Monday, September 25, 1922. Harington bluffs.

British General Sir Charles Harington, who had to deal the prior year with 50,000 Greek troops being deployed to Thrace, now had to deal with Turkish troops who were threatening the neutral zone.  In the first crisis, the Turks offered 20,000 troops to help, which were declined, and in the second, the Greeks offered 20,000 troops, but declined. 

Today, a century ago, Harington issued an ultimatum to the Turks to withdraw from the neutral zone.

General Harington, with Selahattin Adil Paşa, before his final departure from Istanbul, Dolmabahçe wharf

The British were in a bad way, in reality, as their government was not ready to fight without the Dominions, and Canada had refused.

The New York Giants won the National League pennant with a 5 to 4 victory over the St. Louis Cardinals

Scenes from around Boulder Canyon taken on this day, as geologist from the USGS made an epic trip.

Caldville Ruins below the Boulder damsite.  Note the geologist wearing a "wife beater" t-shirt, and hatless.  Very unusual photo for the era.

Sunday, September 17, 1922. Separations.

The Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Albania declared its autocephalous nature at the conclusion of a conference.   That status would be recognized by the Patriarch of Constantinople in 1937.

Metropolitan Visarion Xhuvani, the head of the Albanian Orthodox Church during its unrecognized autocephalous stage.

Today there are seventeen autocephalous, i.e., self-governing, Orthodox Churches, with the most recent one to be granted that status being the Ukrainian Orthodox Church.  The topic can be a bit controversial in a larger Apostolic Christian sense, as the Catholic Church, which is also comprised of self-governing churches, and which by far makes up the largest body of Christians on Earth, does not recognize the theological claim of the Orthodox Churches that occupant of the Chair of St. Peter is the head of all the Apostolic Christian churches.  For its part, Orthodoxy recognizes the legitimacy of the Chair of St. Peter, but holds its occupant to be the "First among Equals".  The Catholic Church recognizes the legitimacy of the Orthodox Churches, but disputes its position on that point.

Orthodox Churches that obtain autocephalous status must do so through the Patriarch of Constantinople, who is the head of the "Mother Church".

The Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico formed through the union of a number of similarly minded parties.  Its goal was and remains independence for Puerto Rico.

Flag of the Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico.

The viability of Puerto Rico as a potential independent state is increasingly questionable.  It would always have been a small country, but the territory has become increasingly economically distressed.  Finding a legitimate reason for it not to obtain statehood, however, is also increasingly difficult to do.

The Kansas City Speedway held its first race.

The USGS guys were out again.

This photograph below is interesting.  It's the first one I can recall of a man wearing a t-shirt as outerwear.

Saturday, September 16, 1922. Strife.

British troops landed with heavy artillery in Turkey in order to prevent the Turks from taking control of the Dardanelles following the Greek defeat.  Meanwhile, Anastasios Charalambis became Prime Minister of Greece in the midst of a military revolt, replacing Nikolaos Tirantafyllakos, who had stepped down.  His service would last but a single day before King Constantine called upon him to abdicate and Sotirios Krokidas was appointed by the military as the new premier.

Things were not going well in Greece.

The League of Nations approved the Trans Jordan Memorandum setting the boundaries of the Kingdom of Jordan and Palestine.  Those boundaries formed the later frame for the boundaries of the state of Israel.

Lev Kamenev was named to a position which was the functional titular equivalent of Prime Minister of the Soviet Union.  Kamenev assumed the position as Lenin was becoming increasingly ill.

He was, of course, executed during Stalin's regime, during which the swimming pool of blood rose higher.

Henry Ford enacted a lock out of his plants, idling 100,100 workers, rather than pay what he regarded as profiteers in the coal and steel industries.

Work was progressing on the James Scott Water Fountain in Detroit.

And the USGS was out on the Colorado River again.

Friday, September 15, 1922. Foreign Affairs

The USGS was at it again, taking photos on the Colorado.

I have to say, as somebody who started off in geology, this is leaving me envious.

Turkish forces on this day, fresh from defeating Greece, and followed by the murder of Armenians, approached Çanakkale and advanced on the Allied positions there.

The British government reacted with backbone, issuing an ultimatum. But the British commander on the location did not deliver it.  British Conservatives, moreover, did not support going to war against Turkey over the issue, contrary to British Liberals Lloyd George and Winston Churchill (yes, at this point in time Churchill was a Liberal).  The French did not a war either, nor did the Canadians, whose significant Dominion status mattered given that the British felt that they needed Dominion support.  Having defeated the Greeks, the Turks quickly backed down, defusing the crisis, but contributing to  one for Lloyd George.

In another Dominion, the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland and two associates suspended habeus corpus in Ireland due to the Irish Civil War.

Firestone commenced production of rubber tires in Canada.  Oddly enough, on the same day William and Alfred Billes combined their savings to purchase the Hamilton Tire and Garage Ltd. which would be multiple retail lines company Canadian Tire.

Back to Turkey, the Turkish Orthodox Church was formed.  The church is not recognized by the Eastern Orthodox.  Pavlos Karahisarithis was the first Patriarch of what was termed the Autocephalous Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate, which he presided over until 1962.   The church principally consistgs of Orthodox Karaman Turks and numbers 47,000 adherants today.

The Council of Foreign Relations commenced publication of Foreign Affairs.

Tuesday, September 12, 1922. Episcopal Church removes "obey" from wedding vows.

The Episocpal Church in the United States voted to change the Book of Common Prayer requiring the bride to obey her husband, by omitting that verb.

The USGS was at Rainbow Bridge on this day in September, 1922.

Monday, September 11, 1922. The Turkish Massacre of Smyrna's Armenians.

Turkish troops massacred Armenian residents of Smyrna Province.  It was a systematic murder of that city's ancient Armenian population.  Ultimately the Turks would set on fire the Armenian quarter of the city and end its eons old Armenian heritage.

Allied troops landed at Canakkale to set up a neutral zone between Greece and Turkey.

Seeing a split of the Communist Party in Russia coming, Lenin proposed that Trotsky become Lenin's Sovnarkom deputy.  Trotsky declined.

Herman Silverman, right, in his effort to hike around the world.  He was a bantamweight fighter who was doing the same in order to get into condition, and as part of the fulfillment of a wager.  Note the Montana Peak style hat.

Curtiss had a glider out.

The USGS was out again with their cameras in the Glen Canyon area.

Maidenhair Canyon. A beautiful side canyon which enters the Colorado from the west at a point below San Juan River.

Maidenhair Canyon enters the Colorado from the west at a point two miles below San Juan River.

Oak Creek dam site on the Colorado River, seven miles below San Juan River. Left abutment wall.

Sunday, September 10, 1922. The Murder of Bishop Chrysostomos.

The very first Our Gang, an episode entitled One Terrible Day, was released.

I reported on this event earlier, but I apparently had the wrong event for the terrible occurrence.

As these photos show, the Red Cross reported to assist at the mine.

Greek Orthodox Bishop Chrysostomos of Smyrna was lynched by a mob after the Turks took the city.  What exactly occurred is not known, but the Bishop, who was a Greek nationalist, refused to evacuate and reported to congratulate the Turks on their victory.  He was horribly murdered and is regarded as a Saint by the Greek Orthodox.

Not sure how that happened, but the Bishop was murdered on this day.

The USGS expedition on the Colorado, which we featured yesterday, was still in progress.