Showing posts with label Conscription. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Conscription. Show all posts

Monday, December 2, 2024

Saturday, December 2, 1944. Advances in Europe, the Army Navy Game, Eiji Sawamura(沢村栄治).

The 7th Army reached the Rhine.  The 3d Army reached Saarlautern.  The 9th Army took Leiffarth and Roerdorf.

Army won the Army Navy Game.  The crowed of 66,659 included 30,000 members of the general public who were admitted on the condition of living within 8.3 miles of the game in Baltimore and buying a $25.00 war bond.

Twenty Seven year old professional Japanese baseball player Eiji Sawamura(沢村栄治)was killed when a troopship he was on was sunk on this day in 1944.  He'd been drafted into the Japanese Army in 1939, but released each season to play baseball.

Last edition:

Wednesday, November 29, 1944. Prisoner Exchange.

Friday, November 29, 2024

Wednesday, November 29, 1944. Prisoner Exchange.

"American Red Cross representative Andrew G. Hodges talks with German officers during the exchange of prisoners near Pernic, France. 54 German prisoners were exchanged for 19 Americans, 30 French, and 3 British. 29 November, 1944."

"Pvt. George M. Leg, Birmingham, England, has his bag of personal effects inspected by a German noncom before his release during the exchange of Allied and German prisoners near Pernic, France. 29 November, 1944."

Quebec nationalist René Chaloult stated that Quebec should secede from Canada if the province was not allowed to decide its own policies on conscription.  Oddly enough, the Terrace Mutiny ended the same day.

The liberation of Albania was completed by Albanian partisans.

US forces successfully counterattack at Kilay Ridge on Leyte.

The USS Archerfish sank the carrier Shinano in waters off Honshu.

Last edition:

Tuesday, November 28, 1944. Antwerp opens.

Wednesday, November 27, 2024

Our Fearless Soon To Be President.

 

President Bone Spur has no vets in his family tree


King Henry V: What’s he that wishes so?
My cousin Westmoreland? No, my fair cousin:
If we are mark’d to die, we are enow
To do our country loss; and if to live,
The fewer men, the greater share of honour.
God’s will! I pray thee, wish not one man more.
By Jove, I am not covetous for gold,
Nor care I who doth feed upon my cost;
It yearns me not if men my garments wear;
Such outward things dwell not in my desires:
But if it be a sin to covet honour,
I am the most offending soul alive.
No, faith, my coz, wish not a man from England:
God’s peace! I would not lose so great an honour
As one man more, methinks, would share from me
For the best hope I have. O, do not wish one more!
Rather proclaim it, Westmoreland, through my host,
That he which hath no stomach to this fight,
Let him depart; his passport shall be made
And crowns for convoy put into his purse:
We would not die in that man’s company
That fears his fellowship to die with us.
This day is called the feast of Crispian:
He that outlives this day, and comes safe home,
Will stand a tip-toe when the day is named,
And rouse him at the name of Crispian.
He that shall live this day, and see old age,
Will yearly on the vigil feast his neighbours,
And say ‘To-morrow is Saint Crispian:’
Then will he strip his sleeve and show his scars.
And say ‘These wounds I had on Crispin’s day.’
Old men forget: yet all shall be forgot,
But he’ll remember with advantages
What feats he did that day: then shall our names.
Familiar in his mouth as household words
Harry the king, Bedford and Exeter,
Warwick and Talbot, Salisbury and Gloucester,
Be in their flowing cups freshly remember’d.
This story shall the good man teach his son;
And Crispin Crispian shall ne’er go by,
From this day to the ending of the world,
But we in it shall be remember’d;
We few, we happy few, we band of brothers;
For he to-day that sheds his blood with me
Shall be my brother; be he ne’er so vile,
This day shall gentle his condition:
And gentlemen in England now a-bed
Shall think themselves accursed they were not here,
And hold their manhoods cheap whiles any speaks
That fought with us upon Saint Crispin’s day.

