Showing posts with label Jordan. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Jordan. Show all posts

Wednesday, June 17, 2026

King Donald's War, Part 6. The Dunce in Chief and the The Four with Conscience. The Lions Lead by the Yappy Chihuahua Edition.

Rufus T. Firefly: Gentlemen, Chicolini here may talk like an idiot, and look like an idiot, but don't let that fool you: he really is an idiot.

Duck Soup. 

Trump doing is signature creepy old guy dance..

June 4, 2026

Tom Barrett of Michigan, Brian Fitzpatrick of Pennsylvania, Warren Davidson of Ohio and Thomas Massie of Kentucky crossed party lines to vote with Democrats in favor of the resolution to end the illegal assault on Iran.

The measure goes on to the Senate.  We'll see what happens there, as Trump's stabbed some Senators in the back, and they're ready to gut him like a fish now.

The action of the Senators is based on conscience.  I believe its the right one, but it also serves to remind us that we're now in an incredibly bad spot in regard to the war against Iran, and in the Middle East in general.

It should have been obvious to anyone that decapitating the Iranian regime would not lead to a liberal democracy.  The Iranian people have no real ability to overthrow their government and when they tried before the war, after we urged it, they were mowed down.  It's the IRGC that has the guns.  

When the July 20 plotters mapped out their attempt to kill Hitler, in the attempt that almost worked, it involved wiping out the Nazi state.  The idea wasn't just to kill Hitler, but to remove the Nazis in every form.  Men like Himmler, Goebbels and Goering would have ended up against a wall had the plot succeeded.  Removing those in the seat of power just opens up a vacuum for those positions to be filled.  Moreover, in the Iranian case, they'd planned for such eventualities, which we should have known as prior selective US assassinations didn't change the direction of the regime at all.

Moreover, the regime has no place to go.  It's not as if they can walk out of their offices retire to cabbage farms.   They have to remain in power.  Like the German SS in 1945, the IRGC has no place to go.  It has to keep the regime in power.

All of this is obvious.

It was likewise obvious that Iran would close the Strait of Hormuz and that would so severely disrupt the world's petroleum supplies that it would actually boost the move to green energy, although people still have really awakened to that reality.

And it should have been obvious that those advocating for the war had ulterior agendas.  Israel doesn't care about U.S. global considerations and is well aware that the U.S. is a declining power.  Convincing a weak minded Trump to go to war with Iran was completely in its interest, and it doesn't care about considerations about defending Taiwan or South Korea.

Pete Hegseth and the pack of far right wing Evangelical would be Crusaders don't care what this will cost.  In the view of those in that minoritarian group of American Protestants, a big war will bring on the end of the world and the return of Christ, now.  They don't worry about the Just War Theory, as their convinced this is a Divinely ordained mission.

And, it's obvious right now, that the Iranian regime can in fact outwait Trump and its doing it.  

The war can only come to an end in one of two ways.  We quit, and leave the mess we created as it is, which is a complete and total defeat, or we undertake a largescale ground invasion.  Those are the only two options.

The second one leaves open the question of should a country pursue a victory against a legitimate enemy when the war started illegally.  It's only a hypothetical question, however, as Trump, who was so stupid as to believe the war would end in a few days, does not have the stomach for that.  That really would cause there to be a vote on the war and he knows he'd loose it.

That means the only other option for ending the war is simply leaving, which is a complete defeat.  Trump also can't bring himself to do that, as he can't stand the thought that he is what he is, a loser.

So, Trump's option will be increasingly just to ignore the war.  He basically just hopes it will go away.  In the meantime, like Hitler in the bunker, he plays with models of a reimagined gaudy capital city.

And increasingly look like this to the world.

June 8, 2026

Iran launched something on the order of thirty ballistic missiles on Israel today, and Israel retaliated with air strikes on Iran.

Israel also hit sites in Lebanon.

June 9, 2026

Iran shot down a U.S. helicopter, the US retaliated with airstrikes

Iran hit a U.S. airbase in eastern Jordan with ballistic missiles.

June 11, 2026

The IRGC has announced its shutting down the Strait of Hormuz.

Pete Hegseth is at Guantanamo Bay being a blowhard.

June 12, 2026

Trump claims a deal has been worked out, Iran says no final deal has been reached.

