OROZCO by SK GUNS and Pascual Orozco himself.

Wow, that's a wild commemorative.

Pascual Orozco was a Mexican Revolutionary who originally supported Madero before falling out with him.  He was of immediate Basque descent, something we tend not to think about in regard to Mexico, which is in fact more ethnically diverse than we commonly imagine.  He was an early recruit to Madero's 1910 revolution, and was a natural military leader, and could be rather morbid.  After his January 2, 1911, victory at Cañón del Mal Paso he ordered the dead Federal soldiers stripped and sent the uniforms to Presidente Díaz with a note that read, "Ahí te van las hojas, mándame más tamales" ("Here are the wrappers, send me more tamales.").

On May 10, 1911 Orozco and Pancho Villa seized Ciudad Juárez, against Madero's orders, a victory which caused Díaz to briefly resign the presidency.  Madero would naively choose to negotiate with the regime, which resulted in The Treaty of Ciudad Juárez allowing for the resignations of Díaz and his vice president, allowing them to go into exile, establishing an Interim Presidency under Francisco León de la Barra, and keeping the Federal Army intact.

Like Zapata, he went into rebellion against the Madero government, which he felt had betrayed the revolution.  He openly declared revolt on March 3, 1912, financing it with his own money and confiscated livestock sold in Texas.  His forces were known as the Orozquistas and the Colorados (the Reds). They defeated Federal troops in Chihuahua under José González Salas. Madero in turn sent Victoriano Huerta against him, who in turn were more successful.  A wounded Orozco fled to the US. After Madero was assassinated and Huerta installed, Orozco promised to support him if reforms were made, and he was installed as the Supreme Commander of the Mexican Federal forces.  As such he defeated the Constitutionalist at Ciudad Camargo, Mapula, Santa Rosalía, Zacatecas, and Torreón, causing his former revolutionary confederates to regard him, not without justification, as a traitor.

He refused to recognize the government of Carvajal after Huerta's fall and was driven into exile again.  He traveled in the US in opposition to Carranza along with Huerta.  In 1915, he was arrested in the US, but escaped.  An unclear incident at the Dick Love ranch in Texas led to claims that he and other like-minded combatants had stolen horses from the ranch, which in turn resulted in a small party of the 13th Cavalry, Texas Rangers, and local deputies pursing the supposed horse thieve with Orozco being killed once the party was holed up.  What exactly occured is not clear.

His body interred in the Masonic Holding Vault at the Concordia Cemetery in El Paso by his wife, dressed in the uniform of a Mexican general, at a service attended by a very larger gathering of admirers.  In 1925 his remains were retuned to Chihuahua.

Why the commemorative?  I have no idea.  He is not an obscure figure in the Mexican Revolution, but not a well known one like Villa or Zapata.  I can't see where he's associated with the M1911 either, a weapon that was brand new at the time the Revolution broken out.  The .38 Super, which is apparently popular in Mexico, wasn't intruduced by Colt until 1929.

Wednesday, January 17, 1917. Joint Mexican American Committee Concludes

 

Mexican refugee entering the United States.  In spite of the caption, his wealth is probably all on this horse.  Part of the tragedy that involved both the United States and Mexico for well over a decade.

The Joint Committee between the US and Mexico concluded its business.  With the agreement of December 24, 1916 having been made, with Carranza having refused to sign it, and with events overcoming the United States that would give Carranza the result he wanted anyway, there was no more work to be done.

 

Porfirio Diaz in full military costume.  The collapse of his rule lead to the long civil war in Mexico.

Some have stated that the mere existence of the Joint Committee was a success in and of itself, and there is some truth to that.  The committee worked for months on an agreement and came to one, and even if Carranza would not execute it as it didn't guaranty the withdraw of American forces, the fact that the country was now hurtling towards war with Germany made it necessary for that to occur without American formal assent to Carranza's demand.  By not agreeing to it, the US was not bound not to intervene again, which was one of the points that it had sought in the first place. Events essentially gave both nations what they had been demanding.

 

 Revolutionary, intellectual, and radical. General Carranza.  His government fought Villa and Zapata successfully, but he'd go down in a coup lead by his own general, Obregon some years later. 

