Monday, July 23, 1923. Disasters. First ascent of Clyde Peak. French Foreign Legion failure. Squamish Nation, Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw amalgamation. Sigsbee funeral.

I'm often amazed, particularly in regard to weather disasters, how often headlines from 1923 read like those from 2023.

That't not to draw a conclusion that I do not intend to suggest, I m'just noting it.

Clyde Peak, left, Blackfoot Mountain, right in 1925.

Norman Clyde became the first man to climb Clyde Peak in Glacier National Park.

Clyde Peak, now. By Owen Jones - File:Red Eagle Lake.jpg, CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=109050999

A French Foreign Legion attack on the Moroccan town of Tagzhout Hill was unsuccessful.

The Labour Parties attempt to have the House of Commons call for an international conference was rejected by the Conservatives.

Canada's Squamish Nation, Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw, were politically amalgamated and adopted a democratically elected council.

The funeral of Rear Admiral Sigsbee was held.  He had been the commander of the USS Maine when it fatefully exploded in Havana.

Monday, July 17, 1922. Treaty No. 11.

That time of year. . . 

National Guardsmen at annual training on this day in 1922.

The last of the Canadian treaties with First Nations governments, Treat No. 11, was signed at Ft. Laird, NWT.  The treaty states:

TREATY NUMBER ELEVEN

ARTICLES OF A TREATY made and concluded on the several dates mentioned therein in the year of Our Lord One thousand Nine hundred and Twenty-One, between His Most Gracious Majesty George V, King of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, by His Commissioner, Henry Anthony Conroy, Esquire, of the City of Ottawa, of the One Part, and the Slave, Dogrib, Loucheux, Hare and other Indians, inhabitants of the territory within the limits hereinafter defined and described, by their Chiefs and Headmen, hereunto subscribed, of the other part:

WHEREAS, the Indians inhabiting the territory hereinafter defined have been convened to meet a commissioner representing His Majesty's Government of the Dominion of Canada at certain places in the said territory in this present year of 1921, to deliberate upon certain matters of interest to His Most Gracious Majesty, of the one part, and the said Indians of the other.

AND WHEREAS, the said Indians have been notified and informed by His Majesty's said commissioner that it is His desire to open for settlement, immigration, trade, travel, mining, lumbering and such other purposes as to His Majesty may seem meet, a tract of country bounded and described as hereinafter set forth, and to obtain the consent thereto of His Indian subjects inhabiting the said tract, and to make a treaty, so that there may be peace and good-will between them and His Majesty's other subjects, and that His Indian people may know and be assured of what allowances they are to expect and receive from His Majesty's bounty and benevolence.

AND WHEREAS, the Indians of the said tract, duly convened in council at the respective points named hereunder, and being requested by His Majesty's Commissioner, to name certain Chiefs and Headmen, who should be authorized on their behalf to conduct such negotiations and sign any treaty to be founded thereon, and to become responsible to His Majesty for the faithful performance by their respective bands of such obligations as shall be assumed by them, the said Indians have therefore acknowledged for that purpose the several chiefs and Headmen who have subscribed thereto.

AND WHEREAS the said Commissioner has proceeded to negotiate a treaty with the Slave, Dogrib, Loucheux, Hare and other Indians inhabiting the district hereinafter defined and described, which has been agreed upon and concluded by the respective bands at the dates mentioned hereunder, the said Indians do hereby cede, release, surrender and yield up to the Government of the Dominion of Canada, for His Majesty the King and His Successors forever, all their rights, titles, and privileges whatsoever to the lands included within the following limits, that is to say:

Commencing at the northwesterly corner of the territory ceded under the provisions of Treaty Number Eight; thence northeasterly along the height-of-land to the point where it intersects the boundary between the Yukon Territory and the Northwest Territories; thence northwesterly along the said boundary to the shore of the Arctic ocean; thence easterly along the said shore to the mouth of the Coppermine river; thence southerly and southeasterly along the left bank of said river to Lake Gras by way of Point lake; thence along the southern shore of Lake Gras to a point situated northwest of the most western extremity of Aylmer lake; thence along the southern shore of Aylmer lake and following the right bank of the Lockhart river to Artillery lake; thence along the western shore of Artillery lake and following the right bank of the Lockhart river to the site of Old Fort Reliance where the said river enters Great Slave lake, this being the northeastern corner of the territory ceded under the provisions of Treaty Number Eight; thence westerly along the northern boundary of the said territory so ceded to the point of commencement; comprising an area of approximately three hundred and seventy-two thousand square miles.

AND ALSO, the said Indian rights, titles and privileges whatsoever to all other lands wherever situated in the Yukon Territory, the Northwest Territories or in any other portion of the Dominion of Canada.

To have and to hold the same to His Majesty the King and His Successors forever.

AND His Majesty the King hereby agrees with the said Indians that they shall have the right to pursue their usual vocations of hunting, trapping and fishing throughout the tract surrendered as heretofore described, subject to such regulations as may from time to time be made by the Government of the Country acting under the authority of His Majesty, and saving and excepting such tracts as may be required or taken up from time to time for settlement, mining, lumbering, trading or other purposes.

AND His Majesty the King hereby agrees and undertakes to lay aside reserves for each band, the same not to exceed in all one square mile for each family of five, or in that proportion for larger or smaller families;

PROVIDED, however, that His Majesty reserves the right to deal with any settlers within the boundaries of any lands reserved for any band as He may see fit; and also that the aforesaid reserves of land, or any interest therein, may be sold or otherwise disposed of by His Majesty's Government for the use and benefit of the said Indians entitled thereto, with their consent first had and obtained; but in no wise shall the said Indians, or any of them, be entitled to sell or otherwise alienate any of the lands allotted to them as reserves.

It is further agreed between His Majesty and His Indian subjects that such portions of the reserves and lands above indicated as may at any time be required for public works, buildings, railways, or roads of whatsoever nature may be appropriated for that purpose by His Majesty's Government of the Dominion of Canada, due compensation being made to the Indians for the value of any improvements thereon, and an equivalent in land, money or other consideration for the area of the reserve so appropriated.

And in order to show the satisfaction of His Majesty with the behaviour and good conduct of His Indian subjects, and in extinguishment of all their past claims hereinabove mentioned, He hereby, through his Commissioner, agrees to give to each Chief a present of thirty-two dollars in cash, to each Headman, twenty-two dollars, and to every other Indian of whatever age of the families represented, at the time and place of payment, twelve dollars.

HIS MAJESTY, also agrees that during the coming year, and annually thereafter, He will cause to be paid to the said Indians in cash, at suitable places and dates, of which the said Indians shall be duly notified, to each Chief twenty-five dollars, to each Headman fifteen dollars, and to every other Indian of whatever age five dollars, to be paid only to heads of families for the members thereof, it being provided for the purposes of this Treaty that each band having at least thirty members may have a Chief, and that in addition to a Chief, each band may have Councillors or Headmen in the proportion of two to each two hundred members of the band.

FURTHER, His Majesty agrees that each Chief shall receive once and for all a silver medal, a suitable flag and a copy of this Treaty for the use of his band; and during the coming year, and every third year thereafter, each Chief and Headman shall receive a suitable suit of clothing.

FURTHER, His Majesty agrees to pay the salaries of teachers to instruct the children of said Indians in such manner as His Majesty's Government may deem advisable.

FURTHER, His Majesty agrees to supply once and for all to each Chief of a band that selects a reserve, ten axes, five hand-saws, five augers, one grindstone, and the necessary files and whetstones for the use of the band.

FURTHER, His Majesty agrees that, each band shall receive once and for all equipment for hunting, fishing and trapping to the value of fifty dollars for each family of such band, and that there shall be distributed annually among the Indians equipment, such as twine for nets, ammunition and trapping to the value of three dollars per head for each Indian who continues to follow the vocation of hunting, fishing and trapping.