Trump claims he called off massive attacks.  Iran claims it controls the Straits of Hormuz.

Frankly, Iranian state media is much more reliable than the stream of crap that comes out of the Oval Office, so we don't really know what's going on.  This is the 39th time in the war that Trump has claimed a deal is close, so you have to be extremely gullible to believe what he's saying at this point.  It's not even at the "trust but verify" level, so much as the distrust and see what happens in a day or two level.

June 13, 2026

Leaked details of the Trump deal with Iran show Iran pretty much prevailing in the agreement.  There will be, under the agreement, 60 days in which to discuss nuclear topics, which means that if Iran chooses not to resolve them, they won't be resolved.  Once the war is stopped, and it never should have started, there will be no stomach for resuming it.

June 14, 2026

In the "I'll believe it when I see it" category, a CST headline:

TRUMP: PEACE DEAL TO BE SIGNED SUNDAY

We'll see.

cont:

Iranian sources have indicated that there is a deal immanent, and it will include:

  • Fully opening the Strait of Hormuz immediately
  • U.S. to lift naval blockade within 30 days
  • No new sanctions imposed while negotiations continue
  • The U.S. will suspend current sanctions, allowing Iranian oil to be openly sold
  • $25 billion in Iranian assets to be unfrozen, including direct cash transfers
  • Formation of an economic development and reconstruction plan
  • Iran agrees it will neither produce nor acquire nuclear weapons
  • Fate of the nuclear program, including stockpile of highly enriched uranium, to be negotiated and finalized within 60 days
  • Full sanctions relief following a final agreement in 60 days

This is an overview, so it doesn't say anything about anything else.  Some of these things can just happen, but the big thing the war may have been over (it was never clear what it was over), that being the nuclear program is really vague.  Nothing will mean anything unless there's a way to verify what Iran is doing.

The $25B in frozen assets is about 1/4 the total amount that's frozen, I think.  That's a major concession by the United States as the assets have been frozen since 1979.

The war has been completely illegal all along.  Now the question is whether the war was worth it.  It really doesn't seem that this achieved anything that the Obama era agreement hadn't.  It might actually achieve less.

That it's time for Trump's birthday is interesting.  I suspect a bit of political theater there.  His administration will be declaring it a great victory, but it's pretty clear it isn't.  The Iranian regime is more hard line than it was before, and its more in control than it was before.  It actually retains a significant missile inventory, and there's no reason to believe it won't resume its past behavior pretty quickly.

June 15, 2026

So it seems like a deal has been reached, but it seems that for the most part the war didn't achieve much over what Obama's had, with no illegal war.

More than that, Iran's government is now more hardline than it was before, and they'll be receiving a massive infusion of cash.

June 17, 2026

The Memorandum of Understanding (not treaty) between the illegitimate Trump regime and Iran to end the Trump illegal war, with comments:

1 — The Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States, together with their allies in the current war, declare upon the signing of this Memorandum of Understanding an immediate and permanent end to the war on all fronts, including Lebanon, and undertake that from now on they will not launch any hostile action against each other, and will refrain from the threat or use of force against each other. The final agreement will confirm the provisions of this Article and the remaining Articles.

Interesting that its admitted that its a war, confessing that its launching by the United States is a crime.  Frankly, Trump should be impeached for this.

2 — The Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States undertake to respect each other’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, and to refrain from interfering in each other’s internal affairs.

So, not only did we not change the regime, we've agreed not to touch Iran's.

3 — The Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States undertake to negotiate and reach a final agreement within a maximum period of 60 days, extendable by mutual consent.

4 — Immediately upon the signing of this Memorandum of Understanding, the United States lift the naval blockade and prevent any interference or obstruction against the Islamic Republic of Iran, and restore traffic within a maximum of 30 days to its full capacity; the traffic of ships shall be proportional to the pre-war volume of traffic on the part of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The United States also undertakes to withdraw its forces from the surrounding areas within 30 days after the final agreement.

So, we're pulling out.

5 — Upon signing this Memorandum of Understanding, the Islamic Republic of Iran will immediately take steps to ensure that the movement of merchant ships from the Persian Gulf to the Sea of Oman and vice versa is resumed within 30 days to the pre-war volume, taking into account the need for the removal of technical obstacles and the neutralization of mines by Iran.

