The Weather Underground bombed the State Department building in Washington, D.C.
Logo of the Weather Underground
The far left terrorist organization came out of the chaos of the 1960s which continued on, now mostly forgotten, into a violent early 1970s. We're on the verge, I fear, of eclipsing that era in violence, although ironically the party attacking the government now is the populist now in power. Given as the path we're currently on, in lots of ways, can't continue, there's real reason for concern about where the Trump interregnum's violence against the United States will lead, and if it will result in further societal violence.
In interesting aspect of this is what Gene Shepherd noted long ago, extremist meet in their extremism. We've never had extremist in power before, however.
The group took its name from Bob Dylan's Subterranean Homesick Blues, which ironically is associated in my mind with well to do old lawyers who came of age in the 1960s singing it, as if any of their later lives reflected what they claimed to have believed in earlier days.
Huddie Ledbetter, aka "Lead Belly", was granted a full pardon by Texas Governor Pat Morris Neff Neff for having served the minimum seven years of his prison sentence for the 1918 killing of Will Stafford, a relative of his, in a fight over a woman.
It was a least his second period of incarceration, with his first being in 1915 for carrying a handgun, something that would not be a crime now.
While in prison for homicide, he'd be stubbled in the neck by another inmate, resulting in a permanent scar.
The pardon came about due to Ledbetter writing the Governor and seeking the same, and the Governor visiting him more than once in prison.
Ledbetter would return to prison in 1930 for attempted homicide and 1939 for assault.
Perhaps not a pacific man, he was the greatest American folk musician and one of the greatest blue musicians of all time. He was personally responsible for the survival of the twelve string guitar. He was principally a bluesman, but the blues had not quite stabilized into its form at the time, and not all of his music fits the genera. Indeed, this so much the case that at least one of his songs that is typically preformed as a blue piece, The Midnight Special, was not performed quite that way by Leadbelly. He became known to the general public due to John Lomax's recordings of him in 1933, at which time he was again in prison.
Leadbelly was born in Louisiana in 1888 or 1889, and died of Lou Gehrigs disease in 1946 at age 61 or 62. He took to music early and learned to paly the mandolin, accordion, guitar, harmonica, Jew’s harp, piano, and organ, with his principal instructor's being his uncles, Bob and Terrell Ledbetter.
His songs are widely preformed to this day, and once were part of the American music canon taught to school children. Interestingly enough, he's associated with the first recorded use of the word "woke", in a spoken item after a song in which he stated; "So I advise everybody, be a little careful when they go along through there—best stay woke, keep their eyes open."
Italy passed a bill giving double votes to academians, professors, those with diplomas, knights, military officers, those with any military decorations, officeholders, certain business personnel, all those paying a direct tax of 100 lira or more, and fathers of at least five children, triple votes to members of the royal family, members of high nobility, cardinals, highly decorated war veterans, high officeholders, or anyone who met three conditions for double votes.
Episcopal Bishops Robert L. DeWitt, Bishop of Pennsylvania; Daniel Corrigan, Suffragan Bishop of Colorado; and Edward R. Welles II, the retired Bishop of West Missouri., ordained elevent female Episcopal deacons as priests, sparking a crisis in the Episcopal Church. The acts were declared valid but irregular by the Episcopal Church.
The act was pioneering as the direction became that of the Episcopal Church and much, but not all, of the Anglican Communion thereafter. It also had the result of causing it to be increasingly impossible for the overall Anglican Communion to reunite with the Catholic Church, which does not recognize the ordainment of women and of course which generally holds that Anglican holy orders are invalid, although there are exceptions we won't deal with here for individual priests and circumstances. The validity of Anglican holy orders has been a major topic in the Anglican Communion.
It's worth noting that Christian churches in general were becoming increasingly liberal in the wake of the 1960s, although that wasn't universally true. It was relatively noticeable in the Episcopal Church which had always been one of the most influential in the United States and one of the largest of the "mainline" Protestant churches. The Episcopal Church had been particularly associated with wealth and establishment in the US and remained so for much of the 20th Century, but starting at some point after this it began a dramatic decline and no longer holds the status it once did. The Anglican Communion itself has globally been in a condition of strife as conservative elements, with a heavy African representation, have been opposed by developments such as this within it.
