The iconic 1970s television show The Brady Bunch aired for the last time. It first aired in 1970.
Marcia, Marcia Marcia. . .
Ostensibly exploring the practice of law before the internet. Heck, before good highways for that matter.
The iconic 1970s television show The Brady Bunch aired for the last time. It first aired in 1970.
Marcia, Marcia Marcia. . .
The television show, not the World War Two institution from which it takes its name.
Somewhat quirky and odd, the long-running show commenced in 1979 and was hosted by the late James Underwood Crockett originally. I recall it from the Roger Swain era, however, which apparently from the mid 1980s to 2002, which surprises me as I recall watching it with my father, and not thereafter. He died in the early 1990s. Swain, with a huge red beard and suspenders was ahead of his time in the hipster movement, held a PhD in biology, so he knew his stuff. It apparently ceased production in 2010.
One interesting thing I'll note is the name, The Victory Garden, which takes its name from the gardens people were urged to plant in World War One and World War Two to counter food shortages. While both wars were obviously horrific, this aspect of the home front remains fondly remembered, and therefore the name is familiar.
From Uncle Mike's:
I wonder if my parents watched it?
My mother was more of a music fan than my father. My father's record collection consisted a few albums he had bought after, I'm pretty sure, my parents bought a very large and heavy combination radio and stereo set. It's a massively substantial piece of furniture. The records he purchased were all of military marches. Nothing else.
My mother had a pretty extensive set of 45 rpm records, or singles as they were called, which weren't really singles but which had one song each on each side. I should commit more of them to digital. They included a lot of Elvis Pressley, and some jazz, and some odds and ends. She later bought some albums that were from the 60s, but they were people like Tom Jones.
Musically, FWIW, I can recall The Lawrence Welk Show being a weekly staple in the house. I can barely recall The Ed Sullivan Show playing from time to time, which must mean that my father watched it on rare occasion. It ran until 1971.
The 1964 Winter Olympics closed in Innsbruck.
Israel and Egypt signed the Israel-Egypt Disengagement Treaty of 1974.
It stated:
A. Egypt and Israel will scrupulously observe the cease-fire on land, sea, and air called for by the UN Security Council and will refrain from the time of the signing of this document from all military or para-military actions against each other.
B. The military forces of Egypt and Israel will be separated in accordance with the following principles:
1. All Egyptian forces on the east side of the Canal will be deployed west of the line designated as Line A on the attached map. All Israeli forces, including those west of the Suez Canal and the Bitter Lakes, will be deployed east of the line designated as Line B on the attached map.
2. The area between the Egyptian and Israeli lines will be a zone of disengagement in which the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) will be stationed. The UNEF will continue to consist of units from countries that are not permanent members of the Security Council.
3. The area between the Egyptian line and the Suez Canal will be limited in armament and forces.
4. The area between the Israeli line (Line B on the attached map) and the line designated as Line C on the attached map, which runs along the western base of the mountains where the Gidi and Mitla Passes are located, will be limited in armament and forces.
5. The limitations referred to in paragraphs 3 and 4 will be inspected by UNEF. Existing procedures of the UNEF, including the attaching of Egyptian and Israeli liaison officers to UNEF, will be continued.
6. Air forces of the two sides will be permitted to operate up to their respective lines without interference from the other side.
C. The detailed implementation of the disengagement of forces will be worked out by military representatives of Egypt and Israel, who will agree on the stages of this process. These representatives will meet no later than 48 hours after the signature of this agreement at Kilometre 101 under the aegis of the United Nations for this purpose. They will complete this task within five days. Disengagement will begin within 48 hours after the completion of the work of the military representatives and in no event later than seven days after the signature of this agreement. The process of disengagement will be completed not later than 40 days after it begins.
D. This agreement is not regarded by Egypt and Israel as a final peace agreement. It constitutes a first step toward a final, just and durable peace according to the provisions of Security Council Resolution 338 and within the framework of the Geneva Conference.
For Egypt: For Israel:
General Abdul Gani al Garnasy Lt. Gen. David Elazar, Chief of Staff of the Israeli Army
The Six Million Dollar Man premiered on television.
Happy Days, the legendary sitcom, appeared to mixed reviews.