6 — The United States undertakes, together with its regional partners, to create a comprehensive plan agreed upon by both parties for the rehabilitation and economic development of the Islamic Republic of Iran, while ensuring financing of at least $300 billion. The implementation mechanism of this plan, as part of the final agreement, will be formulated within 60 days.

So we're paying for the damage we did during the war.

7 — The United States commits to ending, on a schedule to be agreed upon as part of the final agreement, all types of sanctions currently facing the Islamic Republic of Iran, including resolutions of the United Nations Security Council and the Board of Governors of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and all unilateral U.S. sanctions, both primary and secondary.

And we're lifting the sanctions.

8 — The Islamic Republic of Iran reiterates that it will never produce nuclear weapons. The Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States have agreed that the fate of enriched material and the fate of all other mutually agreed nuclear-related issues, including Iran’s nuclear needs, will be adequately addressed in a final agreement; the final agreement will confirm the provisions of this Article.

Iran promises not to build what it had already promised to build, and there's no agreement on nuclear materials.

9 — The Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States agree that, pending a final agreement, they will maintain the status quo: Iran will maintain the status quo on its nuclear program, and the United States will not impose new sanctions on Iran or strengthen its forces in the region.

10 — The United States undertakes that immediately after the signing of this Memorandum of Understanding, and until the date of the lifting of sanctions, the United States Treasury Department will issue waivers for exports of Iranian crude oil, petrochemical products and their derivatives, and all related services, including banking, insurance, transportation, and the like.

11 — The United States undertakes that, in light of the progress of negotiations towards a final agreement, frozen or restricted funds and assets of the Islamic Republic of Iran will be released and made fully available. These funds, whether held in the master account or transferred, will be used for any final beneficiary payment determined by the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran and will be fully available for use. The United States undertakes to issue all necessary permits and licenses on this basis.

Some Iranian assets have been frozen for 47 years.

12 — The Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States agree that an implementation mechanism will be established to oversee the successful implementation of and future commitment to the Final Agreement.

13 — Following the signing of this Memorandum of Understanding, and upon receipt of assurances regarding the commencement of implementation of Articles 4, 5, 10, and 11 of this Memorandum of Understanding, and the continued implementation of these steps, the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States will enter into negotiations for a Final Agreement solely with respect to the remaining Articles.

14 — The final agreement will be approved through a binding resolution of the UN Security Council.

Effectively, the war was about nothing.  We killed people, murdered them really as there was no declared war, didn't change the regime, don't know where the nuclear material really is, didn't actually deplete their missile stockpiles as much as thought, demonstrated to the Chinese that we're much weaker militarily than might have been supposed, encouraged Israel to take advantage of the situation by invading Lebanon, and used up a significant amount of our weapons stockpile.

Incredible.

With this astounding result, we'll close out this edition.

Last edition:

King Donald's War, Part 5. Quagmire. The $25,000,000,000 and thirteen American lives later, "So we (but not Donald) were in Vietnam for 18 years. Iraq, many, many years....I've been doing this for...six weeks" Edition.

Monday, May 25, 2026

Saturday, May 25, 1946. Jordanian independence, Railroad strike ends.

Jordan achieved full independence.

Railroads and Railway workers signed an agreement at the White House averting a Federal seizure of the railroads.  Truman's order to take control was only three minutes away from implementation.

Last edition:

Friday, May 24, 1946. Truman and the railroad strike.

Sunday, March 22, 2026

Friday, March 22, 1946. First U.S. rocket to escape the atmosphere.

The U.S. Army made the first successful out of atmosphere rocket launch by the U.S.

The rocket, a Bumper-WAC was a two staged rocked based on the German V-2.


Transjordan and the UK signed the Treaty of London giving Transjordan its independence with the UK retaining military bases in the country.

Cardinal Clemens von Galen, the great Catholic German cleric, died at age 68 from appendicitis.  He had only been made a cardinal the prior month.  He had been a fearless opponent of the Nazis.  To some degree, it's hard not to put him in the category of men who died shortly after World War Two after having struggled so mightily during it.

Von Galen is sort of a model of our own time.  He was very German but loyal to higher things.  He came from German nobility but served the Church, and he wasn't afraid to confront the barbarity of the Nazi regime.

