Tuesday, November 20, 1923. Navy Debutantes, Not giving up, Germany returns to the Gold Standard, Traffic light patent.

The National Photo Company published some photographs of "Navy Debutantes", which were likely the daughters of Navy officers.

Oklahoma's governor had been impeached, but he wasn't giving up.

Germany returned to the gold standard as a successful measure to address hyperinflation.

Oddly, the Reichsbank's president, Rudolf Havenstein, died on this day at age 66.

Patent No. 1,475,024 was issued to Garret Morgan for the three position traffic light.

Morgan, an African American who had only a 6th Grade education, was an inventor with a number of inventions to his credit.  Very unusual for the day, he was also a party to a "mixed marriage", his wife being a Czech immigrant.

Saturday, August 25, 1923. Involuntary population exchanges.

The Greek government ratified the Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations, following the Turkish ratification two days prior.

1.5 million Orthodox Christians from Turkey were accordingly involuntarily sent to Greece and 500,000 Greek Muslims involuntarily sent to Turkey.

Violence broke out in Carnegie Pennsylvania when 10,000 Ku Klux Klansman held a rally on a nearby hill and moved towards the heavily Catholic town.  Town residents threw rocks and ultimately a Klansman was shot dead.

Sometimes missed, the Klan was not only racist, but nativist, and anti-Catholic.

Memories of Klan violence still echo in Carnegie today

Bob Podurgiel: When the Klan came to Carnegie

Germany put workers on the gold basis rate in an attempt to stem inflation.

The government was trying to stave off coal labor problems again.

And a lecturer declared Woodrow Wilson's idealism too advanced for the world.

The Suit Rule

Yesterday we ran this:

Lex Anteinternet: Monday, August 28, 1922. The dawn of electronic a...:

Page 8 of the same newspaper noted above was advertising suits for boys now that school was back in session.

A viewer of this noted, with surprise, that suits were $17.00 in the advertisement.

At that time, gold was $20/ounce.

Today gold is about $1700/ounce.  A Brooks Brothers suit, on the net, is about $1200.

There's an odd rule of economics, which we mentioned here once before, that the price of a good suit is just about always the same as the price of an ounce of gold.

Friday, May 19, 1922. Going for the Gold.

Delegates to the Genoa Conference,

The Thirty four nations that participated in the Genoa Conference agreed to a return to the gold standard, which had been suspended in varying degrees during World War one.

On the same day, the House of Lords voted not to admit women.

The Soviet Union introduced its youth organization, the Young Pioneers, as an ideological alternative to the Scouting organizations.

WDAP, which is now the legendary WGN, went on the air in Chicago.

Sunday August 15, 1971. The End of Bretton Woods

This will be one of those pots which, no doubt, will cause somebody to say, "you don't know what you are talking about".

Yeah, well maybe.

On this day in 1971 President Richard Nixon, well, read it here:

Nixon and the End of the Bretton Woods System, 1971–1973

On August 15, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon announced his New Economic Policy, a program “to create a new prosperity without war.” Known colloquially as the “Nixon shock,” the initiative marked the beginning of the end for the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates established at the end of World War II.

Secretary of the Treasury John Connally on the day that President Richard Nixon announced his New Economic Policy, August 15, 1971. (Nixon Presidential Library)

Under the Bretton Woods system, the external values of foreign currencies were fixed in relation to the U.S. dollar, whose value was in turn expressed in gold at the congressionally-set price of $35 per ounce. By the 1960s, a surplus of U.S. dollars caused by foreign aid, military spending, and foreign investment threatened this system, as the United States did not have enough gold to cover the volume of dollars in worldwide circulation at the rate of $35 per ounce; as a result, the dollar was overvalued. Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson adopted a series of measures to support the dollar and sustain Bretton Woods: foreign investment disincentives; restrictions on foreign lending; efforts to stem the official outflow of dollars; international monetary reform; and cooperation with other countries. Nothing worked. Meanwhile, traders in foreign exchange markets, believing that the dollar’s overvaluation would one day compel the U.S. government to devalue it, proved increasingly inclined to sell dollars. This resulted in periodic runs on the dollar.