Clearly riffing off of 1950s nostalgia, less than 20 years after the end of the decade, the show had more or less been laid a path to success by the recent film American Graffiti, which also featured Ron Howard portraying a major character. Even before that, however, nostalgia had seen the rise of the rise of the band Sha Na Na which appeared in 1969 in sufficient time in which to appear at Woodstock.
The Ethiopian Revolution began with the mutiny of the Negele Borana garrison over bad food and a lack of water.
They sized Lt. Gen. Deresse Dubale, Emperor Haile Selassie's envoy, and forced him to survive on the same fare they had for a week.
Gasoline rationing commenced in the Netherlands.
Television started operation in Tanzania.
President Nixon vetoed the War Powers Act. His veto was overridden on November 7.
A second ceasefire between Egypt and Israel went into effect in the Yom Kippur War. By this point in the war Egyptian gains had been more than reversed.
At the same time, the Soviet Union threatened to deploy its troops to aid Syria, giving a warning to the US to that effect. As a result, the U.S. went to Defcon 3Kojak premiered.
The day was the first UN World Development Information Day, which coincided with United Nations Day.
So we sat around the TV, and I had that sort of anticipatory, open-mouth grin that people have when they’re waiting for something to happen, that they know is going to be really great. And ... it never happened. It wasn’t funny. Not one thing was funny. There was not one utterance of a laugh or a giggle.
At least she realized it. Saturday Night Live has been mostly unfunny its entire run. It's mostly National Lampoon snark.
A recent add is the excellent Fighting On Film, a British podcast that takes a look, in a really unique fashion, at war movies.
And, what causes me to update this, I just started the eight part series The Coldest Case In Laramie. We'll see how I like it. It's about an unsolved murder in Laramie during the early 1980s, by a New York Times reporter and author who lived there in her early teens, which has left her with a whiney view of the town.
July 7, 2023
I recently added Dead and Gone In Wyoming, an excellent series on crimes and missing person's in Wyoming.
And that's because it's honest, and manly, work.
It was Bates v. State Bar of Arizona in which the United States Supreme Court destroyed the professionalism of the legal profession. In that 5 to 4 decision, the Court found that a rule of the Arizona State Bar preventing advertising violated the First and Fourteenth Amendments. It further held that allowing attorneys to advertise would not harm the legal profession or the administration of justice.
They were wrong.
As was often the case in that era, the majority had its head up its butt. In reality, advertising destroyed decades of work by the early 20th Century American Bar Association and drug the occupation of being a lawyer from that of a learned profession down to a carnival barker.
Recently I watched the Netflix uploaded episodes of the Korean television series The Extraordinary Attorney Woo (이상한 변호사 우영우). In it, every one addressed attorneys by their patronymic and the title "Attorney", even if they were personally familiar with them. So, for example, every time somebody addressed the central protagonist, they did so as "Attorney Woo". That struck me as odd, so I looked it up to see if that was correct, and found a Korean language site entry that stated off with a comment that was something like "unlike the United States, attorneys in Korea are a respected profession".
That struck me, as I hadn't really thought about it like that. When I started off in this line of work, we were still somewhat regarded as respected professionals and its hard to forget that's now in the past.
The decline was in, however, already by that time. When we were admitted to the bar, Federal Judge Court Brimmer gave a speech about civility in litigation. I've heard versions of it many times since. When I first started practicing, advertising was just starting here, and it was the domain of plaintiff's lawyers for the most part. It still is.
Bates got us rolling in this direction, but the flood of 60s and 70s vintage law school graduates did as well. Too many lawyers with too little to do, expanded what could be done in court. Lawyers have backed every bad cause imaginable in the name of social justice. That's drug the profession down.
I think we know that, which is why I think we also go out of our way to associate ourselves with occupations that have real worth. We like conventions featuring the West, both for defense and plaintiffs, rather than sitting in front of our computers in office buildings in Denver and Salt Lake City.
Nobody, that is, wants to go to the "2023 Sitting On Your Ass Asking Insurance Carriers For Money" conference. No, we do not. We want to go instead to the "2023 Blazing Saddles and High Noon Conference".
But what are we really?
It's a real red meat question, but it needs to be asked. To some extent, civil litigation started off as a substitute for private warfare. But now? Many people have asked if this is a virtuous profession, but beyond that is it, well, manly?
Many lawyers aren't men, of course. But if there are occupations that exhibit male virtues and natures, is this one?