The mysterious Alpha Group within the KGB Special Forces was created by Yuri Andropov.
I've been seeing some political signs around town that say "America First!"
Americans are, I'm afraid, notoriously dense about history, which doesn't keep Americans from citing it. Just recently, for example, as I already noted here, the state's populist's caucus cited Operation Overlord as a great example of American virtue and heroism, apparently dim to the fact that Operation Overlord was made necessary by the US sitting out the post 1917 to 1941 world stage's drama and that the heroism was made necessary by the Japanese bombing Pearl Harbor, not the US waking up one day to the dangers of fascism. Indeed, recently populist have been itching to repeat the betrayal of Czechoslovakia, in the form of Ukraine, so we can finally bring World War III about, although they are dim to the fact that's what they're doing.
Part of that late 1920s and 1930s drama that it seems people have forgotten (in addition to massive tariffs being a horrific idea, and that taxing upper income levels at the 50% rate actually doesn't hurt the economy at all) was the rise of the America First idea, which was that the US could just sit around and ignore the world, safely. It turned out, of course, that ships going down daily in the Atlantic, numerous people being murdered due to their religion, and the Japanese fleet proved that concept wrong in a bloody fashion, but populists are imagining it again. This time its pretty likely, I'd estimate in the 75% range, that the Chinese navy and ballistic missile force will prove that idea wrong again.
Anyhow, when I read "America First!" on political signs, having a sense of history, I can't help but recall this Woody Guthrie song:
While I suppose it's not directly applicable to the current times, I love the last line of the song:
And I'm gonna tell you workers, 'fore you cash in your checks
They say "America First, " but they mean "America Next!"
Best remembered for Brand New Key, she was, in some ways, a slightly earlier, and somewhat less known, version of the same sort of singer than Linda Ronstadt would become, even preforming some of the same songs.
She performed at Woodstock, still so young that her mother went with her.
What Have They Done to My Song Ma is one I recall from my childhood for some reason, dimly recalling that my mother liked it.
"Fiddlin" John Carson recorded "The Little Old Log Cabin" in the Lane in what is now inaccurately regarded as the first "country" music recording. The flipside was "The Old Hen Cackled and the Rooster's Going To Crow."
It was "country", but not in the country pop or modern C&W understanding, but rather in the "Hill Billy" music understanding of the word. That type of music, often highly evolved, is still within the "country" genre, but much, indeed most, of modern C&W music is as much related to pop music than anything else.
Carson would record off and on until 1935. He died in 1949 at age 81, spending his final years as an elevator operator.
The US and the UK came to an agreement on the UK's war debt.
Most of us know the song, House of the Rising Sun. Probably most people who think of it, when they do, think of the version by Eric Burdon and the Animals.
It's a great song.
Anything ever seem a little off about it, however?
The song is about a house of prostitution, which most people familiar with the song are aware of. As Burdon sings it, the lyrics are:
There is a house in New Orleans
They call the Rising Sun
And it's been the ruin of many a poor boy
And God, I know I'm one
My mother was a tailor
She sewed my new blue jeans
My father was a gamblin' man
Down in New Orleans
Now the only thing a gambler needs
Is a suitcase and a trunk
And the only time he's satisfied
Is when he's all drunk
Oh mother, tell your children
Not to do what I have done
Spend your lives in sin and misery
In the House of the Rising Sun
Well, I got one foot on the platform
The other foot on the train
I'm goin' back to New Orleans
To wear that ball and chain
Well, there is a house in New Orleans
They call the Rising Sun
And it's been the ruin of many a poor boy
And God, I know I'm one
Now, it is a great song. And I like this version of it, which was released in 1964.
