemorates something.  Fascist Italy had a bunch of monumental structures built, and of course Mussolini was in power for quite some time.  The Soviets had Lenin stuff in a mausoleum, the latter of which provides an idea.

Seeing as a modern White House doesn't need a ballroom, and given that Trump is really old and will pass from natural causes in the foreseeable future anyhow, perhaps AECOM can design this structure with hydraulic jacks and wheels so when that day comes this can just be jacked up, hooked up, and wheeled down the highway to Mar A Lago, which it can serve as the Trump Mausoleum and library (I serious doubt Trump has very many books that he's actually read, so the size won't be a problem).  Probably Google, Lockheed Martin, Palantir, Booz Allen Hamilton, and NextEra Energy will be willing to pay for it.

Monday, April 14, 2025

Clothing, then and now, and a lost manufacturing base.

derek guy@dieworkwear

at the turn of the 20th century, working class men had something like two pairs of pants, three shirts, and a pair of boots. middle class men wore detachable collars bc shirts were expensive. one man died bc he got drunk. his head drooped & he choked to death on his stiff collar

Very interesting, really, and not just in the context of the Very Stable Genius and his trade war with China, but in terms of the focus of this page.  

I've discussed this before, but cheap clothing is a post World War Two thing.  The entire series of jokes about people having vast numbers of shoes, or t-shirts that are decades old, reflects a bonafide change in how people live.  I recall my father mentioning that at one time it was considered ideal to buy a suit with two pairs of pants, as you could stretch out the cleaning.

Clothing now costs less, and frankly it lasts a lot longer, than it once did.

Indeed, how often do you really wear out clothing?  I'm do wear out shits, but waistline expansion over time is more likely to render my trousers unwearable than really wearing them out is.  Granted, part of that is because I have a fair number of them.  If I was wearing the same two or three pairs of trousers every day, the story would be different.  But they also simply last longer than they once did.

This is really intended to be an observation on clothing, then and now, but a little remark about now is warranted.

I have a cotton Colorado Rockies kelly green baseball hat sitting here where I'm typing.  If you look at the label, it's made in China.  Lots of Levis are made in Vietnam.  We have, truly, exported clothing manufacturing overseas, which is to say, the producers did.  I do lament that, but do U.S. consumers want to pay more for clothing?  I wonder.

I guess with tariffs, we'll find out.

I have, as readers  here know, a fondness for M65 Field Jackets.  I'd like to have an OG 107 one for every day wear.  I thought one would be easy to find, but they aren't, so I ordered one, to my present regret, from Propper.  It came Chinese made (of course) and the size is completely wrong.  I should have sent it back, but I didn't, as my extreme introverted nature precludes me from doing so.  I thought maybe I could shrink it, but it doesn't look like I'll be able to.  Anyhow, it's just wrong.  

I note this as US military uniforms are in fact made in the U.S., and indeed I believe there may be a statutory requirement to that effect.  Some years ago there was a scandal when the US ended up with some berets that were made overseas.  I've heard of the military actually checking to make certain that soldiers don't deploy with foreign made gear, but that must be tougher than ever, with the loss of so much of the US manufacturing base.

All of which is to say that I'm sympathetic with those who lament that loss.  But the time to really address it came and went some thirty to forty to fifty years ago and, if could be addressed, which is a huge if, it can't be done all at once.

And, my Propper M65 Field Jacket aside, things made overseas are not, by and large, of cheap quality anymore.  Some things surely are.  The stuff you get at Harbor Freight might be second rate. . . or not.  As overseas manufacturing has increased, quality has too.


Monday, January 20, 2025

Tuesday, January 20, 1925. The Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention

The Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention between the Soviet Union and Japan was signed.  It provided:

JAPAN and the UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS, desiring to promote relations of good neighbourhood and economic co-operation between them, have resolved to conclude a Convention embodying basic rules in regulation of such relations and, to that end, have appointed as their Plenipotentiaries, that is to say :

His MAJESTY THE EMPEROR OF JAPAN :

Kenkichi YOSHIZAWA, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Republic of China, Jushii, a member of the First Class of the Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure ;

THE CENTRAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS :

Lev Mikhailovitch KARAKHAN, Ambassador to the Republic of China ;

Who, having communicated to each other their respective full powers, found to be in good and due form, have agreed as follows :

Article I.