It was just such a run on the dollar, along with mounting evidence that the overvalued dollar was undermining the nation’s foreign trading position, which prompted President Richard M. Nixon to act. On August 13, 1971, Nixon convened a meeting of his top economic advisers, including Secretary of the Treasury John Connally and Office of Management and Budget Director George Shultz, at the Camp David presidential retreat to consider a program of action. Notably absent from the meeting were Secretary of State William Rogers and President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs Henry Kissinger. After two days of talks, on the evening of August 15, Nixon announced his New Economic Policy in an address to the nation on “The Challenge of Peace.” Asserting that progress in bringing an end to U.S. involvement in the war in Vietnam meant that it was time for Americans to turn their minds to the challenges of a post-Vietnam world, Nixon identified a three-fold task: “We must create more and better jobs; we must stop the rise in the cost of living; we must protect the dollar from the attacks of international money speculators.” To achieve the first two goals, he proposed tax cuts and a 90-day freeze on prices and wages; to achieve the third, Nixon directed the suspension of the dollar’s convertibility into gold. He also ordered that an extra 10 percent tariff be levied on all dutiable imports; like the suspension of the dollar’s gold convertibility, this measure was intended to induce the United States’ major trading partners to adjust the value of their currencies upward and the level of their trade barriers downward so as to allow for more imports from the United States.

A success at home, Nixon’s speech shocked many abroad, who saw it as an act of worrisome unilateralism; the assertive manner in which Connally conducted the ensuing exchange rate negotiations with his foreign counterparts did little to allay such concerns. Nevertheless, after months of negotiations, the Group of Ten (G–10) industrialized democracies agreed to a new set of fixed exchange rates centered on a devalued dollar in the December 1971 Smithsonian Agreement. Although characterized by Nixon as “the most significant monetary agreement in the history of the world,” the exchange rates established in the Smithsonian Agreement did not last long. Fifteen months later, in February 1973, speculative market pressure led to a further devaluation of the dollar and another set of exchange parities. Several weeks later, the dollar was yet again subjected to heavy pressure in financial markets; however, this time there would be no attempt to shore up Bretton Woods. In March 1973, the G–10 approved an arrangement wherein six members of the European Community tied their currencies together and jointly floated against the U.S. dollar, a decision that effectively signaled the abandonment of the Bretton Woods fixed exchange rate system in favor of the current system of floating exchange rates.

This is more than a little complicated, and one thing you'll frequently hear is that Nixon took the US "off the gold standard". Well, sort of.  The trading of currency for gold in the US had actually come to an end in 1933 when Franklin Roosevelt's administration stopped it.  Indeed, from that point until some point after 1971 U.S. citizens were subject to restrictions on the ownership of gold.

Nixon's move was supposed to address inflation.  It didn't work.  Indeed, arguably, while Bretton Woods had its problems, particularly given that the value of the exchange rates it imposed were not properly set, it did create a rational economic system.  In its wake, currency just floated.

Indeed, in 1971, the really bad inflation was yet to come.  It was brought about by government spending in the Cold War and made worse by the Johnson Administration's expansion of social spending in the 1960s at the same time the country was spending more and more on Vietnam.  It wouldn't be addressed until President Reagan through the country into a recession to cool the economic heat in the late 1970s.

All of this should be a lesson for today. We're overheating the economy once again and inflation is taking off.  Early on, we were told not to worry. Well, worry, this is bad and if things aren't done, such as curbing massive Federal spending, it'll get worse.

One thing we could do is to try to go back to some rational basis for our money.  I.e., backing it with something.  

Yeah, yeah, I know "it's too late".

And so it may be. All really bad ideas have real staying power.