Sunday, November 24, 2024

Today in World War II History—November 24, 1939 & 1944 (Friday November 24, 1944). Terrace Mutiny,

Usually I post this separately, but there are so many significant items in Sarah Sundin's blog this Sunday, I'm incorporating it into my post.
Today in World War II History—November 24, 1939 & 1944: 80 Years Ago—Nov. 24, 1944: US B-29 Superfortress bombers bomb Tokyo for the first time. Japanese capture Nanning, completing a land corridor between occupied China and Indochina. In controversial decision, Gen. Dwight Eisenhower orders the 6th Army Group not to cross the Rhine but to drive north and assist Patton’s Third Army. In Terrace, BC, Canadian conscripts (many are French-Canadian) mutiny when they hear they might be sent overseas, the largest mutiny in Canadian history; put down by 11/29; news of the mutiny is censored. France establishes Commission de Récupération Artistique (CRA) to return looted artwork, with curator Rose Valland as secretary.

Wow. 

The Terrace Mutiny, which is what the mutiny was called, reflected the internal discord in Canada over conscription, something that has largely been glossed over after the war.  English Canadians were disproportionately represented amongst those who volunteered for service and volunteered to go overseas. French Canadians were disproportionally amongst those who did not.  Those who volunteered termed those who did not "Zombies" and often harassed them.  Ultimately, the needs of war could not sustain the system.

The 3d Army crossed the Saar.

Soviets completing their occupation of Saaremo in the Baltic.

The HMCS Sawinigan was sunk by the U-1228 in the Cabot Strait.

Last edition:

Thursday, November 23, 1944. Thanksgiving Day.

Friday, November 1, 2024

Wednesday, November 1, 1944 Death of Greek Catholic Archbishop of Lviv and Metropolitan of Halych Andrey Sheptytsky



Andrey Sheptytsky, OSBM (Polish: Andrzej Szeptycki; Ukrainian: Митрополит Андрей Шептицький, romanized: Mytropolyt Andrei Sheptytskyi; had been the Greek Catholic Archbishop of Lviv and Metropolitan of Halych from 1901 until his death at age 79 on this day in 1944.  His maintained his office through numerous wars and six political regimes: Austrian, Ukrainian, Soviet, Polish, Nazi German, and again Soviet.  While he briefly supported the Ukrainian forces raised by the Germans in Poland, he recanted once the nature of the Nazi regime became apparent and openly opposed the Holocaust in Poland.  He wrote the pastoral letter, "Thou Shall Not Kill" protesting Nazi atrocities, which states:
Із Послання Митрополита Андрея Шептицького “Не убий” [21 листопада 1942 року]

Андрей Шептицький
Божою Милістю і Святого Апостольського Римського Престолу Благословенням Митрополит, Архієпископ Галицький і Львівський Єпископ, Кам’янецький Духовенству й вірним Мир о Господі і благословенство

НЕ УБИЙ!

[...] Дивним способом обманюють себе і людей ті, що політичне вбивство не уважають гріхом, наче би політика звільняла чоловіка від обов’язку Божого закону та оправдувала злочин, противний людській природі. Так не є. Християнин є обов’язковий заховувати Божий закон не тільки в приватному житті, але й в політичному та суспільному житті. Людина, що проливає неповинну кров свого ворога, політичного противника, є таким самим чоловіковбивником, як людина, що це робить для рабунку, і так само заслуговує на кару Божу і на клятву Церкви.

Християнин, і не тільки християнин, а кожна людина обов’язана з людської природи до любови ближнього. І не тільки християн, але й усіх людей буде Всев[вишній] Бог І[сус] Христос, справедливий Суддя, судити по всім ділам життя, а передусім по ділам милосердя і любови ближнього, як це описане в притчі про страшний суд (Мат. XXV). Чоловіковбивник не тільки, що не мав милосердя до вбитого, терплячого, ув’язненого, але ближньому зробив найтяжчу кривду, яку тільки міг зробити, відбираючи йому життя, і то може в хвилі, коли той ближній, на смерть не приготований, стратив через неї всяку надію на вічне життя! Тим вчинком скривдив він усі діти вбитого, жінку, старих батьків, які без помочі вбитого, засуджені, може, на голод і нужду. Та не тільки вбив ближнього, але й свою душу позбавив надприродного життя, Божої благодаті, та ввів її у пропасть, з якої, може, вже й не буде спасіння! Бо прокляттям неповинної крові викликав, може, в своїй душі демонів пожадливости, які кажуть йому в терпіннях і болях ближнього шукати власної радости.

[...] Світ гине з браку любови, гине з людської ненависти! Не переставаймо ж благати Всевишнього про обильні, теплі дощі його святої благодати з неба.