Last edition:

Thursday, March 21, 1946. The Strategic and Tactical Air Commands created.

Wednesday, December 31, 2025

Wars and Rumors of War, 2025. Part 10 (the final edition for 2025). The Gunboat Diplomacy Edition.

You will hear of wars and rumors of wars, but see to it that you are not alarmed. Such things must happen, but the end is still to come. Nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom.

Matthew, Chapter 24.

I spent 33 years and four months in active military service and during that period I spent most of my time as a high class muscle man for Big Business, for Wall Street and the bankers. In short, I was a racketeer, a gangster for capitalism. I helped make Mexico and especially Tampico safe for American oil interests in 1914. I helped make Haiti and Cuba a decent place for the National City Bank boys to collect revenues in. I helped in the raping of half a dozen Central American republics for the benefit of Wall Street. I helped purify Nicaragua for the International Banking House of Brown Brothers in 1902-1912. I brought light to the Dominican Republic for the American sugar interests in 1916. I helped make Honduras right for the American fruit companies in 1903. In China in 1927 I helped see to it that Standard Oil went on its way unmolested. Looking back on it, I might have given Al Capone a few hints. The best he could do was to operate his racket in three districts. I operated on three continents.

Smedley D. Butler, War Is a Racket

December 21, 2025

United States v. Venezuela

Thee U.S. Coast Guard seized a second tanker transporting Venezuelan oil.

United States and Jordan v. ISIL

Jordan confirmed it helped the U.S. in the airstrikes in Syria against ISIL.

December 22, 2025

United States v. Venezuela

The US will be seizing, if it has not already, a third tanker.

December 23, 2025

Russo Ukrainian War

Lt. Gen. Fanil Sarvarov,  head of the Operational Training Directorate of the Russian Armed Forces General Staff, was killed by an explosive device placed under his car in Moscow.

December 24, 2025

Russo Ukrainian War

Ukrainian forces withdrew from Siversk in the eastern Donetsk region after heavy fighting with Russian forces.

December 26, 2025

United States v. ISIS in Nigeria

The US hit ISIS affiliated targets in Nigeria yesterday.

Islamist attacks on Catholic Nigerians has been going on for a long time and has received very little attention in the US, outside of Catholic circles associated with Nigerians, but suddenly under the Trump Administration, it is.  The attention is long overdue, but a person has to suspect that it comes out of NatCon circles and from Catholics inside the administration, rather than some personal concern from President Trump himself.  Indeed, in announcing the strikes the mentally declining illegitimate chief executive stated:

Tonight, at my direction as Commander in Chief, the United States launched a powerful and deadly strike against ISIS Terrorist Scum in Northwest Nigeria, who have been targeting and viciously killing, primarily, innocent Christians, at levels not seen for many years, and even Centuries!

The many years and evcen centuries statement demonstrates a massive deficit in historical knowledge.  Th is has been going on for many years, the vast majority of Christians on the plant are Catholic and there's been many examples of brutal killing of Catholics, very notably by Muslims, for centuries. 

The strikes were carried out by ship to shore missiles.

Which groups were hit is unclear, but the largest IS-linked group in Nigeria is the Islamic State West Africa Province while the smaller group known as Lakurawa has sought to establish a base in north-western Sokoto state which was where the strikes were targeted.

Islamist groups in Nigeria have acted against Muslims as well as Catholics, but while that is noted, their repression and brutality is principally directed at Catholics.

The intervention seems justified and generally welcomed but now that it has commenced, the US will have to continue as this is a very long running problems and a day of missile attacks is not going to stop things immediately.

December 27, 2025

United States v. ISIS in Nigeria

In something that's obvious, but interesting in the world of Trump claims/lies/fantasies, Nigeria indicated it was open to the new military relationship with the US being ongoing and indicated that defeating Islamic extremist in the country will take some time.

It'll take a long time.

It's a worthwhile endeavor, but I wonder how the MAGAs that believed that Trump was going to end US involvement in foreign wars will justify it.  Most MAGAs believe in isolationism, and the NAR folks include groups which, in their ignorance, don't realize that Catholics, the Christians in peril in Nigeria, and which are the original Christian denomination, are actually Christians.