The interesting thing, however, is that song from a male point of view, which it is, it's sort of way ahead of its time. Not that it isn't relevant, it's just a point of view that I can't think of any other song from the mid to late 20th Century expressing that view. Basically, the protagonist is confessing that he's a sex addict and addicted to frequenting the prostitutes of The House Of The Rising Sun.
The song wasn't written by Eric Burdon, or any of his band. They were covering a song, which many are unaware of, that had already had a successful recording run when sung by Woodie Guthrie and Hudey Ledbetter (Leadbelly). Indeed, I thought Leadbelly had written the wrong, but I was in error on that.
The Guthrie version, from 1941, has the following lyrics:
There is a house in New Orleans
They call the Rising Sun
And it's been the ruin of many a poor boy
And God I know I'm one
My mother was a tailor
She sewed my new bluejeans
My father was a gamblin' man
Down in New Orleans
Now the only thing a gambler needs
Is a suitcase and trunk
And the only time he's satisfied
Is when he's on a drunk
Oh mother tell your children
Not to do what I have done
Spend your lives in sin and misery
In the House Of The Rising Sun
Well, I got one foot on the platform
The other foot on the train
I'm goin' back to New Orleans
To wear that ball and chain
Well, there is a house in New Orleans
They call the Rising Sun
And it's been the ruin of many a poor boy
And God I know I'm one
Identical. What about Leadbelly? Well, he recorded it twice, first in 1944, which had these lyrics:
There is a house in New Orleans
You call the Rising Sun
It's been the ruin of many a poor soul
And me, oh God, I'm one
If I'd listened to what mama said
I'd be at home today
Being so young and foolish, poor girl
I let a gambler lead me astray
My mother she's a tailor
Sews those new blue jeans
My sweetheart, he's a drunkard, Lord God
He drinks down in New Orleans
He fills his glasses to the brim
Passes them around
The only pleasure that he gets out of life
Is a hoboin' from town to town
The only thing a drunkard needs
Is a suitcase and a trunk
The only time that he's half satisfied
Is when he's on a drunk
Go and tell my baby sister
Never do like I have done
Shun that house down in New Orleans
That they call that Rising Sun.
It's one foot on the platform,
One foot on the train.
I'm going back down to New Orleans
To wear my ball and my chain
My life is almost over
My race is almost run
Going back down to New Orleans
To that house of the Rising Sun
Oh, now wait a moment, that's a lot different. In this version, which is earlier, the protagonist, while sung through Leadbelly's male voice, is a girl entrapped in prostitution. Frankly, the song makes a lot more sense all the way around.
Leadbelly's 1947 version of The House of the Rising Sun.
In the second recording, which is the one people normally here, Leadbelly had followed Guthrie's lead, and the protagonist was male.
The first one presents a really grim warning. The girl who is the subject of the song has obviously left the house, and now is returning? Why? Well, contrary to the way prostitution is portrayed in film, her reputation would have been completely ruined and by this point that probably would have been her only option to try to make enough money to stay alive. Not only that, she's noting that she's expecting an early death.
More on that in a moment.
Leadbelly, it should be noted, didn't get around to recording until very near the end of his life. He died in 1949, and was first recorded in 1933. He was born in 1888 and was preforming professionally by 1903. Indeed, at first he preformed in Shreveport audiences in St. Paul's Bottoms, its red-light district, with his career interrupted by stints in jail, which are referenced in some of his most famous songs. He was in fact discovered, and truly was a great musical talent, by Alan Lomax while serving a prison stint.
Leadbelly preformed so early that some have speculated to what degree he was an indeterminable influence on the blues. He definitely was, but he also was unique in that he played a twelve-string guitar, very unusual for bluesmen, and his songs were always in the blues format but in sometimes in a near blues, ten bar, format. Indeed, some of those were converted to eight bar blues formats by later recording artists, probably basically by accident.
Anyhow, Leadbelly's songs often had a really old origin. This seems to be one. And the fact that the first version he recorded was sung from a female point of view is telling. Taht's probably how he learned it.
How early is that version?