Вкінці звертаюся ще до вас усіх, Дорогих Братів, вірних та усильно взиваю до заховування якнайбільшого супокою. Воєнні часи приносять нам неодно терпіння і неодну спокусу. Йде лиш про це, щоб з Божою благодаттю тривати при Божому законі і сильно надіятися на Всевишнього, що його пресвята ласка оберне на наше добро всі терпіння, які нам зіслав. Досвіди принимаємо з Божих рук; нічого не діється без волі Небесного Отця, Бог, добрий Батько, змилосердиться над нами, простить наші гріхи і дасть діждатися благословенного часу миру.

The British and Canadians commenced Operation Infatuate with the goal of opening the port of Antwerp.

British troops landed on Walcheren island.

James Ralston resigned as Canadian Defence Minister after Prime Minister Mackenzie King rejected his request to impose conscription for overseas service.

The Royal Navy sank three Kriegsmarine vessels in combat off of Croatia.

A B-29 conducted the first overflight of Japan since the Doolittle Raid.  It was a reconnaissance mission.

The Japanese released paper balloons carrying bombs intended to reach North America for the first time.

The USS Abner Read was sunk in a kamikaze attack in the Leyte Gulf.

The HMS Whitaker was damaged beyond repair when torpedoed by the U-483 off of Ireland.

Pfc. Lawrence Hoyle, left, of Bangham, Ill., Browning Automatic Rifle man, and Pvt. Andrew Fachak, right, of McKeesport, P.A., both members of an infantry unit take shelter behind a blasted wall and keep an eye out for enemy snipers, near Maizeres Les Metz, France. 1 November, 1944. 357th Infantry Regiment, 90th Infantry Division.

Last edition:


Friday, October 18, 2024

Wednesday, October 18, 1944. Levée en masse.

The Greek government in exile returned to Athens.  The British took Santorini and Scarpanto.

Germany announced the formation of the Volkssturm with all German men not serving in the Wehrmacht liable for conscription into it if they were between 16 and 60 years of age.

The British 8th Army took Galeata.

Rommel's state funeral took place.

Austrian composer Viktor Ullmann was murdered at Auschwitz at age 46.

Last edition:

Tuesday, October 17, 1944 The Battle of Leyte Gulf.

Thursday, September 26, 2024

Umm. . .

Alina Habba@AlinaHabba

NOTHING CAN EVER STOP THIS MAN FROM FIGHTING FOR OUR COUNTRY

Except maybe bone spurs. 



Monday, September 16, 2024

Monday, September 16, 1974. Letting the evaders and deserters off, somewhat.

President Ford issued a conditional amnesty to American draft evaders and military deserters provided that they agree to work for 24 months in alternative service.

In my view, this was a mistake.

President Carter would compound the mistake in 1977 by issuing a general pardon to most evaders, but not deserters.

None of this should have been granted.  People died in the place of those who deserted and evaded. If a person had a genuine objection, and more than a few did, the honorable thing would have been to refuse to serve and to take the consequences.  Muhammed Ali provides an example of this, as does Walt Whitman from an earlier era.

The legacy of the Vietnam War in this regard continues to haunt us.  The same generation that reviled their parents, went on to brand their parents "the Greatest Generation", and never made peace with the largescale evadence of the call of duty.  Examples of course, abound, including Donald Trump, who was excused priority in the draft due to shin splints, and Joe Biden, who had multiple deferments including health related ones.

The first female Royal Canadian Mounted Police began training.

The Provisional IRA assassinated Martin McBirney QC, 56, and Rory Conaghan, 54, both judges in Northern Ireland.

Argentinian terrorist set off fifty bombs, killing four people.

The Bay Area Underwater Rapid Transit Tube, the first tunnel underneath the San Francisco Bay, opened to the public.

Last edition:

Tuesday, September 19, 1974. Recognizing independence.

Tuesday, September 10, 2024

The 2024 Election, Part XXVI. Touching Down

If a man continually blusters, if he lacks civility, a big stick will not save him from trouble….It is both foolish and undignified to indulge in undue self-glorification, and above all, in loose-tongued denunciation of other peoples.

Theodore Roosevelt, 1901.


August 20, 2024, 7:00 p.m.

And the primary results are in!  We're off and running for the general election.