Even if that was the case this step, the first in the beginning of the end of the event we have been tracking since March, has to be seen as a Mexican Constitutionalist victory in the midst of the Mexican Revolution.  At the time the Commission came to the United States it represented only one side in a three way (sometimes more) Mexican civil war that was still raging.  Even as Carranza demanded that the United States withdraw his forces were not uniformly doing well against either Villa or Zapata.  Disdaining the United States in general, in spite of the fact that Wilson treated his government as the de facto government, he also knew that he could not be seen to be achieving victory over Villa through the intervention of the United States, nor could he be seen to be allowing a violation of Mexican sovereignty.  His refusal to acquiesce to allowing American troops to cross the border in pursuit of raiders, something that the Mexican and American governments had allowed for both nations since the mid 19th Century, allowed him to be seen as a legitimate defender of Mexican sovereignty and as the legitimate head of a Mexican government.

 

More typically imagined in a sombrero, General Francisco Villa.  The colorful, erratic, and perhaps somewhat mentally unstable Villa would attempt to retire to a ranch he acquired after his surrender to Obregon and Carranza, but he ended up being assassinated under cloudy circumstances in 1923.  His killer would live into the 1950s and declare at the end of his life that he'd rid the world of a "monster".

 Emiliano Zapata and his staff.  Zapata was an agrarian and looked the part, which we in turn tend to confuse with the look of the Mexican Revolution.  As with many leaders of the Mexican Revolution, Zapata was assassinated, although unlike Villa he still commanded an army in the field at the time of his death.

As will be seen, even though the war in Mexico raged on, events were overtaking the US and Mexico very quickly.  The Constitutionalist government was legitimizing itself as a radical Mexican de jure government and would quickly become just that.  Revolutions against it would go on for years, but it was very quickly moving towards full legitimacy.  And the United States, having failed to capture Villa or even defeat the Villistas, and having accepted an effective passive role in Mexico after nearly getting into a full war with the Constitutionalist, now very much had its eye on Europe and could not strategically afford to be bogged down in Mexico.  A silent desire to get out of Mexico had become fully open.  The rough terms of the agreement arrived upon by the Committee, while never ratified by Carranza, would effectively operate anyway and the United States now very quickly turned to withdrawing from Mexico.

 

Alvaro Obregon, whose competence and study of military tactics lead to the defeat of Pancho Villa and his Division del Norte.  He'd ultimately become present of Mexico following his coup against Carranza.  Obregon would serve one term as president of Mexico, and was elected to a second term to follow his successor Calles, but he was assassinated prior to taking office.

__________________________________________________________________________________

Related threads:  The Mexican Revolution.

Last Edition:

January 16, 1917. Admiral George Dewey dies

Labels: 1910s, 1917, Civil War, Personalities, Politics, Spanish American War, U.S. Navy

The Punitive Expedition: The fight at San Miguelito Ranch. May 14, 1916

 Cavalryman George S. Patton, in 1918 with a Renault tank.

On this day a motor patrol lead by Lt. George S. Patton engaged in a firefight with Julio Cárdena, second in command to Pancho Villa and the head of his body guard. All three Villistas were killed and all three were shot, at some point, but perhaps not fatally, by Patton, who eccentrically carried the obsolete M1873 revolver.  Patton reportedly carried the M1873 as he had suffered an accidental discharge with the new M1911 while wearing it in his belt.  Patton's party was searching residences of known Villistas but was principally searching for feed for horses.  Patton had the bodies of the dead Villistas strapped to the hood of the cars used by the party.  The group departed just as a larger party of Villistas arrived.

The incident would go on to be well known forming part of the story of Patton, who of course went on to become a famous Second World War general.

Patton was an aide de camp of Pershing's during the Punitive Expedition and was greatly influenced by him in his military career.  He remained in correspondence with him for the rest of his life.  It is often noted that Patton's sister Nita was courted to some degree, although the degree remains uncertain, sometime in the immediate pre Punitive Expedition time frame, but it ultimately went nowhere.  Pershing had been married to Helen Warren, the daughter of Wyoming's Francis E. Warren, who had died in a tragic fire along with three out of the four Pershing children.  Pershing's surviving son, enlisted as a private in the Army in World War Two.  Both of his sons would serve in Vietnam, with one being killed in action there.

The Columbus Raid. Why did it occur?

As I noted yesterday, this week 100 years will pass since Francisco "Pancho" Villa ordered a party of his men across the United States border into a raid on Columbus New Mexico.  Columbus was a little tiny town across the border, but it had come to have an American military presence.  Villa's actions was extraoridinary and the question has always been, why on earth did he do it.

Unlike some historitans,  I think the answer is obvious, and I've touched on it before in our thread  Lex Anteinternet: The Mexican Revolution.  As the anniversary of the event came upon me at a time when work and activities kept me from posting a really new entry here on the episode, I'm linking in, over the course of the week, a variety of items, but this particular item addressed some of these topics.  So I'm basing this post on what I earlier wrote.  Perhaps that's bad form, but none the less I think the earlier entry was pretty good.