On the strikes:

US targets ISIS with multiple strikes in Nigeria

U.S. cruise missiles miss targets in Nigeria

December 28, 2025

Russo Ukrainian War

Russia attacked Kyiv with ballistic missiles and drones yesterday, a day before scheduled talks between the Ukraine and the United States., killing at least one person and wounding 27.

It'll be interesting to see what effect this has on the talks given the participation of the unreliable and demented Donald Trump.

Thailand v. Cambodia

The fighting parties signed a new armistice in their border conflict.

The origin of the border fight dates back to the 1950s and is over undefined and unagreed to areas of their common border.

December 31, 2025

Saudi Arabia v. Yemeni separatists

Saudi Arabia bombe the Yemeni port city of Mukalla on Tuesday after a weapons shipment from the United Arab Emirates arrived for separatist forces.  A warning to the UAE followed.

United States v. Venezuela.

The Central Intelligence Area hit a Venezuelan dock with drones.

Last edition:

Wars and Rumors of War, 2025. Part 9. The Neville Chamberlain Edition.

Sunday, May 26, 2024

Monday, May 26, 1924. The beginning of the end for Hejaz.

The U.S. Immigration Act of 1924 was signed into law.

Ikhwan fighters.

The Battle of Turubah was fought between the Kingdom of Hejaz and the Sultanate of Nejd.  The defeat of Hajaz by the Saudi forces of Nejd paved the way for modern Saudi Arabia.

Wilhelm Marx resigned as Chancellor of Germany.

Last prior edition:

Sunday, May 25, 1924. Coolidge at Arlington.

Tuesday, May 7, 2024

A Palestinian Solution (that nobody is going to do).



In this thread, I suggested a solution to the "Palestinian" problem isn't all that hard:


In reality, I'd partially already proposed it:


Those threads are pretty complete, but let's just set out the basic facts of the problem.

Part One:
  • The Palestinian Mandate's Levantines didn't want any sort of Jewish state or any sort of "two-state solution in 1948".  The neighboring Arab states didn't want one either.
  • World War Two made it inevitable that Jews would seek refuge in the region they'd held historically and up until 70.
  • The British tried and failed to create a two-state solution, and then washed their hands of the matter and left.
  • The Israelis won the 1948 war.
  • During the 1948 war, a lot of Levantines left out of fear, rational calculation of danger, or were expelled.
  • Just would have invited them back in, but the Israeli's were not in the mood for that, and the Arabs largely weren't either.  That is, having fought for it, the Israeli's decided to keep what they had in every sense, and the Arabs were still dedicated to the proposition of pushing them out.
  • That's now over 70 years ago and almost everyone involved in the original drama is dead.
Part Two:
  • The Arabs have been happy to support a Palestinian diaspora, partially, but not to invite them into their own countries.
  • The Palestinians have been unwilling to come up with a new, permanent plan, that doesn't feature, at a bare minimum, the territory that was at least partially in Mandatory Palestine.
  • Gaza and to a lesser extent the West Bank were solutions that Israel was willing to put up with, but not the Levantines, even as they took advantage of it.
  • The "Palestinians" have been , to a large extent, living on the Arab and Global dole since Gaza and the West Bank were created as entities subject to self rule. They don't have work, and they don't have much to do, other than to do, what people who have an income, but no work, do. . . . fill in the blanks here.
Okay now for the elements of the solution.

Part One
  • The Palestinian Levantines need work and need to be taken off the dole.
  • In order to do that, the pipe dream of an independent Palestinian state inside the borders of Mandatory Palestine needs to be given up on, unless Jordan, which is a Bedouin state, wishes to become that entity, and it doesn't.
So, what can be done.  There are two, and only two, possibilities.

Solution Number One.

The Palestinian Levantines can be taken in by the Arab states that have work, which would include the Emirates, Dubai, and Saudi Arabia.*

Yes, that's radical, but if they were taken in, taken off the dole, and got to work, within a generation or two, this problem would be over, and they would be better off.

Solution Number Two.

Create a Palestinian state in the Sinai.

That has obvious geoengineering problems, but the Israelis confronted those inside Mandatory Palestine and the states of the Arabian Peninsula have faced them as well.  It's been proven that you can geoengineer these areas productively.  It has been done.

And in that state, Gaza could remain part of it.

This, of course, would require Egypt to give up Sinai, but frankly, it's not making much use of it anyway.