The High Contracting Parties agree that, with the coming into force of the present Convention, diplomatic and consular relations shall be established between them.

Article II.

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics agrees that the Treaty of Portsmouth of September 5th, 1905, shall remain in full force.

It is agreed that the Treaties, Conventions and Agreements, other than the said Treaty of Portsmouth, which were concluded between Japan and Russia prior to November 7, 1917, shall be re-examined at a Conference to be subsequently held between the Governments of the High Contracting Parties and are liable to revision or annulment as altered circumstances may require.

Article III.

The Governments of the High Contracting Parties agree that, upon the coming into force of the present Convention, they shall proceed to the revision of the Fishery Convention of 1907, taking into consideration such changes as may have taken place in the general conditions since the conclusion of the said Fishery Convention.

Pending the conclusion of a convention so revised, the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics shall maintain the practices established in 1924 relating to the lease of fishery lots to Japanese subjects.

Article IV.

The Governments of the High Contracting Parties agree that, upon the coming into force of the present Convention, they shall proceed to the conclusion of a treaty of commerce and navigation in conformity with the principles hereunder mentioned, and that, pending the conclusion of such a treaty, the general intercourse between the two countries shall be regulated by those principles.

         (1) The subjects or citizens of each of the High Contracting Parties shall, in accordance with the laws of the country : (a) have full liberty to enter, travel and reside in the territories of the other, and (b) enjoy constant and complete protection for the safety of their lives and property.

         (2) Each of the High Contracting Parties shall, in accordance with the laws of the country, accord in its territories to the subjects or citizens of the other, to the widest possible extent and on condition of reciprocity, the right of private ownership and the liberty to engage in commerce, navigation, industries and other peaceful pursuits.

         (3) Without prejudice to the right of each Contracting Party to regulate by its own laws the system of international trade in that country, it is understood that neither Contracting Party shall apply in discrimination against the other Party any measures of prohibition, restriction or impost which may serve to hamper the growth of the intercourse, economic or otherwise, between the two countries, it being the intention of both Parties to place the commerce, navigation and industry of each country, as far as possible, on the footing of the most-favoured nation.

The Governments of the High Contracting Parties further agree that they shall enter into negotiations, from time to tune as circumstances may require, for the conclusion of special arrangements relative to commerce and navigation to adjust and to promote economic relations between the two countries.

Article V.

The High Contracting Parties solemnly affirm their desire and intention to live in peace and amity with each other, scrupulously to respect the undoubted right of a State to order its own life within its own jurisdiction in its own way, to refrain and restrain all persons in any govern mental service for them, and all organisations in receipt of any financial assistance from them, from any act overt or covert liable in any way whatever to endanger the order and security in any part of the territories of Japan or the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

It is further agreed that neither Contracting Party shall permit the presence in the territories under its jurisdiction :

     (a) of organisations or groups pretending to be the Government for any part of the territories of the other Party, or

      (b) of alien subjects or citizens who may be found to be actually carrying on political activities for such organisations or groups.

Article VI.

In the interest of promoting economic relations between the two countries, and taking into consideration the needs of Japan with regard to natural resources, the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is willing to grant to Japanese subjects, companies and associations concessions for the exploitation of minerals, forests and other natural resources in all the territories of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

Article VII.

The present Convention shall be ratified.

Such ratification by each of the High Contracting Parties shall, with as little delay as possible, be communicated, through its diplomatic representative at Peking, to the Government of the other Party, and from the date of the later of such communications this Convention shall come into full force.

The formal exchange of the ratifications shall take place at Peking as soon as possible.

In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed the present Convention, in duplicate in the English language, and have affixed thereto their seals.

Done at Peking, this twentieth day of January, One thousand nine-hundred and twenty-five.

                    (L. S.) K. YOSHIZAWA.

                    (L. S.) L. KARAKHAN.

Japan and Russia, and then Japan and the Soviet Union, never got along well.  They had fought the Russo Japanese War some twenty years prior, and Japan had heavily intervened in Siberia during the Russian Civil War.  There remains tension between them over the the Sakhalin.

Last edition:

I had no idea Sanka was this old.