Of course, the biggest race of the year, pitting a meandering, lying, babbling Donald Trump and his National Conservative running mate J. D. Vance against a fairly committed left wing but cogent ticket made up of Kamala Harris and Tim Walz wasn't on the ballot.  At one time, in Wyoming primaries, you actually did get to voice your opinion on who should run in the Republican or Democratic Party for President, but it was just that, an opinion vote.  The ticket was still chosen at conventions, with the Democratic one being open, and the Republican one being closed.

I guess that was confusing or pointless, so that isn't done anymore.

By way of a full confession, I started typing this out before August 20, and I'm posting right as the polls close, so the first part are predications, but probably fairly safe ones.

John Barrasso, twice endorsed by Trump, will have handily defeated Reid Rasner, who is a genuine Trumpist.  At one time it looked like Rasner had a chance, but Barrasso out Trumped him and easily won.

Barrasso will face Democrat Scott Morrow.

At least that's what I think occurred.

Harriet Hageman I'm sure won race against the Quixotic effort of Steve Helling.  Hopefully Helling quits these races at this point as this is embarrassing.

Hageman will face Kyle Cameron.

cont:

Senator Barrasso's  victory was a total blowout.

So was Harriet Hageman's.

Locally, Senator Anderson beat Bryce Reece, but only barely.

Given the campaign Reece ran, that's disappointing.  Reece was backed by what frankly were lies.

The longest serving legislator in the U.S. currently, Sen. Charlie Scott, beat out challenger Rob Hendry handily.

Elissa Campbell took retiring House member Jerry Obermueller's seat, keeping the seat in the rational Republican category.

Julie Jarvis handily defeated incumbent far right controversial populist Jeanette Ward for her House seat.  It'll be interesting to see if this trend crosses the state, and it'll also be interesting to see if Ward moves on.

For County Commissioner in Natrona County incumbent Dave North came out on top followed by new candidate Casey Coates.

For Casper City Council veteran former legislator Pat Sweeney came out on top with incumbent Amber Pollock second for Ward I, which makes for an interesting reentry into politics for Sweeney.

The Natrona County Senior District passed, but only barely.

August 21, 2024

The big new of the night is that the Freedom Caucus, while Ward went down in Casper, gained in the House overall and there will now be a populist House of Representatives, a very bad development for Wyoming.

Wyoming Freedom Caucus Has Huge Republican Primary, Could Gain 11 Seats

To clarify Ward I for Casper, Pat Sweeney, Amber Pollock, Ken Dockweiler and Julie Collins-Thiel, made it through the primary.

The senior district passed by only 110 votes.

cont:

Freedom Caucus Firebrand Jeanette Ward Upset For House District 57


Rod Miller: The Wyoming Freedom Caucus Wins Some Big Pots


Of note from Miller's article;

The effective head of the Democratic Party issued an immediate statement:

cont:


August 22, 2024

Mary Peltola finished first in Alaska's primary, one of the view in the country which actually makes sense in the modern era.  She got over 50% of the primary vote.

Republican Nick Begich III,  son of a prominent liberal political family in Alaska, who turned right wing and who has been endorsed by the  House Freedom Caucus, came in second with 27 percent and will face Peltola in the general election.

As if having the world's most boring musician artist, James Taylor slated to sing at the DNC, the Democrats had Opera Winfrey speak yesterday.  Winfrey is an example of pop baloney that plagues American culture, on both the left and the right, with her particular bland thick cut left of center baloney.

Bill Clinton, who noted that he's younger than Donald Trump, spoke as well, demonstrating a remarkable political recovery.  Republicans immediately took to social media to attempt to criticize him for his affair with Monica Lewinsky, which of course just serves to point out Donald Trump's behavior with women.  Clinton's flights on Epstein's plan, which did occur, were noted as well, but then Trump flew on it nearly as much.  So the point of the criticism was . . . ."

On Trump, Tammy Duckworth was on one of the weekend shows and outright called Trump a "five time" "draft dodger",  and called him a "draft dodging coward" in a speech at, I believe, the DNC.  Four out of the five deferments Trump had during the war were student deferments.  

It's interesting who the ghosts of the Vietnam War is returning to haunt once again.  I haven't heard somebody use student deferments to equate with draft dodging for years, although I have heard it.

August 23, 2024

Names for the Natrona County Senior District election, just approved, must be submitted by August 30.

And more proof that the National Conservatives may have shot their bolt:


Trump running away from Project 2025 and its authors.

Trump apparently spent a fair amount of the Democratic Convention basically live tweeting it, which is weird.