Footnotes:

*And probably Jordan as well, as the West Bank was part of Transjordan and probably ought just go back to Jordan.

Related threads:


Thursday, April 4, 2024

Thursday, April 4, 1974. I wanted to note Hank Aaron. . .

 The tornado Super Outbreak of 1974 concluded


It is the second second-largest tornado outbreak on record and most violent tornado outbreak ever recorded.  148 confirmed tornadoes hit Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, and New York.

What I really wanted to note, but the story above is more important, is that Hank Aaron tied the career record of Babe Ruth on this day in a game in which his Braves played the Reds.

Jordanian women were granted the right to vote.  Parliament was also suspended at the time, so it wasn't as impactful immediately as it might sound.

The ban against the Ulster Volunteer Force, in effect since 1966, was lifted.  The loyalist militia had been formed the prior year, 1965.

While the UVF's motto is "For God and Ulster", and it was supposed to disband, since the 1994 ceasefire it reportedly has been involved in rioting, drug dealing, organized crime, loan-sharking and prostitution.  Some members have reportedly been involved in racist attacks.

I guess this all goes to show that even on days when there's an exciting event, a lot of cruddy things are occurring.

Last prior edition:

Friday, March 29, 1974. Kent State Indictments


Thursday, January 11, 2024

Levantines

I've used the term "Coastal Arabs" here recently to describe the culture that stretches from teh Sinai to Turkey and which includes a lot of Syria.

Distribution of Levantine Arab dialect. By A455bcd9 - Own work based on: Levantine Arabic 2022.svgReferences:Brustad, Kristen; Zuniga, Emilie (2019) "Chapter 16: Levantine Arabic" in Huehnergard, John , ed. The Semitic Languages (2nd ed.), Routledge, pp. 403–432 DOI: 10.4324/9780429025563. ISBN: 978-0-415-73195-9. OCLC: 1103311755.Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (2022). Jordan and Syria. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. SIL International., CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=128220068

It turns out, the word that I should have used is Levantines.

The region has its own dialect of Arabic, its own (really good) cuisine, and those who genetic history from the region can be identified by their DNA.  

Yes, they are Arabs, but they are not Bedouin. 

Monday, September 18, 2023

Tuesday, September 18, 1973. The United Nations and the two Germanys.


The Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic were admitted to the United Nations.


King Hussein issued a general amnesty for Palestinian terrorists held by Jordan.

Friday, May 26, 2023

Saturday, May 26, 1923. The Twenty Four Hours of Le Mans

The first Le Mans automobile race took place.


The French executed some Germans who were committing acts of sabotage and the like against their occupation of the Ruhr.


One of the terrorist was one Albert Leo Schlageter, a former German officer of the Great War and a Freikorps officer who had engaged in acts of sabotage against the French.  He was not a "Red" and would go on to obtain mythic status in the German far right, including the early Nazis, who in fact murdered his betrayer.  The killers of that individual were one Rudolf Höss and Martin Bormann, who would later go on to roles in the Third Reich.  They were first captured and sentenced for their role in the murder.  

Bormann is well known, but Höss less so.  He was Auschwitz's longest commanding officer and was executed in 1947.  Facing execution, he came to see his actions as gravely immoral and wrote this out to his wife prior to his execution:

My conscience compels me to make the following declaration. In the solitude of my prison cell, I have come to the bitter recognition that I have sinned gravely against humanity. As Commandant of Auschwitz, I was responsible for carrying out part of the cruel plans of the 'Third Reich' for human destruction. In so doing I have inflicted terrible wounds on humanity. I caused unspeakable suffering for the Polish people in particular. I am to pay for this with my life. May the Lord God forgive one day what I have done. I ask the Polish people for forgiveness. In Polish prisons I experienced for the first time what human kindness is. Despite all that has happened I have experienced humane treatment which I could never have expected, and which has deeply shamed me. May the facts which are now coming out about the horrible crimes against humanity make the repetition of such cruel acts impossible for all time.

On this same day, a Communist lead strike in the Ruhr expanded.

The British made the Emirate of Transjordan autonomous, but not independent of British oversight. It would achieve full independence in 1946.

Turkey waived reparations claims against Greece at Lausanne in exchange for the Thracian territory.