Showing posts with label Ethnicities. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Ethnicities. Show all posts

Sunday, April 13, 2025

Movies In History, The Six Triple Eight.

This will be the third time I've tried to publish this review. The prior two times it outright disappeared.

Uff.

The 6888 on parade in honor of Joan d'Arc.

The 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion is a unique U.S. Army unit that served in Europe during World War Two.  Deployed in February, 1945, the unit was tasked with straightening out a massive mail backlog in the ETO, and by all accounts did yeoman's work doing it.  The unit was all female, and all black, including its officers the only such unit to be deployed to Europe during the war.  The unit not too surprisingly encountered racist opposition, which is a large part of the theme of the film.

The film is quite well done, featuring dramatizations of real characters for the most part.  The story, as noted, is dramatized, but with one exception, it does not depart massively from the actual events. The sole exception is a romance between a  rich white Jewish young man and one of the black female characters, before they join the service, which seems to take place in the American South, and which features a desegregated high school.  Desegregated high schools would not have existed in the South, making this an odd error, and while such a romance could have occurred, it would not have taken place more or less openly as depicted.

Material details are very well done, including the depiction of M1943 Field Jacket Liners in use as jackets, which did occur but which is rarely depicted in film.  Indeed, I can't recall it ever being depicted in another film.

Well worth seeing.

Thursday, April 10, 2025

Thursday, April 10, 1975. A request, and a denial, for aid.

President Ford requested Congress to provide South Vietnam: $722 million in military aid and $250 million for economic aid, an absolutely massive amount in 1975 dollars.  He also asked for the lifting of Case-Church restrictions in the event U.S. military intervention became necessary to help American citizens in Vietnam. He asked for a response by April 17. . Congress declined and expressed doubt that the aid could arrive in time to be useful, which, quite frankly, absent direct American intervention, was probably correct.

His appeal reinforced by recent successes by the ARVN at Xuan Loc and in IV CORPS.  Units of the ARVN were fighting well.

We also start today with a surprising recollection by the Department of Defense recalling events that commenced on this day in 1975.

Operation Eagle Pull Demonstrates Successful Evacuation of Noncombatants

April 8, 2025 | By David Vergun

U.S. citizens and local nationals were evacuated by helicopter from Phnom Penh, Cambodia, during Operation Eagle Pull, which occurred 50 years ago, April 12, 1975.

The operation became necessary as the communist military group Khmer Rouge surrounded the capital of Phnom Penh to overthrow the U.S.-backed Khmer Republic government. 

Planning for the evacuation started months earlier. On Jan. 6, 1975, the 31st Marine Amphibious Unit, part of the amphibious ready group, was alerted to sail to the Gulf of Thailand near Cambodia to prepare for an evacuation. Three months later, on April 3, 1975, U.S. Ambassador to Cambodia John Gunther Dean requested the deployment of an Operation Eagle Pull command element, which landed at Pochentong International Airport near Phnom Penh. The command element supervised the fixed-wing aircraft evacuation of more than 750 Cambodians over the next seven days.

By April 10, 1975, artillery and rocket fire directed at the airport by the Khmer Rouge became so intense that the fix-wing evacuation was stopped. 

As a final option, the command group selected a soccer field close to the U.S. Embassy as a helicopter landing zone for further evacuation.

The embassy staff prepared to leave April 11, 1975, but the evacuation was delayed a day, allowing the USS Hancock, a World War II-era aircraft carrier, to join the evacuation fleet.

In addition to the Hancock, the fleet consisted of the amphibious assault ship USS Okinawa, which carried CH-46 Sea Knight, CH-53 Sea Stallion, AH-1J Sea Cobra and UH-1E Iroquois helicopters; the amphibious transport dock ship USS Vancouver; and the dock landing ship USS Thomaston. 

The destroyer USS Edson, the guided missile destroyer USS Henry B. Wilson, the destroyer escorts USS Knox and USS Kirk, and the frigate USS Cook provided escort and naval gunfire support.  

At 6 a.m., April 12, 1975, helicopters began launching from the USS Okinawa and USS Vancouver, with a security force of 360 Marines. 

Around 8:45 a.m., the first wave of helicopters made it to the landing zone, where Marines established perimeter security and began evacuating 84 Americans, 205 Cambodians and other foreign nationals.