I'm not going to repeat all that was there, but let's note that Mexico had slid into revolution, and the US had already intervened in Mexico during that revolution.  Mexico's long standing dictator Porfirio Diaz had fallen in revolution.  In turn, Modero, who overthrew him in the name of liberal democracy, had ruled naively and had gone down in a 1913 military coup that brought Victoriano Huerta to power.  Unfortunately, that coup had the local support of the American ambassador to Mexico, Henry Lane Wilson.  Mexico erupted into civil war.  That civil war brought the radical Venustiano Carranza into power and soon remaining Mexican revolutionaries took sides with or against him as Mexico descended into chaos.  One of the revolutionary generals opposing Carranza was Pancho Villa with his Army of the North.

We pick up the story after the U.S. first intervened military at Vera Cruz to keep arms being supplied to Huerta.

Indicative of things to come, perhaps, Huerta was defeated and fled while the United States occupied Vera Cruz, but he was no more pleased about the American presence there than a disgruntled Huerta was, who went on to plot with German agents to bring Mexico into war with the United States, as noted.  American forces withdrew in November 1914, but they'd be back, as we'll see, in a different location only shortly thereafter.  The intervention at Vera Cruz, however, did prevent the Germans from supplying a shipment of arms to Huerta, which may or may not have had an impact on the Mexican Revolution.  Ironically, the arms were actually American made as the Germans, in 1914, were not in a position to export arms to Mexico.

Carranza soon found himself fighting the two main stars of the Mexican Revolution, Pancho Villa and Emiliano  Zapata. Zapata, while he receives less attention, is by far the most interesting of the two as he had a real political vision for Mexico, that being a distributist agrarian state.   Villa was more of a peasant free agent, with less defined goals. Suffice it to say, however, both had been highly successful revolutionaries and a betting man would have bet against Carranza at that point.

However, Carranza was a radical as well, and that position allowed him to undercut support for a war weary Mexican population in the south.  This began to undercut support for the agrarian Zapata, and he began to face supply problems and accordingly set backs in the field.  Nonetheless Zapata was still in the field in 1919 when he was lured into a trap in an effort to secure supplies and assassinated.  In the north, Pancho Villa, who had been a very successful natural cavalry commander, found himself unable to adapt to the changes in battlefield tactics that were also being used in Europe.  Constantly in battle against Carranzaista commander Alvaro Obregon, who used barbed wire and trenches, his fortunes rapidly declined.

 

Alvaro Obregon, whose competence and study of military tactics lead to the defeat of Pancho Villa and his Division del Norte.  He'd ultimately become present of Mexico following his coup against Carranza.  Obregon would serve one term as president of Mexico, and was elected to a second term to follow his successor Calles, but he was assassinated prior to taking office.

But before they did, Carranza, in spite of a dislike of the United States, approached the Wilson administration about transporting troops through Texas by rail to be used against Villa.  Wilson had been horrified by H L. Wilson's actions in bringing about Madero's downfall, and he deeply desired to see an end to the fighting in Mexico.  Deciding to recognize Carranza as the legitimate ruler of the country, he granted permission for this to be done in 1915. Traveling under arms, they were used against Villa.  Villa retaliated against the United States for its entering the conflict in this fashion by raiding Columbus New Mexico on March 9, 1916.

 

The raid on Columbus has seemingly baffled American historians ever since, but the reasons for it couldn't be more apparent.  Villa was a fairly simply man, not a diplomat, and he had been attacked by Carranza's forces after they'd crossed the United States by rail.  By doing that, the US had taken a position in the war, which indeed it had whether President Wilson recognized that or not.  Indeed, Wilson had been warned by those knowledgeable not to support Carranza, who deeply disliked the US, and when it wasn't clear who was going to win the civil war.  Wilson's actions did nothing to engender love from Carranza but it did inspire Villa to retaliate against the US.

And so started an episode that would take U.S. troops deep into Mexico.

This entire episode seems oddly contemporary and from a distant less powerful past for the Americans.  It's hard to imagine ourselves being raided in this fashion, but then perhaps the events of 9/11 were not entirely dissimilar.    And the entire event serves as a cautionary tale today.  Nobody would have foreseen a newspaper interview bringing down Diaz.  Nobody would have seen Modero becoming the president of Mexico.  Nobody would have anticipated a victorious Modero leaving the Mexican army and its officer corps in place following their defeat.  Wilson, for his part, apparently didn't appreciate that he was directly intervening in a Mexican civil war by allowing Mexican troops in that war to be transported across U.S. territory.  Things have a way of working out contrary to our expectations.