This showed up on Twitter, where somebody made this comment, so I'm not the only one who has had this reaction:
Am I the only one kinda floored that the GOP candidate for the United States President, is trolling social media like a disgruntled teenage boy who's girlfriend just dumped him? 🙄😬
cont:

Robert Kennedy has dropped out of the race and endorsed Trump.

Frankly, I doubt that makes any difference in the race whatsoever.

August 24, 2024

The third place finisher in the Alaska House race dropped out in hopes of throwing the race to the GOP.

And here, a real rambling string of Trump weirdisms:  Babble.

August 25, 2024

Relic of the 1970s Cornel West is not eligible to appear on Pennsylvanian's Presidential election ballot.

August 26, 2024

Trump's now mad at the network hosting the upcoming debate and threatening to back out.

August 27, 2024

The Harris campaign wants to unmute the mikes in the upcoming debate, should it occur.

That was a rule that the Biden team imposed for the last debate, but now its the Trump team that wants to keep it, fearful that Trump's inability to mute himself will sabotage him.

And frankly, Trump has grown increasingly incoherent on occasion, prone to going off on long wondering weird babbling.

On Twitter this morning is a clip of an extremely tired looking Donald Trump (he looks absolutely fatigued) rambling about climate change.

Okay, having lived through the dementia of one of my parents, this is frightening.  He sounds, frankly, like somebody in the early stages of it.

August 28, 2024




There's some sort of lesson in that last one.

One of those is believing your own propaganda.  It had been obvious for months that he was gong to lose.

August 29, 2024

J. D. Vance at a rally stated:
Kamala Harris is disgraceful. We’re going to talk about a story out of those 13 brave, innocent Americans who lost their lives, it’s that Kamala Harris is so asleep at the wheel that she won’t even do an investigation into what happened, and she wants to yell at Donald Trump because he showed up. She can…she can go to hell.
Vance is a co-religious of mine and this statement is sinful.  First of all, telling somebody they can "go to hell" is sinful.  Secondly, this is a lie.  Harris would have had nothing to do with the American withdrawal from Afghanistan as Vice President, which is what this statement is about.  He well knowns that.  Moreover, while the withdrawal was done badly, any withdrawal following Donald Trump's surrendered to the Taliban would have been difficult.

Afghanistan, it might be noted, has been in the news, now that the Taliban is back in control.  Taliban control can be attributed to Donald Trump.  He surrendered.

August 30, 2024

J.D. Vance, who is cutting a pretty wide swath, has been speaking a lot.  I suspect that's because Trump isn't really up to it.

Anyhow, Vance was booed by a firefighters union in Boston and then went on to try to mock Kamala Harris with a video of Miss North Carolina giving a poor answer to a pageant question.  Given Vance's prior cat lady comments, that's drawn the comments that his misogynistic, which were already out there, and ironically the figure he lampooned in that fashion, a Miss North Carolina, is a big Republican supporter. 

And, from another recent Trump address:
Some people don't eat bacon anymore. This was caused by their horrible energy. Wind. They want wind all over the place. When it doesn't blow, we have a problem.
cont:
I do the weave. Do you know what the weave is? I’ll talk about 9 different things, and they all come back brilliantly together. And friends of mine that are like English professors say, ‘It’s the most brilliant thing I’ve ever seen, but the fake news say, ‘He rambled.
English professors?

Horse shit.
Well, let's see. First the earth cooled. And then the dinosaurs came, but they got too big and fat, so they all died and they turned into oil. And then the Arabs came and they bought Mercedes Benzes. And Prince Charles started wearing all of Lady Di's clothes. I couldn't believe it. He took her best summer dress, put it on and went to town.
Jacobs, Airplane II.

August 31, 2024

Seemingly feeling the heat, Trump is now against the Florida abortion measure.

Matt Malcom, who lost in the primary, is now suing to get on the ballot as an independent, in his Cheyenne district.  A Wyoming law prohibits a primary loser from doing this.