Our constant association of ourselves with occupations that do, and the use of language borrowed from fields that are, suggests we don't think so.
Back when I was in high school, I briefly toyed with the idea of becoming a journalist.
I was never very serious about it, it was only one of the possibilities I was considering. In junior high and my first year or so of high school, I was fairly certain that I'd pursue a career as an Army officer, but already by that time that desire was wearing off. I liked writing and still do, so it seemed like a possibility. I also liked photography, and still do, and it seemed like a career where you could combine both, although in that era press photographers were usually just that, photographers.
I took my high school's journalism class as a result and was on the school newspaper. Doing that, I shot hundreds of photographs of our high school athletes, as well as some really interesting events. I did learn how to write in the journalist's style, which involves summarizing the story in the first paragraph figuring that some people will read no more than that, summarizing it again in the last paragraph, and filling in the story in between. Good news stories still read that way, although I've noticed in recent years that is observed less and less.
During that year or so I had the occasion to tour the local paper, and the class had a senior, a young woman, who actually already worked there as a reporter.
That paper was no small affair. The paper was a regional one, as well as the city paper, and it's building just off of downtown, still there was very large. That large structure, with a massive open news floor and a big printing room, was at least the fourth locality it had occupied, outgrowing the prior three. It would outgrow that one was well and build an absolutely massive structure just outside of town.
Last year, it sold it.
Now, the paper is headquartered in what was once a bar/restaurant downtown. Much, much smaller. It doesn't have presses anymore, it prints the paper in another state. Far from having a large staff of reporters with dedicated beats, it's down to one or two writers who are always "cubs", just starting out. It doesn't print newspapers at all on two days a week, right now, but relies on an electronic edition that mimics the appearance of a newspaper on your computer.
You can't pick up and thumb through a pdf.
This past week, it announced that it was going to quit printing a Sunday edition and quit physical home delivery for the three issues per week it will still print. Those will be mailed from the printing location in another state.
It's dying.
It's not surprising really, but it is sad.
At one time, it was a real force to be reckoned with, and people frankly feared it. Everyone subscribed to it. I know one family that sued it for liable due to what they regarded as inaccurate reporting on them.
Newspapers reformed themselves after the introduction of radio. That's something that tends not to be very well known about them. Before radio, many newspapers tended to be some species of scandal rag and they were usually heavily partisan in their reporting. You can think of them, basically, the way people think of Fox News today. As radio cut into their readership, papers consolidated and adopted a new ethic that they reported objectively.
They frankly never really achieved full objectivity, as that may not be possible. But they did strive for it. The introduction of television reinforced this. Newspapers became the place where you could, hopefully, get complete objective news and, hopefully, in depth news on various topics. Even smaller newspapers had dedicated reporters per topic, larger ones very much so. The local paper had local reporters that reported per topic assignment. A big paper, like the Rocky Mountain News, had very specified reporters. The Rocky Mountain News, for instance, had a religion reporter whose beat was just that topic. A surprising number of local papers sent reporters to South Vietnam during the Vietnam War just to report on the war.
That's all long past. For quite some time, reporters have become generalists by default, and as a rule, they can't be expected to have an in-depth understanding of any one topic. For that reason, they are frequently inaccurate, even on a national level. Just today, for example, I read a national story which repeatedly referred to Communion Hosts as "wafers". That's not the right term. Reporters on crime blindly accept the "mass shooting" and "high powered rifle" lines without having any idea what they mean. Print reporters repeat in some instances, depending upon individual reporters, hearsay as fact, in part because they likely don't have the time to really investigate everything personally.
Because we now get green reporters, the obvious fact that the local paper is dying is all the sadder. At one time green reporters could at least hope to move up the ranks in their local papers, maybe becoming editors or columnists if they stayed there, or they could move on, as they often did, to larger papers. They still move on, but papers everywhere are dying. Ironically, the only papers that still do fairly well are the genuine small town papers in small towns. That's good, but that can't be a career boosting job for those who enter it.
And with the death of the paper the objectivity that they brought in, back in their golden era, which I'd place from the 1930s through 1990 or so, is dying with them. People are going to electronic news, which so far hasn't shown that same dedication, although recently some online start-ups actually do. Television news has become hopelessly shallow, fully dedicated to the "if it bleeds it leads" type of thinking, or fully partisan, telling people what they want to hear. Really good reporting, and not all of it was really good, was pretty informative, which raised the level of the national intellect. People might have hated reporters, and they often did, but they read what was being reported about Richard Nixon and Watergate or what was revealed in the Pentagon Papers and had a better understanding of it in spite of themselves. That helped result in Republicans themselves operating to bring Richard Nixon down and society at large bringing an end to the Vietnam War.