Well, the song first makes its appearance by reference in 1905. By that time, it was being sung by miners in Appalachia, which means that one of the references doesn't quite fit unless the song had really travelled in the South. I.e., a song about somebody in New Orleans is out of regional context. The first printed version of the lyrics appear in 1925, with this:
There is a house in New Orleans,
it's called the Rising Sun
It's been the ruin of many poor girl
Great God, and I for one.
Just like Leadbelly had it.
The first recorded version came in 1933, later than I would have supposed, but still pretty early in the recording industry. It was by Applachain artist Clarence "Tom" Ashley and Gwen Foster. Ashley claimed to have learned it from his grandfather, which pushes the song back to the mid 19th Century. Ashley's version has a male protagonist:
There is a house in New Orleans
They call the Rising Sun
Where many poor boys to destruction has gone
And me, oh God, are one.
Note, this one has a blunter warning than any others with a male protagonist. The male vocalist hasn't gone to "ruin", but to "destruction".
Hmmmm. . . . so was it a male or female song?
My guess is that it was originally a female one, but because of its compelling popularity, it's been switched back and forth from its near onset.
So, was there a House of the Rising Sun that induced poor girls into lives, and probably shortened ones, of prostitution?
Nobody really knows for sure, but applying Yeoman's Eighth Law of History, as we should, would suggest it's likely. That law, as you'll recall, stated the following:
While that eight law mostly referred to old myths, it applies to more recent ones as well, as the basic principle is the same. The song clearly came out of Louisiana, and it traveled the South pretty extensively while persistently retaining its references to a House of the Rising Sun. There likely was such a place in Louisiana, or at the chances that there was are pretty good.
Indeed, a whole series of theories hold that it was on Conti Street in the French Quarter or on Ursulines Street or on St. Louis Street. In 2016 however, the New Orleans Times Picayune ran an article about an advertisement they'd found in which a hotelier was advertising the Mechanics Hotel, just outside of town, and with obviously pretty good rooming accommodations, which was noted to have formerly been "the old establishment of the Rising Sun".
Hmmm. . . .
The owners of the Mechanics Hotel wanted his potential guests to note that the hotel had a variety of rooms and offered a variety of services and accommodations, none of which included prostitution. The prior role of the Rising Sun wasn't mentioned, just that the Mechanics Hotel was where it formerly was, or rather that it was being rebranded. Perhaps it was also being repurposed. If so, that advertisement would have served two purposes, one being "don't stay away if you would have avoided the old Rising Sun", and the second being "don't come around if you are expecting the old services of the Rising Sun".
That advertisement, by the way, ran in 1828, which would mean that the song would have to have dated back to at least that approximate time.
So, what's the moral of the song? It clearly has one.
The basic warning is against living a life of depravity, that's clear enough. More than that, it was a direct warning about living a life of sexual depravity. Further, it warns the audience that the vocalist can't get out of it, now that the protagonist is in it, even though it would see, that the protagonist has tried. In the male variant sung by Guthrie, and in the female variant sung by Leadbelly, the protagonist informs the audience that the subject is at a railroad station with one foot on the platform, and one on the train, and is going back to New Orleans "to wear that ball and train". That tells us that the male protagonist is going back to New Orleans where he intends, seemingly against his will, to resume visiting the House of the Rising Sun. In the female protagonist version, she's going back to be a prostitute.
The female version is even grimmer. In that version, not only does the lyrics indicate that the subject is a slave to the situation, she's a different sort. Her slavery, in essence, is implied to be economic. Her reputation is ruined and she can't do anything else at this point. Moreover, she knows that she's going to die young, either at the hands of one of her clients, or more likely through disease.
Which takes us to this. That in fact was then and is now the thing that kills prostitutes early. It's odd how in Western movies like Lonesome Dove or Open Range this is ignored. Prostitutes were nearly guaranteed to get a venereal disease at the time, and it was probably going to kill them. Regular clients were likely to get a "social disease" as well, and the number of men who came down with one even where they were not regular customers, but who had made a visit a few, or perhaps even one, times were likely to as well.
