He reigned from 3 May 1814 until 20 March 1815, and then again from 8 July 1815 – 16 September 1824, following the defeat of Napoleon. He was succeeded by Charles X.
He introduced a parliamentary form of government, payed off French indemnity imposed by the Napoleonic Wars, modernized the French Army.
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The British troops landed on Terceira Island, one of the Azores, in a little noted operation.
The Azores belong to Portugal and the population of the Azores are Portuguese. The Allies had made plans to land there by force, much like they had in Iceland, but it proved unnecessary as the Portuguese agreed to lease air bases to the allies.
Portugal and the UK had been allies since the Napoleonic Wars, although Portugal had not entered the war. They remained on friendly terms in spite of Portugal having a long sitting authoritarian government which would make one presume, in accurately, that it would have been sympathetic to the Germans. In fact, at the start of the Second World War, Portugal announced that its 500-year-old plus treat with the UK remained in effect. The UK, wisely, simply chose not to invoke it. The British did begin, however, to occupy islands in the Azores starting in 1942 under lease from Portugal.
The Azores were known to Europeans prior to the 1370s. Settlement by Portugal commenced in the 1439.
Today in World War II History—October 8, 1943: 80 Years Ago—Oct. 8, 1943: In Italy, US occupies Caserta Palace, future Headquarters of the US Fifth Army.
Sarah Sundin.
The British 8th Army took Lairon and Guglionesi.
The last Jewish residents of the Liepaja Ghetto in Latvia were sent to the Kaiserwald concentration camp.
The Germans took Bordino outside of Moscow, the site of the early September 1812 pyhrric French victory over the Russians
French losses at Borodino on September 7, 1812, had been at a rate of 2 to 1 to the Russian forces. They won the battle, but the losses were unsustainable. Notably, they had arrived at Borodino over a month prior to the Germans on the calendar.
Yesterday the bodies of 120 French and Russian soldiers, three women, and three teenage boys were buried with military honors at Vyazma in Russia. Dignitaries from both countries were present.
All died there during Napoleon's retreat from Russia, during a battle that occurred there on October 22, 1812. Conditions were brutally cold during the ceremony, something that would have been familiar to the soldiers themselves.
Austro Hungaria declared war on Belgium.
The French lost 10,000 colonial troops dead at the Battle of Rossignol.
The British Expeditionary Corps reached Mons. Cavalryman Captain Charles Beck Hornby was the first British soldier to kill a German soldier using his sword. Drummer Edward Thomas of the 4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards was the British solider to fire a shot, becoming the first British soldier to do so on the European mainland for 99 years.
That even 99 years prior was at Waterloo, also in Belgium.
The Germans finished destroying Kalisz, Poland.
Combined British and French forces defeated the Germans at Chra, Togoland. The Germans suffered largescale desertions.
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