Maderistas defeated government troops at La Junta.
Last edition:
President Taft nominated Edward D. White for Chief Justice, and Joseph R. Lamar and Willis Van Devanter as associate justices of the United States Supreme Court.
Yes, all on the same day.
White was confirmed as Chief Justice on this day, something the current Senate would be utterly incapable of.
Willis Van Devanter had risen to this position due to his legal career in Wyoming, starting off as the attorney for the City of Cheyenne.
Bolivian troops clashed with Peruvians in Guayabal, which was contested between the two states.
A headline in the New York Times:
The headline referred to Juan Sánchez Azcona y Díaz Covarrubias
Last edition:
He died of tuberculosis at age 35 on August 10, 1910. His tombstone reads:
I was born in the city of Baltimore in the year 1874, and it might be well to state at this time that my right name is Joseph Gant, not Gans. However, when I became an object of newspaper publicity, some reporter made a mistake and my name appeared as Joe Gans, and as Joe Gans it remained ever since.
Last edition:
§ 5815. Failure to provide seats for female employees.
Every person or corporation employing females in any manufacturing , mechanical or mercantile establishment in the state of Wyoming shall provide suitable seats for females so employed, and shall permit the use of such seats by them when they are not necessarily engaged in the active duties for which they are employed. Any person or corporation who shall violate the provisions of this section, shall upon conviction thereof, be considered guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be punished by a fine of not less than ten dollars, nor more than thirty dollars for each and every offense . [ L. 1901 , ch . 33 , §§ 1 , 2. ]
Wyoming Statutes, 1910.
Eugène Criqui knocked out Johnny Kilbane in the sixth round at the Polo Grounds in New York City to take the World Featherweight Title. Babe Ruth, who had hurried over from a Yankee's game, was in attendance.
This Church is also called St. Patrick's Oratory, and has a presence by the Capuchin Poor Clare Sisters.
There's more to this church than I have here, I just don't know what it is, but it may be explained by the Capuchin sisters. The church as a bit of a campus, and therefore as a mission, it might strongly reflect their presence.
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If you can keep your head when all about you
Are losing theirs and blaming it on you;
If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you,
But make allowance for their doubting too:
If you can wait and not be tired by waiting,
Or being lied about, don't deal in lies,
Or being hated don't give way to hating,
And yet don't look too good, nor talk too wise;
If you can dream—and not make dreams your master;
If you can think—and not make thoughts your aim,
If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster
And treat those two impostors just the same:
If you can bear to hear the truth you've spoken
Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools,
Or watch the things you gave your life to, broken,
And stoop and build 'em up with worn-out tools;
If you can make one heap of all your winnings
And risk it on one turn of pitch-and-toss,
And lose, and start again at your beginnings
And never breathe a word about your loss:
If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew
To serve your turn long after they are gone,
And so hold on when there is nothing in you
Except the Will which says to them: 'Hold on!'
If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue,
Or walk with Kings—nor lose the common touch,
If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you,
If all men count with you, but none too much:
If you can fill the unforgiving minute
With sixty seconds' worth of distance run,
Yours is the Earth and everything that's in it,
And—which is more—you'll be a Man, my son!
Hannah Carey, a 48 year old waitress in Killarney, was killed by a shot fired from a Royal Irish Constabulary truck. She was likely not a victim of murder, but of an accident, as the RIC was reacting to an IRA attack upon a British Army unit just minutes prior.
She was the last causality of the Anglo Irish War.
On this day in 1921 the Anglo Irish War came to an end under an agreement between the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the President of the putative Irish Republic. The agreement had not only included an agreement to end the fighting, but also to engage in talks that would obviously outline the formalities, and there were indeed many to work out, of the existence between the two countries. The Irish delegation would leave for London on July 12, the following day.
The history of the English presence in Ireland is a complicated and not really subject to easy summation. England was a more powerful nation, comparatively, to Ireland dating back to the early days of the English kingdoms and as England's rule began to consolidate in a single king, that king often made claims of authority over Ireland even though they really were incapable of being enforced.
In 1169 the Normans, who were then into a century of their rule over England, having conquered the English thrown in 1066, invaded Ireland. The invasion started in the form of an Anglo Norman mercenary intervention on behalf of one of the Irish kings but grew in scale until the English crown intervened against both the Irish kings and the Anglo Norman mercenaries. The Crown then preceded over a period of years to consolidate its power in Ireland.
It is therefore commonly claimed that the Anglo Norman Invasion brought about "800 years of English rule" but it is not really true. Even after the invasion, direct English rule was somewhat weak and grew weaker. The Anglo Normans assimilated surprisingly rapidly and by the 15th Century English rule was mostly titular with Ireland ruled by its own parliament and the Crown largely ignored.
The Reformation, however, rapidly changes this and in 1542 King Henry VIII, not content with all of the other destructive things he was doing, proclaimed himself the King of Ireland. This was backed up by English military might and the contest took on a religious aspect given the English separation from Rome. Indeed, the British effectively chose to fight out some of their contests for power on Irish ground. Real British rule in Ireland, therefore, really dates to 1542.