FURTHER, His Majesty agrees that, in the event of any of the Indians aforesaid being desirous of following agricultural pursuits, such Indians shall receive such assistance as is deemed necessary for that purpose.

AND the undersigned Slave, Dogrib, Loucheux, Hare and other Chiefs and Headmen, on their own behalf and on behalf of all the Indians whom they represent, do hereby solemnly promise and engage to strictly observe this Treaty, and also to conduct and behave themselves as good loyal subjects of His Majesty the King.

THEY promise and engage that they will, in all respects, obey and abide by the law; that they will maintain peace between themselves and others of His Majesty's subjects, whether Indians, half-breeds or whites, now inhabiting and hereafter to inhabit any part of the said ceded territory; that they will not molest the person or property of any inhabitant of such ceded tract, or of any other district or country, or interfere with, or trouble any person passing or travelling through the said tract or any part thereof, and that they will assist the officers of His Majesty in bringing to justice and punishment any Indian offending against the stipulations of this Treaty, or infringing the law in force in the country so ceded.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, His Majesty's said Commissioner and the said Chiefs and Headmen have hereunto set their hands at the places and times set forth in the year herein first above written.

SIGNED AT PROVIDENCE on the twenty-seventh day of June, 1921, by His Majesty's Commissioner and the Chiefs and Headmen in the presence of the undersigned witnesses, after having been first interpreted and explained.

WITNESSES: W.V. BRUCE, Insp., R.C.M.P. F.H. KITTO. A.H. MILLER. G. BREYNAT, O.M.I., Bishop of Adr., Vic. Apost. of Mackenzie. J.A.R. BALSILLIE.

H.A. CONROY, Commissioner. PAUL LAFOIN, Chief, his x mark. HARRY FRANCIS, Headman, his x mark. BAPTISTE SABOURINE, Headman, his x mark.

SIGNED at Simpson on the eleventh day of July, 1921, by His Majesty's Commissioner and the Chiefs and Headmen in the presence of the undersigned witnesses, after having been first interpreted and explained.

WITNESSES: (Sgd) G. BREYNAT, O.M.I., Bishop of Adr., Vic. Apost. of Mackenzie. JOHN G. CORRY, W.V. BRUCE, Insp. R.C.M.P. A.F. CAMSELL. T.W. HARRIS.

H. A. CONROY, Commissioner ANTOINE - signed in syllabic characters. KORWERGEN - signed in syllabic characters. BEDSEDIA, his x mark.

SIGNED at Wrigley on the thirteenth day of July, 1921, by His Majesty's Commissioner and the Chiefs and Headmen in presence of the undersigned witnesses, after having been first interpreted and explained.

WITNESSES: (sgd.) G. BREYNAT, O.M.I., Bishop of Adr., Vic. Apost. of Mackenzie. W.V. BRUCE, Insp., R.C.M.P. A.L. McDONALD. F.H. BACON.

H.A. CONROY, Commissioner. YENDO - signed in syllabic characters.

SIGNED at Norman on the fifteenth day of July, 1921, by His Majesty's Commissioner and the Chiefs and Headmen in the presence of the undersigned witnesses, after having been first interpreted and explained.

WITNESSES: (Sgd) G. BREYNAT, O.M.I., Bishop of Adr., Vic. Apost. of Mackenzie. W.V. BRUCE, Insp., R.C.M.P. GEO. P. JOHNSTON. G.H. CAMPBELL, const., R.C.M.P.

H.A. CONROY, commissioner. ALBERT WRIGHT. SAUL BLONDIN, his x mark.

SIGNED at Good Hope on the twenty-first day of July, 1921, by His Majesty's Commissioner and the Chiefs and Headmen in the presence of the undersigned witnesses, after having been first interpreted and explained.