Indeed, it wasn't really until after World War Two that it was the case that VD could really be effectively treated. . Nearly all of the treatments before then were ineffective to varying degrees. But that's not the last of it. Girls who fell into prostitution didn't simply think it an economic option, but were often victims of what was termed "white slavery". Kidnapped and drugged, or kept against their will in some fashion, sometimes by force, sometimes by addition. This is also still the case.
It's worth noting, in addition, that modern pornography has its origin in prostitution and indeed the word stems from it. "Graphy" indicates depiction, and pornea is Greek for of or pertaining to prostitutes. Very early pornography, going back to the first really easy to use cameras, came from photographing prostitutes to expand on their marketability. I.e., the working girls were basically captives of their procurer, and those people expanded their profits, not the girls profits, by photographing and selling their images, which had the added impact of being a species of advertising. This aspect of pornography was very heavy in the industry up until the mid 20th Century, when some of the subjects limited themselves to selling their own images in some fashion, but it's apparently returned in spades since the Internet, with many, apparently, of the images around now being once again of young girls trapped most likely by drug addiction.
The whole thing is pretty bad, suffice it to say.
Okay, we went down sort of a rabbit hole here, and for an odd reason. The trip to House of the Rising Sun started off as it refers to the mother of the subject sewing his blue jeans. We'll explain that in the other thread, but we would note that the song has one final aspect. It's a warning about the decay of a family.
I don't think Joe Rogan should be posting crap about COVID 19 on Spotify, but I have to be somewhat amused by Neil Young's actions and what has followed, including Joni Mitchell following in his wake. I suspect it's largely:
Boomers: What's Spotify?
Generation Jones: Oh, thank goodness, at last we don't have to hear Neil Young and Joni Mitchell. . . any chance James Taylor will pull his music too?
Millennials, Gen X, and Gen Y: Neil who?
Footnotes:
*Apologies to Lynryd Skynyrd whose anthem Sweet Home Alabama contained these lyrics, regarding Neil Young:
Well I heard Mister Young sing about her
Well I heard ol' Neil put her down
Well I hope Neil Young will remember
A southern man don't need him around anyhow.
FWIW, I like the ballad Sweet Home Alabama, and Neil Young actually acknowledged that he himself thought he'd gone too far with his song Southern Man, but Neil was on the right side of history on that one for sure, and he probably is here too. I can't actually imagine Sweet Home Alabama being released today, and like most songs, probably nobody really pays very much attention to its lyrics.
The HMS Ladybird was sunk off of Tobruk. On the same day, however, a large British convoy with a significant amount of British armor in Alexandria.
The Ladybird settled in shallow water where she became an anti aircraft platform, ironically, as he'd been sunk by dive bombers.
The Japanese government delivered to the US government a proposal regarding the ongoing difficulties betwen the two nations. It read:
CONFIDENTIAL MEMORANDUM AGREED UPON BETWEEN THE
GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN
The Governments of the United States and of Japan accept joint responsibility
for the initiation and conclusion of a general agreement disposing the
resumption of our traditional friendly relations.
Without reference to specific causes of recent
estrangement, it is the sincere desire of both Governments that the incidents
which led to the deterioration of amicable sentiment among our peoples should
be prevented from recurrence, and corrected in their unforeseen and unfortunate
consequences.
It is our present hope that, by a joint effort,
our nations may establish a just peace in the Pacific; and by the rapid
consummation of an entente cordiale [amicable understanding], arrest, if not
dispel, the tragic confusion that now threatens to engulf civilization.
For such decisive action, protracted
negotiations would seem ill-suited and weakening. Both Governments, therefore,
desire that adequate instrumentalities should be developed for the realization
of a general agreement which would bind, meanwhile, both Governments in honor
and in act.
It is our belief that such an understanding
should comprise only the pivotal issues of urgency and not the accessory
concerns which could be deliberated at a conference and appropriately confirmed
by our respective Governments.
Both Governments presume to anticipate that they
could achieve harmonious relations if certain situations and attitudes were
clarified or improved; to wit:
1. The concepts of the United States and of Japan respecting international
relations and the character of nations.