Now, in contrast, we have electronic propaganda organs on the net that feed people exactly what they want to hear, and that often is the same thing that comes out of the back end of a cow.
Not overnight, of course. This has been going on for decades, and indeed in some ways it started with the first radio broadcasts. But radio was easier to adjust to. The internet, not so much.
The death of a career, an institution, and unfortunately, also our wider understanding.
Sic transit.
The Tunisian port of Sfax was captured by the British 8th Army. It would later be the staging point for the invasion of Sicily.
It was also used as a POW camp, holding German Prisoners of War through the rest of, and after, the war.
Foreshadowing that later event, perhaps, the Italian cruiser Trieste was sunk by B-24s in the port of La Maddealena, Sardinia.
Tom Harmon, well known collegic football star, a halfback, now a pilot in the U.S. Army Air Force, disappeared when a bomber he was flying cracked up in a storm over Surinam. The only survivor of the plant, he'd emerge several days later with the assistance of natives, who escorted him out of the jungle.
Harmon had been drafted by the Chicago Bears but had declined to take up professional football, which was not as lucrative or as followed as it now is. Instead, he intended to pursue a career in acting and radio, although he ended up joining the American Football League in 1941 for a $1,500 per game salary, a large sum at the time.
Harmon had resisted being drafted, something we don't think of as occurring much during World War Two, but which was in fact much more common than might be supposed. He received a 1-B classification in May 1941 as he was a student and then given a 60-day extension on the basis that he was the sole support for his parents. He asked for a permanent extension thereafter, but was denied and classified as 1-A, which he appealed. Losing the appeal, he was ordered to report by November 1941, and he thereafter enlisted as an Air Corps cadet.
Following the bomber disaster, he became a P-38 pilot and flew in combat missions over China, being shot down in 1943. He was returned to the US following evading the Japanese, having been shot down behind enemy lines, and was released from the service in January 1945. In 1944, he married actress Elyse Knox. Actor Mark Harmon was one of their three children.
He played for the Los Angeles Rams for a while after the war, and then returned to sports broadcasting.
From Sarah Sundin's blog:
Today in World War II History—April 10, 1943: US Department of Agriculture establishes Women’s Land Army: during WWII, 1.5 million women from non-farming backgrounds will serve on farms.
On this day in 1973, President Richard Nixon announced that a peace accord had been arrived upon at the peace talks in Paris, which in fact had been arrived upon at 12:30 p.m. that day. On television and radio, he stated:
Good evening:
I have asked for this radio and television time tonight for the purpose of announcing that we today have concluded an agreement to end the war and bring peace with honor in Vietnam and in Southeast Asia.
The following statement is being issued at this moment in Washington and Hanoi:
At 12:30 Paris time today, January 23, 1973, the Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam was initialed by Dr. Henry Kissinger on behalf of the United States, and Special Adviser Le Duc Tho on behalf of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
The agreement will be formally signed by the parties participating in the Paris Conference on Vietnam on January 27, 1973, at the International Conference Center in Paris.
The cease-fire will take effect at 2400 Greenwich Mean Time, January 27, 1973. The United States and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam express the hope that this agreement will insure stable peace in Vietnam and contribute to the preservation of lasting peace in Indochina and Southeast Asia.
That concludes the formal statement. Throughout the years of negotiations, we have insisted on peace with honor. In my addresses to the Nation from this room of January 25 and May 8 [1972], I set forth the goals that we considered essential for peace with honor.
In the settlement that has now been agreed to, all the conditions that I laid down then have been met:
A cease-fire, internationally supervised, will begin at 7 p.m., this Saturday, January 27, Washington time.
Within 60 days from this Saturday, all Americans held prisoners of war throughout Indochina will be released. There will be the fullest possible accounting for all of those who are missing in action.
During the same 60-day period, all American forces will be withdrawn from South Vietnam.
The people of South Vietnam have been guaranteed the right to determine their own future, without outside interference.
By joint agreement, the full text of the agreement and the protocol to carry it out will be issued tomorrow.