WITNESSES: (Sgd) G. BREYNAT, O.M.I., Bishop of Adr., Vic. Apost. of Mackenzie, W.V. BRUCE, Insp., R.C.M.P. F.H. BACON, J.H. BRASHAR, Cpt, G.R.C.C.

H.A. CONROY, Commissioner SIMEON, his x mark. FRANCOIS NATEGAL, his x mark.

SIGNED at Arctic Red River on the twenty-sixth day of July, 1921, by His Majesty's Commissioner and the Chiefs and Headmen in the presence of the undersigned witnesses, after having been first interpreted and explained.

WITNESSES: (Sgd) G. BREYNAT, O.M.I., Bishp of Adr., Vic. Apost. of Mackenzie. W.V. BRUCE, insp., R.C.M.P. J. LECUYER, Pr. O.M.I. J. PARSONS.

H.A. CONROY, Commissioner PAUL, his x mark. NIDE APHI. FABIEN-LALOO.

SIGNED at McPherson on the twenty-eighth day of July, 1921, by His Majesty's Commissioner and the Chiefs and Headmen in the presence of the undersigned witnesses, after having been first interpreted and explained.

WITNESSES: (Sgd) W.V. BRUCE, Insp., R.C.M.P. J. PARSONS. F.H. BACON. JAMES FIRTH. JOHNNIE KIKAWCHIK.

H.A. CONROY, commissioner. JABY LALO. JOHNNIE KIKAWCHIK.

SIGNED at Liard on the day of, 1921, by His Majesty's Commissioners and the Chiefs and Headmen in the presence of the undersigned witnesses, after having been first interpreted and explained.

Witnesses:

SIGNED at Rae on the twenty-second day of August, 1921, by His Majesty's Commissioner and the Chiefs and Headmen in the presence of undersigned witnesses, after having been first interpreted and explained.

WITNESSES: (Sgd) G. BREYNAT, O.M.I., Bishop of Adr., Vic. Apost. of Mackenzie. W.J. O'DONNELL, W.V. BRUCE, Insp., R.C.M.P. ED. HERON, H. B. Co. CLAUDE Wm. LAFOUNTAIN.

H.A. CONROY, Commissioner MORPHY, his x mark. JERMAIN, his x mark. JOSUE BEAULIEU, his x mark.

Sunday, June 11, 1922. Nanook of the North.

Nanook of the North, a docudrama, was released. It was one of the first of its kind.

It followed the lives of a native family in far northern Quebec.

Sunday, February 28, 1909. National Woman's Day.

National Woman's Day was celebrated in New York, having been organized by activist Theresa Malkiel of the Socialist Party of America.  It was the precursor to International Women's Day.

Theresa Serber Malkiel was a Jewish Russian immigrant who had come to the US from Imperial Russia at age 17 with her family, after which she went to work in the garment industry.  She was involved in labor union and Socialist politics fairly early on, and was an opponent of US entry into World War One.  She was also an opponent of Socialists practicing racial segregation in the South, which they did.  She passed away in 1949 in Yonkers at age 75.

International Women's Day is celebrated on March 8.

President Roosevelt had lunch with the Austrian Ambassador at the Austrian Embassy, breaking a 120-year-old tradition of American Presidents not trodding on foreign soil while in office.

Peary's expedition to the North Pole set off from Ellesmere Island.  It was Peary's Eighth Arctic Expedition.

The expeditions became famous, of course, for their heroic efforts, if extreme efforts in the Arctic were heroic.  Peary and his African American aid Matthew Henson did face extreme conditions and privations, but as became known largely after their deaths, they took some comfort with alternative native paramours, Peary's being only 14 years old at the time of its initiation.  These unions outside of marriage produced children, predictably, who were left with their native mothers, which in Henson's case were his only offspring.

If this seems pretty judgmental, well it is.  Peary's taking a 14-year-old for sex is appalling.  Abandoning the children to fatherless lives was as well.  The native women involved doubtless didn't know what they were getting into, at least at first, and in the case of a 14-year-old, probably not at all.