2. The attitude of both Governments toward the European War.
3. The relations of both nations toward the China Affair.
4. Commerce between both nations.
5. Economic activity of both nations in the Southwestern Pacific area.
6. The policies of both nations affecting political stabilization in the
Pacific area.
Accordingly, we have come to the following mutual understanding:-
I. The concepts of the United States and of Japan respecting international
relations and the character of nations.
The Governments of the United States and of
Japan jointly acknowledge each other as equally sovereign states and contiguous
Pacific powers.
Both Governments assert the unanimity of their national policies as directed
toward the foundation of a lasting peace and the inauguration of a new era of
respectful confidence and cooperation among our peoples.
Both Governments declare that it is their traditional, and present, concept and
conviction that nations and races compose, as members of a family, one
household; each equally enjoying rights and admitting responsibilities with a
mutuality of interests regulated by peaceful processes and directed to the
pursuit of their moral and physical welfare, which they are bound to defend for
themselves as they are bound not to destroy for others; they further admit
their responsibilities to oppose the oppression or exploitation of backward
nations.
Both governments are firmly determined that
their respective traditional concepts on the character of nations and the
underlying moral principles of social order and national life will continue to
be preserved and never transformed by foreign ideas or ideologies contrary to
these moral principles and concepts.
II. The attitude of both Governments toward the European War.
The Governments of the United States and Japan
make it their common aim to bring about the world peace; they shall therefore
jointly endeavour not only to prevent further extension of the European War but
also speedily to restore peace in Europe.
The Government of Japan maintains that its
alliance with the Axis Powers was, and is, defensive and designed to prevent
the nations which are not at present directly affected by the European War from
engaging in it.
The Government of Japan maintains that its
obligations of military assistance under the Tripartite Pact between Japan,
Germany and Italy will be applied in accordance with the stipulation of Article
3 of the said Pact.
The Government of the United States maintains
that its attitude toward the European War is, and will continue to be, directed
by no such aggressive measures as to assist any one nation against another. The
United States maintains that it is pledged to the hate of war, and accordingly,
its attitude toward the European War is, and will continue to? be, determined
solely and exclusively by considerations of the protective defense of its own
national welfare and security.
III. The relations of both nations toward the
China Affair.
The Government of the United States,
acknowledging the three principles as enunciated in the Konoe Statement and the
principles set forth on the basis of the said three principles in the treaty
with the Nanking Government as well as in the Joint Declaration of Japan,
Manchoukuo and China and relying upon the policy of the Japanese Government to
establish a relationship of neighborly friendship with China, shall forthwith
request the Chiang Kai-shek regime to negotiate peace with Japan.
IV. Commerce between both nations.
When official approbation to the present
Understanding has been given by both Governments, the United States and Japan
shall assure each other to mutually supply such commodities as are,
respectively, available or required by either of them. Both Governments further
consent to take necessary steps to the resumption. of normal trade relations as
formerly established under the Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between the
United States and Japan.
V. Economic activity of both nations in the Southwestern Pacific area.
Having in view that the Japanese expansion in
the direction of the Southwestern Pacific area is declared to be of peaceful
nature, American cooperation shall be given in the production and procurement
of natural resources (such as oil, rubber, tin, nickel) which Japan needs.
VI. The policies of both nations affecting political stabilization in the
Pacific area.
a. The Governments of the United States and
Japan jointly guarantee the independence of the Philippine Islands on the
condition that the Philippine Islands shall maintain a status of permanent
neutrality. The Japanese subjects shall not be subject to any discriminatory
treatment.
b. Japanese immigration to the United States
shall receive amicable consideration-on a basis of equality with other
nationals and freedom from discrimination.
Addendum.
The present Understanding shall be kept as a
confidential memorandum between the Governments of the United States and of
Japan.
The scope, character and timing of the
announcement of this Understanding will be agreed upon by both Governments.
[Annex]
ORAL EXPLANATION FOR PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO THE ORIGINAL DRAFT [63]
II. Par. 2.
Attitude of Both Governments toward the European
War.