Sunday, December 6, 1914. Villa and Zapata enter Mexico City.

60,000 men, the combined forces of Villa and Zapata, entered Mexico City. 

Carranza retreated to Veracruz.

Álvaro Obregón issued a 14 point statement on why he opposed Villa.  Part of the statement confirmed Pancho Villa had executed Scottish expatriate William S. Benton in February.

German forces occupied Łódź,

Serbians forced the Austro Hungarians back to Belgrade.

Last edition:

Friday, December 4, 1914. An alliance based on opposition.

Labels: 1910s, 1914, Emiliano Zapata, Mexican Revolution, Mexico, Pancho Villa, Venustiano Carranza

Friday, December 4, 1914. An alliance based on opposition.

Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata met in Xochimilco, Mexico to negotiate an alliance between them in their opposition to Venustiano Carranza.

Last edition:

Sunday, November 29, 1914. Serbian withdrawal.

Labels: 1910s, 1914, Austro Hungarian Army, Colorado, Colorado Coalfield War, Eastern Front, German Army, Imperial Russian Army, Labor unrest, Serbia, Serbian Army, Woodrow Wilson, World War One

Wednesday, November 18, 1914. Karolina Kózka and a march on Mexico City.

Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata commenced their march on Mexico City following Carranza's public refusal to step down from the disputed Mexican presidency.

Imperial Russian and German forces clashed in bitter winter conditions at Łódź, Poland.  The Russians held.  Both sides were still clad in their summer uniforms.

Deeply Catholic Karolina Kózka, a 16-year-old Polish girl died while resisting an attempted rape by a Russian soldier near her village of Wał-Ruda, Poland.   The soldiers stabbed her to death. Pope John Paul II beatified her as a "martyr of Christ" in 1987.

Austro-Hungarian forces began an assault on Lazarevac, Serbia.

Russian, Turkish Fleets Clash Off Cape Sarych

Admiral von Tirpitz advocated massed Zeppelin attacks on London.

Last edition:

Tuesday, November 17, 1914. Strained resources.

Labels: 1910s, 1914, Eastern Front, First Battle of Ypres, German Army, Germany, Taxes, United Kingdom, World War One

Saturday, October 17, 1914. The Siege of Naco.

Pancho Villa ordered his forces to attack a garrison  loyal to  Venustiano Carranza and Álvaro Obregón at Naco, Sonora, Mexico, commencing what would become a 119 day siege. 

The town is on the border with Arizona.

The British took Violaines and French cavalry Fromelles .  French forces recaptured Armentières.

The German Navy lost a torpedo squadron trying to lay mines at them mouth of the Thames.  A German torpedo boat sank the Japanese cruiser Takachiho.

Last edition:

Friday, October 16, 1914. Kiwis depart.

Labels: 1910s, 1914, Battle of the Yser, Belgian Army, British Army, French Army, New Zealand Army, World War One

Saturday, October 10, 1914. Convention of Aguascalientes

The Convention of Aguascalientes, called by Venustiano Carranza convened.  Carranza, in spite of calling the meeting, did not attend and did not send representatives.  Pancho Villa's representatives were in attendance.  Álvaro Obregón came in person. Zapata's representatives would arrive fifteen days after the start of the convention.  Villista's dominated.

The first thing the convention did was to declare itself sovereign, the de facto government of Mexico.

British and French forces attempted to take the French city of La Bassée.

King Carol I of Romania, who opposed entering the Great War, died.

The SMS Emden left British held Diego Garcia, with its residents unaware that a war had started.

Boston took game two of the World Series, 1 to 0.

Last edition:

Friday, October 9, 1914. Antwerp surrendered.

Labels: 1910s, 1914, 1914 World Series, Antwerp Belgium, baseball, Battle of the Vistula

Friday, August 21, 1914. Zapata warns about Carranza.

Emiliano Zapata wrote to Lucio Blanco: 

that this  Carranza does not inspire much confidence in me. I see in him much ambition, and an inclination to fool the people.

Blanco and staff, 1913.   Blanco was an artillery officer, and the first of the Mexican revolutionary commanders to redistribute hacienda land to peasantry.  He was murdered in Mexico's revolutionary strife in 1922.

Zapata also wrote to  Pancho Villa to warn him that Carranza's ambitions were dangerous and likely to another war.