September 2, 2024

Casper sent out a mailer with its Sixth Cent  proposals:
“Proposition 1: $7,300,000 and interest earned thereon to the City of Casper to reconstruct the aging, failing, and undersized Metro Animal Shelter to better provide for animal health and safety.” (The current shelter is located at 2392 Metro Road.)
“Proposition 2: $5,000,000 and interest earned thereon to the City of Casper to fund a portion of the total construction costs of a second sheet of ice adjacent to the existing Casper Ice Arena.” (The arena is located at 1801 E. 4th St.)
“Proposition 3: $4,200,000 and interest earned thereon to the City of Casper to install a new quad capacity chair lift to replace the aging and outdated lift and add lighting at Hogadon Ski Area.”
“Proposition 4: $4,000,000 and interest earned thereon to the City of Casper to construct two fastpitch softball fields for league competition and high school use.”
“Proposition 5: $4,400,000 and interest earned thereon to the City of Casper to partially fund costs associated with the replacement of the City Casper’s outdated Fire Station #1.”
“Proposition 6: $5,000,000 and interest earned thereon to the City of Casper to fully replace the outdated and obsolete equipment for the 911 Dispatch Center.”
“Proposition 7: $3,600,000 and interest earned thereon to the City of Casper to build a new auxiliary gym to provide much needed space for programming at the Casper Recreation Center.” (The Center is located at 1801 E. 4th St.)
“Proposition 8: $1,500,000 and interested earned thereon to the City of Casper to design, reconstruct, and preserve the historic Washington Park Bandshell.”

September 5, 2024

Liz  Cheney endorsed Kamala Harris for President.

September 6, 2024

Donald Trump proposed giving Elon Musk a government role as an efficiency expert.

He also proposed to cut the corporate tax rate to 15%. The corporate tax rate should be hiked, not cut.

Ugh.

I am promising low taxes, low regulations, low energy costs, low interest rates, secure borders, low, low, low crime.

Americans seem incapable of grasping the fact that they are grossly undertaxed, which is a big part of the reason the US deficit is out of control. Rates in the past have been much, much higher than they currently are, particularly on the upper income tax bracket Trump and Musk are part of.

Also, energy costs, interest rates and crime is all low when judged by almost any historical standard.

In a meeting of businessmen Trump was asked a question about health care costs and then went into tariffs.

?

Some good political news:

Perennial Candidate Rex Rammell Says He’s Done With Politics, America Doomed

Gadfly candidate Rammell says he's giving up on politics and his interview with the Cowboy State Daily is his last.

cont:

Former Vice President Dick Cheney has endorsed Kamala Harris.

September 8, 2024

George and Laura Bush will not be endorsing anyone this election cycle.

In doing so, a spokesman noted that President Bush had retired from politics "years ago".

He's one month younger than Donald Trump. . .

cont:

Donald Trump has indicated that in Florida he intends to vote yes on a ballot measure to legalize marijuana.

September 10, 2024

The White Stripes have sued the Trump campaign over its use of the song Seven Nation Army.

cont:

I would have asked the states to submit alternative slates of electors and let the country have the debate about what actually matters and what kind of an election that we had,

J. D. Vance.

Absolutely shameful.

Related threads:

Something for Wyoming populists to consider.


Carpetbagging Carpetbaggers criticize carpetbagging.



Last editions:

The 2024 Election, Part XXV. Primary Election Day, Wyoming's real election.

And:

The 2024 Election, Part XXIV. Brat Girl Summer*

Sunday, January 28, 2024

Monday, January 28, 1924. Plaintiff Shoeless Joe Jackson, Petition for release, Teapot fallout, Federals seek to retake Vera Cruz, Lenin boxed and warehoused, Far Right Figure gives extreme speech about election, the last King of Sine

Shoeless Joe Jackson's suit against the Chicago White Sox for back pay went to trial on this day in 1924.  The trial was held in Milwaukee.

A delegation headed by Illinois Sen. William B. McKinley and former servicemen present spooled petition to Otto Wiedfeldt, the German Ambassador to the United States in Washington, D.C. to release Hooven Griffis.


Hooven Griffis?

Yes, he was part of a party of men that had sought to kidnap Grover Cleveland Bergdoll, notorious WWI slacker, from a hotel in Germany, take him to Paris and turn him over to authorities so he could be court-martialed for desertion.

The party was caught.



The headlines all speak for themselves.

Mussolini addressed 10,000 Blackshirts in the Palazzo Venezia predicting a complete election victory and stating that they were "ready to kill or die".

Vanity Fair, December 1923.

Hmmm. . . sort of a lot like what we're hearing now.


Mahecor Joof was crowned as the last King of Sine in Senegal, where he'd be allowed limited power until his death in 1969.