In 1801 Parliament consolidate the rule with an Act of Union, making Ireland part of the United Kingdom. This was a political development that had been ongoing in Great Britain and had already brought about the union between Scotland and Wales that still exists. This union was more problematic in Ireland, however, given that Ireland's population was overwhelmingly Catholic and Catholics were repressed in the United Kingdom. The union was never really accepted by the Irish and a series of moves towards regaining independence occurred in following years.
Prior to World War One a strong move towards "home rule", which would have essentially granted Ireland regained independence in association with the Crown, leaving the British Parliament with authority on foreign policy, gained grown. These moves were strongly supported and strongly opposed. They were gaining enough strength prior to the Great War that, had the war not broken out, Ireland would have obtained home rule prior to 1920, and the following Irish history would likely have developed differently.
As it was, moves towards an open civil war were already afoot prior to World War One and indeed they caused an infamous mutiny within the ranks of the British Army in Ireland which looked as if it would oppose any sort of Irish political freedom. The British were still dealing with the aftermath of this mutiny when the Great War broke out, and the war quickly set all of these issues aside.
As we've been dealing here, the one group that didn't put them aside were Irish republicans, which struck during the late stages of the war itself in open rebellion. This move was very unpopular inside of Ireland whose sons were fighting in France, but it did gain international attention. At the same time, the republicans took the wise course of action of forming their own putative representative government, setting up rival institutions to the official British ones where they could, and declaring themselves to be the legitimate government of the nation.
Following the Great War the British government was wise enough to see the handwriting on the wall, even though surrendering one of the major portions of the United Kingdom was a gigantic concession. To some degree, much of recent UK history has stemmed from this, as the UK has slowly devolved rule to the other nations that remain in the United Kingdom.
This was of interest, to say the least, to the Irish American community in the United States. An article on how this was reported on can be read here:
Former President and current Supreme Court Justice William Howards Taft was sworn in as the Chief Justice.
On the same day, President Harding signed a new Naval Appropriations bill that reduced spending for the Navy by $80,000,000 for the upcoming year.
In fairness, the US was still winding down from World War One and now had a gigantic surplus of ships. The American people, for their part, were growing into disillusionment about their recent role in the Great War and the thesis that it was all a big plot by industrialist was starting to gain steam.
Perhaps related, or not, the Young People's Society of Christian Endeavor concluded a meeting with a call for global disarmament by 1923.
The Bogd Khan was restored to titular head of Mongolia by Mongolian revolutionaries.
He was a Buddhist monk whose claim to power, or perhaps burden of it, was similar to that of the Dali Lama's and in fact he'd been born in Tibet and proclaimed the Bogd Khan in the presence of the Dali Lama and the Panchen Lama. He had ruled the country as its theocratic head since the onset of the Chinese revolution in 1911, but his powers were limited due to his religious position. During his first reign he'd been the subject of a propaganda campaign lead by the Chinese who wished to remove him and install a communist government.
In 1919 he was removed by the Chinese government as the crisis on the border with the infant Soviet Union developed. Showing his position in the country's people, he was reinstalled, ironically, by the communist revolutionaries on this day in 1921 and would retain his position, being the last to occupy it, until his death in 1924.
1920 was a banner year for women and we've posted a lot of magazine covers that dealt with that. We missed the one above from July, 1920, however.
Magazine illustrations of the period, we'd note, were really art. That's something that's really been lost in the past century.
The thought of Liberty calling on an old style rotary dial phone is a bit odd. Not one of the better posters of the Great War.
Jewelry workers, 1920.
A Labor Day post.
From: StatChat, University of Virginia.
Looking back a few years earlier, to 1915, reveals this interesting information:
Labor force participation. The 1915 annual average civilian labor force participation rate is estimated at 56.3 percent. This percentage isn’t strictly comparable to the 2015 annual average of 62.7 percent, because of differences in survey coverage and definitions.17 However, despite the similarity in overall labor force participation, the participation rates of men and women were very different from each other 100 years ago. The 1920 census shows that, among people ages 14 and older, the proportion of the population that was in the total labor force was 85 percent for men and 23 percent for women in January of that year. (Civilian labor force data by gender are not available for 1915.) In contrast, the Current Population Survey shows a 2015 annual average civilian labor force participation rate for people ages 16 and older of about 69 percent for men and nearly 57 percent for women. Table 1 points out that young boys were much more likely to be in the labor force in 1920 than now. Not surprisingly, women of all ages are much more likely to be in the labor force now than in 1920. Half of all boys ages 14 to 19 were in the labor force in 1920; nowadays, about one-third of boys age 16 to 19 are in the labor force. Labor force participation among girls those ages hasn’t shown as much change.
From: Bureau of Labor Statistics. And also from the BLS, this interesting statistic which we've discussed as a topic here before.
And this interesting set of figures, related to the "everything was cheaper back then" claim that people so often hear:
Item 1915 price 1915 price in 2015 dollars 2015 price Bread (1-lb loaf) $0.07 $1.65 $1.42 Butter (lb) .36 8.48 3.18 Eggs (dozen) .34 8.01 2.81 Ground coffee (lb) .30 7.06 4.61 Potatoes (10 lbs) .15 3.53 6.55
Interestingly, in that chart, the only thing that's really climbed in adjustered prices is the price of potatoes, which is nearly double the current (or the 2015) prices. The only thing that has near parity with its century old price is bread.