The French fought the Germans in the Ardennes, Luxembourgian border and on the Sambre River in Belgium.

A German night attack on Dinant lead the German forces to erroneously believe that the city was full of hostile civilians.

The Germans lost two zeppelins on their first mission, making it three zeppelins lost in a row.  French cavalry actually attacked and looted one of the crashed zeppelins.

German colonials troops captured Laï from the French in what is now Chad.

Pvt. John Parr, a 17 year old reconnaissance bicyclist, became the first British soldier to be killed on the Western Front when he was killed in an encounter with German cavalry.

Albanian rebels took Vlorë.

Captain Robert Bartlett met Burt McConnell, secretary for Canadian Arctic Expedition leader Vilhjalmur Stefansson, at Point Barrow, Alaska, who exchanged information on the stranded and missing.

Boston Red Sox.

There was a solar eclipse.

Last edition:

Thursday, August 20, 1914. Carranza enters Mexico City. The Germans enter Brussels.

Labels: 1910s, 1914, Álvaro Obregón, Belgium, German Army, Mexican Revolution, Mexico, Prussia, Russian Army, Siege of Namur, Venustiano Carranza, World War One

Tuesday, June 23, 1914. The decisive Villista Victory.

Pancho Villa's División del Norte defeated the Mexican federal army in the Battle of Zacatecas.  It was a decisive victory with nearly 90% Federal casualties and directly brought down the Huerta government, which was already looking for a way out of the war.

The bloodiest battle of the Mexican Revolution in its own right, the bloodshed was made worse by Villistas killing all Federal officials taken prisoner, Colorado's, and Federal officers.  Killing of prisoners continued until General Felipe Ángeles arrived at dusk and ordered the executions to cease, and the bodies of the dead buried to prevent disease.

Vila was unable to fully exploit the victory as Carranza refused coal for local trains to be used by Villa, given the discord between them, and the US, which had lifted an arms embargo on Villa, reimposed it.  Villa, ironically, would end up withdrawing to the north after the battle even though it had destroyed the Federal Army.  All of this provided ample evidence that even though Carranza and Villa were both Constitutionalist, that the discord between them was reaching an irreparable state.

U.S. infantry brigade photographed at Texas City, Texas on this day in 1914.

Mob violence over a labor dispute destroyed the Western Federation of Miners office in Butte, Montana and resulted in two deaths and the building being dynamited.

The first flight of the flying boat America took place in anticipation of a transatlantic flight that would not occur due to the outbreak of World War One.

The Kiel Canal, which had been under reconstruction for seven years, reopened with the British Fleet under Sir George Warrender visiting as the Kaiser inspected the dreadnought HMS King George V.

Last prior edition:

Sunday, June 21, 1914. A warning.

Labels: 1910s, 1914, 1960s, 1967, 1990s, 1993, Austro Hungaria, Canada, Mining, Montana, Serbia, Unions, World War One

Wedneday, June 17, 1914. Successful Rebels. White Wolves and Pancho's.

The "White Wolf", rebel  Bai Lang, broke through a Chinese Army blockade numbering 5,000 men with his 1,000.

Bai Yung-chang, or Bai Langzai, or Bai Lang, the latter of which was a pseudonym, was a 41-year-old rebel and one time governor of Henan and almost bandit, dissuaded from that fate after killing a man in a fight by his family.  He'd been trained in the military arts in Japan and had served in the Beiyang Army after the outbreak of the Chinese rebellion of 1911.  The tugid politics of revolutionary China drove him into allegiance with the bandit forces of Du Quiin.

The Revolution of 1911 has never really resolved, sharing therefore a bit of the history of the Mexican Revolution, which didn't resolve until 2000 with the election of Vicente Fox.  Fox established that Mexico had evolved from a one party state into a true democracy, one which has a solid middle class, no matter how much Mexicans and Americans refuse to believe it, today.  China, on the other hand, fell into an ineffective chaotic republic that collapsed into civil war, from which the Chinese Communist Party emerged as the one party ruler.  Ultimately, and likely soon, that party will fall and a true Chinese republic will emerge, but it's taking quite some time to occur.  Still, no matter its bluster, the current People's Republic of China, will evolve into something else, just as Revolutionary Mexico did.

Another bandit/rebel was in the news in 1914, José Doroteo Arango Arámbula, but by his pseudonym as well, Pancho Villa.