Throughout these negotiations we have been in the closest consultation with President Thieu and other representatives of the Republic of Vietnam. This settlement meets the goals and has the full support of President Thieu and the Government of the Republic of Vietnam, as well as that of our other allies who are affected.
The United States will continue to recognize the Government of the Republic of Vietnam as the sole legitimate government of South Vietnam.
We shall continue to aid South Vietnam within the terms of the agreement, and we shall support efforts by the people of South Vietnam to settle their problems peacefully among themselves.
We must recognize that ending the war is only the first step toward building the peace. All parties must now see to it that this is a peace that lasts, and also a peace that heals—and a peace that not only ends the war in Southeast Asia but contributes to the prospects of peace in the whole world.
This will mean that the terms of the agreement must be scrupulously adhered to. We shall do everything the agreement requires of us, and we shall expect the other parties to do everything it requires of them. We shall also expect other interested nations to help insure that the agreement is carried out and peace is maintained.
As this long and very difficult war ends, I would like to address a few special words to each of those who have been parties in the conflict.
First, to the people and Government of South Vietnam: By your courage, by your sacrifice, you have won the precious right to determine your own future, and you have developed the strength to defend that right. We look forward to working with you in the future—friends in peace as we have been allies in war.
To the leaders of North Vietnam: As we have ended the war through negotiations, let us now build a peace of reconciliation. For our part, we are prepared to make a major effort to help achieve that goal. But just as reciprocity was needed to end the war, so too will it be needed to build and strengthen the peace.
To the other major powers that have been involved even indirectly: Now is the time for mutual restraint so that the peace we have achieved can last.
And finally, to all of you who are listening, the American people: Your steadfastness in supporting our insistence on peace with honor has made peace with honor possible. I know that you would not have wanted that peace jeopardized. With our secret negotiations at the sensitive stage they were in during this recent period, for me to have discussed publicly our efforts to secure peace would not only have violated our understanding with North Vietnam, it would have seriously harmed and possibly destroyed the chances for peace. Therefore, I know that you now can understand why, during these past several weeks, I have not made any public statements about those efforts.
The important thing was not to talk about peace, but to get peace—and to get the right kind of peace. This we have done.
Now that we have achieved an honorable agreement, let us be proud that America did not settle for a peace that would have betrayed our allies, that would have abandoned our prisoners of war, or that would have ended the war for us but would have continued the war for the 50 million people of Indochina. Let us be proud of the 2 1/2 million young Americans who served in Vietnam, who served with honor and distinction in one of the most selfless enterprises in the history of nations. And let us be proud of those who sacrificed, who gave their lives so that the people of South Vietnam might live in freedom and so that the world might live in peace.
In particular, I would like to say a word to some of the bravest people I have ever met—the wives, the children, the families of our prisoners of war and the missing in action. When others called on us to settle on any terms, you had the courage to stand for the right kind of peace so that those who died and those who suffered would not have died and suffered in vain, and so that where this generation knew war, the next generation would know peace. Nothing means more to me at this moment than the fact that your long vigil is coming to an end.
Just yesterday, a great American, who once occupied this office, died. In his life, President Johnson endured the vilification of those who sought to portray him as a man of war. But there was nothing he cared about more deeply than achieving a lasting peace in the world.
I remember the last time I talked with him. It was just the day after New Year's. He spoke then of his concern with bringing peace, with making it the right kind of peace, and I was grateful that he once again expressed his support for my efforts to gain such a peace. No one would have welcomed this peace more than he.
And I know he would join me in asking—for those who died and for those who live—let us consecrate this moment by resolving together to make the peace we have achieved a peace that will last.
Thank you and good evening.
Peace with honor was the theme, but it is now known that neither Richard Nixon or Henry Kissinger expected the peace to hold or for South Vietnam to survive it.
The cease fire was to go into effect on January 27.
My mother, I recall, was relieved, as she feared I'd end up having to fight in Vietnam. I was only nine years old on this day.
Electronic voting was used in the U.S. House of Representatives for the first time.
Uncle Mike's Musings: A Yankees Blog and More January 14, 1973: The Dolphins Finish Undefeated & Elvis Says Aloha - *January 14, 1973, 50 years ago:* Super Bowl VII is played at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. At stake for both teams was the Championship of the Natio...
Well that's notable.