Actually the meaning of this paragraph is
virtually unchanged but we desire to make it clearer by specifying a reference
to the Pact. As long as Japan is a member of the Tripartite Pact, such
stipulation as is mentioned in the Understanding seems unnecessary.
If we must have any stipulation at all, in
addition, it would be important to have one which would clarify the
relationship of this Understanding to the aforementioned Pact.
III.
China Affair.
The terms for China-Japan peace as proposed in
the original Understanding differ in no substantial way from those herein
affirmed as the "principles of Konoe." Practically, the one can be
used to explain the other.
We should obtain an understanding, in a separate
and secret document, that the United States would discontinue her assistance to
the Chiang Kai-shek regime if Chiang Kai-shek does not accept the advice of the
United States that he enter into negotiations for peace.
If, for any reason, the United States finds it
impossible to sign such a document, a definite pledge by some highest
authorities will suffice.
The three principles of Prince Konoe as referred
to in this paragraph are:
1. Neighborly friendship;
2. Joint defense against communism;
3. Economic cooperation-by which Japan does not intend to exercise economic
monopoly in China nor to demand of China a limitation in the interests of Third
Powers.
The following are implied in the aforesaid principles
1. Mutual respect of sovereignty and territories;
2. Mutual respect for the inherent characteristics of each nation cooperating
as good neighbors and forming a Far Eastern nucleus contributing to world
peace;
3. Withdrawal of Japanese troops from Chinese territory in accordance with an
agreement to be concluded between Japan and China
4. No annexation, no indemnities;
5. Independence of Manchoukuo.
III. (sic)
Immigration to China.
The stipulation regarding large-scale
immigration to China has been deleted because it might give an impression,
maybe a mistaken impression, to the Japanese people who have been offended by
the past immigration legislation of the United States, that America is now
taking a dictating attitude even toward the question of Japanese immigration in
China.
Actually, the true meaning and purpose of this stipulation is fully understood
and accepted by the Japanese Government.
IV.
Naval, Aerial and Mercantile Marine Relations.
(a) and (c) of this section have been deleted
not because of disagreement but because it would be more practical, and
possible, to determine the disposition of naval forces and mercantile marine
after an understanding has been reached and relations between our two countries
improved; and after our present China commitments are eliminated. Then we will
know the actual situation and can act accordingly.
Courtesy visit of naval squadrons.
This proposal, (b) of IV. might better be made a
subject of a separate memorandum. Particular care must be taken as to the
timing, manner and scope of carrying out such a gesture.
V.
Gold Credit.
The proposal in the second paragraph of V. has
been omitted for the same reasons as suggested the omission of paragraphs (a)
and (c).
VI.
Activity in Southwestern Pacific Area.
The words, in the first paragraph, "without
resorting to arms" have been deleted as inappropriate and unnecessarily critical.
Actually, the peaceful policy of the Japanese Government has been made clear on
many occasions in various statements made both by the Premier and the Foreign
Minister.
VIII.
Political Stabilization in the Pacific Area.
As the paragraph (a) implying military and
treaty obligation would require, for its enactment, such a complicated
legislative procedure in both countries, we consider it inappropriate to
include this in the present Understanding.
Paragraph (b) regarding the independence of the
Philippine Islands has been altered for the same reason.
In paragraph (e) the words "and to the
Southwestern Pacific Area" have been omitted because such questions should
be settled, as necessity arises, through direct negotiation with the
authorities in the Southwestern areas by the Governments of the United States
and of Japan respectively.
Conference.
The stipulation for holding a Conference has
been deleted. We consider that it would be better to arrange, by an exchange of
letters, that a conference between the President and the Premier or between
suitable representatives of theirs will be considered when both the United
States and Japan deem it useful to hold such a conference after taking into due
consideration the effect resulting from the present Understanding.
Announcement.
In regard to the statement to be issued on the
successful conclusion of the present Understanding a draft will be prepared in
Tokio and cabled to Washington for the consideration of the United States
Government.
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