The Mexican Federal government of Gen. Huerta was collapsing, and as it collapsed the news increasing turned towards the spectacular victories of the rebel Ejército del Norte and its leader, Pancho Villa.  And with that, speculation was rampant that Villa would declare himself held of state.

In fact, Villa, who had been fanatically loyal to Modero, was not yet disloyal to Carranza. . . but that day was coming.

Last prior edition:

Sunday, June 14, 1914. Flag Day

Labels: 1910s, 1914, Austro Hungaria, Flag Day, Holidays, Italy, Red Week, Serbia

Thursday, May 14, 1914. The Life of General Villa

New Horse Market, Omaha, Nebraska, May 14, 1914.

The Life of General Villa was released as a film by D. W. Griffith. Villa was played by Villa.

Last prior edition:

Tuesday, May 12, 1914. A Marian Apparition.

1910s, 1914, 1980s, 1987, Art, Marian Apparition, Russia, Ukraine, United Kingdom

Good Friday, April 10, 1914. Villa takes San Pedro.

Villa drove the Federals out of San Pedro, Coahuila, Mexico.

Last prior edition:

Thursday, April 9, 1914. Drama at Tampico.

1910s, 1914, Aircraft, Mexican Navy, Mexican Revolution, Mexico, Tampico Mexico, U.S. Navy, Victoriano Huerta

Sunday, April 5, 1914. Terrorism at St. Martin in the Field's, Villa at Torreon

A bomb exploded in the Anglican St. Martin in the Fields Church in London, causing major property damage.

Suffragists were suspected, but no firm evidence of who was responsible was ever found.

Pancho Villa, still in action at Torreon, in spite of having earlier been reported defeated/wounded/dead, was doing something I assumed was just a movie trope. . . deploying a machine gun from a train in Mexico.

The same issue of the Cheyenne paper advertised women's outfits for Easter.

Last prior edition:

Sunday, April 4, 1914. Sad Sunday in Newfoundland, Newfoundlander reaches Siberian Coast.

1910s, 1914, Arctic, Canada, Canadian Arctic Expedition, Exploration, Hong Kong, Immigration, India, law, Siberia, USSR

Thursday, April 2, 1914 Villista victory at Torreón, Disaster on the ice, Cumann na mBan, birth of Alec Guiness.

It was opening day.

Pancho Villa telegraphed the head of the Mexican opposition,Venustiano Carranza, to report he had retaken Torreón.  He noted his losses as 2,000 killed or wounded, and the Federal dead at 12,000 killed, wounded or captured.

Effectively, he had taken control of northern Mexico.

The U.S. Navy gunboat, Dolphin, entered Tampico harbor in Mexico and presented a 3x21-gun salute to the Mexican flag in remembrance of the April 2, 1867, Battle of Puebla.

It would be the last peaceful diplomatic exchange between the United States Government and the Mexican government of Victoriano Huerta.

Wes Kean, captain of the SS Newfoundland, spotted survivors from his ship that had been trapped on ice floes off Newfoundland for three days during a blizzard. The men had been set out for seals on April 1, with the expectation that if the weather worsened, they could stay aboard the nearby Stephano.  Instead, Wes' father, Adam, gave the men lunch at that point and ordered them back out on the ice.  This left the captains of both vessels under the belief that the men were safe.  While equipped originally with primitive radios, they had been removed prior to the voyage as a cost savings measure, which compounded the error..

Kean, upon spotting the men, alerted the nearby SS Bellaventure.  77 of 132 men who had been lost, died.

The same weather sank the Southern Cross with the loss of all hands.

The Cumann na mBan, or Irishwomen's Council, an Irish Republican paramilitary organization, was founded.  It apparently still exists.

300 Pentecostal preachers and laymen gathered in a general council in Hot Springs, Arkansas to discuss preservation of Pentecostal revivalism.

A train derailment near Tanjung Priok, Indonesia caused by buffalo crossing the tracks resulted in the death of 20 people and 50 more being injured.

Great British actor Alec Guinness was born in Maida Vale, London, England.  One of the greatest actors of all time, he appeared in 62 films, many of which are remembered at least in part for his performance. They include such varied classics as Lawrence of Arabia, Kind Hearts and Coronets, The Bridge On The River Kwai, Doctor Zhivago, and Star Wars.  His career was interrupted by World War Two, during which he served in the Royal Navy, and during which he formed the intent to become an Anglican Priest.  An experience on a movie set impacted him deeply, and he converted to Catholicism, as did his wife, who only informed him after the fact, in later years, from Judaism.

Last prior edition:

Wednesday, April 1, 1914. Villa at Torreón