What's additionally notable that the football season wrapped up so much earlier then, than now. Would that this would not have changed.
The Dolphins beat the Redskins 14 to 7 and took the only perfect season with no defeates.
The Elvis Presley television specials were a big deal at the time. I can recall us watching them on television from our kitchen, where the tv was located.
The Mossad prevented a PLO attempt at shooting down an aircraft transporting Prime Minister Golda Meir to Rome.
I wear it all the time.
I've worn newsboy caps for a long time. When I first looked for them to wear, they were really hard to find, this being in the pre Internet days. For a while I wore Kangol touring (golf) caps, which are sort of similar, but which are not the same thing. I had a really nice red wool Kangol golf touring cap that's around here somewhere, probably still. But then at some point in the early 1990s I found a Hanna Hats herringbone tweed newsboy that I wore out. Around the same time I found a great Pendleton blue newsboy that had a leather brim, which I unfortunately left in the Seattle airport. The hat depicted is the replacement for the earlier herringbone tweed cap, and is also an Irish Hanna Hats newsboy.
When I started wearing them, they were unusual, but I don't like baseball caps for a lot of wear, and a newsboy folds up. They're a great cap.
Now you see them around, and the British television series Peaky Blinders is the reason why.
This isn't the first time this has happened to me. I tend to wear some really old classics, A2 flight jackets, Levis jackets, ankle high Munson last boots, beaver felt broad brimmed hats, really old-fashioned cowboy boots, B3 flight jackets, M65 field jackets, etc. I like clothing that's practical, not fashionable, functional and which last a long time.
In many instances when I've gone to these styles, I was pretty much alone in wearing them, or it was uncommon, only to later have them suddenly roar into fashion prominence. It's a weird experience.
And when that happens, logically enough, people figure you are adopting a new popular style. Such is now the case with newsboy caps.
The television show Peaky Blinders is a drama focused on the real world late 19th Century and early 20th Century criminal gang, the Peaky Blinders. IMDB summarizes the show as such:
A gangster family epic set in 1900s England, centering on a gang who sew razor blades in the peaks of their caps, and their fierce boss Tommy Shelby.
In reality, the gang members did tend to wear newsboy or flat caps, which makes sense as pretty much every man in the urban working class did.
The real gang was on the decline by the 1910s, and so it wasn't the force depicted in the television series at the period of time in which it was set. In the 1920s they disappeared entirely. They were some really bad guys.
I've heard so much about the series, I decided to try to watch it. I generally like British television and while I had previously tried to watch a snippet and failed, I teed it up to watch the first episode.
It's awful.
I can't give the entire series a fair review as I'm not going to watch it, but the first episode is just flat out bad and full of overdone British tropes. You have your Irish Expats, and street Communists, and people mixing their faith with crime a la The Godfather, and of course Winston Churchill as a sort of government baddy, directing a police baddy. It's not convincing on any of these items.
The haircuts are really weird too, but according to the British newspaper The Telegraph, that's accurate. Enough people must have asked in order for them to write an article about it, in which they stated:
The Peaky Blinders haircut is historically accurate and has been a popular look since the 20th century, particularly amongst young working-class men.
The hair cut originated in interwar Glasgow, when the Neds (petty criminals), had a haircut which was long on the top and short at the back and sides.
In his book, My Granny Made Me An Anarchist, Stuart Christie details how the Glasgow Neds would use paraffin wax to keep the top part in place, despite the fire hazard.
Andrew Davies in his article Youth gangs, masculinity and violence in late Victorian Manchester and Salford explains members of street gangs in England also favoured the undercut hairstyle because long hair put them at a disadvantage during a street fight.
Well okay on the haircuts then, but overall, as to the series, ack.
And no, I'm not a Peaky Blinder. I was wearing a newsboy before this series was ever thought of.
Related threads:
Lê Đức Thọ confronted Henry Kissinger in anger about the Christmas bombings, yelling at Kissinger for more than an hour. Somewhat ironically for a country that was heir to the Viet Minh effort against the French, particularly for a former prisoner of the French, he did so in French.
The Brazilian government kidnapped six left wing opponents of the military regime and murdered them. While it in no way excuses what occurred, at least one of those murdered was a left wing extremist with a long history in left wing movements in South America.
Mexican television networks Telesistema Mexicano and Televisión Independiente de México, merged to create a Televisa.