The U.S. Embassy was shuttered by 9:45 a.m., and at 11:15 a.m., the combat control team and Eagle Pull command element were safely extracted. 

The last Marine helicopter landed on the USS Okinawa at 12:15 a.m. 

On April 13, 1975, the evacuees were flown to U-Tapao Air Base in Thailand, and the amphibious ready group set sail to the South China Sea to participate in the Saigon, South Vietnam evacuation, which occurred at the end of the month.  

Eagle Pull was a tactical success because everyone evacuated made it safely out. However, it was not considered a political strategic success because the U.S.-backed government would soon fall. 

On April 18, 1975, the Khmer Rouge occupied Phnom Penh and soon after began executing perceived political opponents and minority groups, resulting in the deaths of up to 2 million people, which was about 25% of Cambodia's population. 

The U.S. Embassy in Cambodia reopened, and normal relations resumed in May 1994. 

With the passage of the 1971 Cooper-Church Amendment, which cut off funding for U.S. military operations in Laos and Cambodia, it was only a matter of time before the Khmer Rouge took over Cambodia, according to Sydney H. Batchelder and D.A. Quinlan, authors of "Operation Eagle Pull," a May 1976 article published in the Marine Corps Gazette magazine. 

This amendment to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1970 was named for Senators John Cooper and Frank Church, who sponsored it. 

Eagle Pull was an early example of noncombatant evacuation operations, or NEOs, by helicopter. The Marine Corps and the other services participated in many subsequent NEOs around the globe, using a blueprint similar to Eagle Pull. Some were considered successful, and others less so. 

Eagle Pull also demonstrated the utility of an amphibious ready group in operations, both military and humanitarian. 

The legislature of the Kingdom of Sikkim voted to become part of India.

Lee Elder became the first African American to play in the Masters.

The Masters must be played surprisingly early in the year.

Last edition:

Wednesday, April 9, 1975. Holding out.

Tuesday, April 8, 2025

Tuesday, April 8, 1975. "Over in a month".

U.S. Senator Barry Goldwater claimed that the Vietnam War "would have been over in a month" had he been elected President in 1964.

1964 Goldwater bumper sticker.

Seems doubtful.

Goldwater was the most right wing truly conservative Republican candidate to have ever been nominated, far more conservative than Ronald Reagan, and a true conservative, unlike the current occupant of the Oval Office.

A South Vietnamese pilot, Nguyễn Thành Trung, dropped bombs on the Presidential Place and then defected.  

This is an event that I can recall occuring.

He want on to serve in the North Vietnamese air force and then worked as a commercial pilot for Vietnam Airlines.

South Vietnamese Major General Nguyễn Văn Hiếu was found shot dead in his command post.at the  Biên Hòa airbase, 

The Godfather Part II won an Academy Award for best picture, the first sequel to do so.

Frank Robinson became the first black manager in Major League.  More on Robinson:

April 8, 1975: Frank Robinson Becomes Baseball's 1st Black Manager

Last edition:

Monday, April 7, 1975. A meeting in Thailand.

Monday, March 3, 2025

Wednesday, March 3, 1875. The first indoor hockey match.

The first known indoor hockey match took place at the Victoria Skating Rink in Montreal, Quebec.

The Page Act, which we already discussed, keeping out Chinese women on dubious grounds, went into effect.

Last edition:

Saturday, February 27, 1875. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 passes Congress

Tuesday, February 18, 2025

Thursday, February 17, 1875. No Chinese women.

The Page Act of 1875 banned the immigration of Chinese women into the United States on the assumption that they were all being imported as prostitutes.  They could obtain exemption from the act, but the invasive procedures required effectively deterred them from attempting to do so.  The situation was complicated by the practices of polygamy and concubinage in Chinese culture.  Prostitution was not uncommon, but then it was not uncommon in the US in general.

Manchu bride, 1871.

There were other restrictions as well, but that was the main one  The act was the first exclusionary immigration law in US history.

Last edition:

Friday, February 5, 1875. Disobeying the May Laws.

Saturday, February 15, 2025

Thursday, February 15, 1945. Operation Solstice.

"Maj. Charity E. Adams and Capt. Abbie N. Campbell inspect the first contingent of African American members of the Women's Army Corps assigned to overseas service. England, February 15, 1945."

The Germans launched Operation Solstice with the goal of relieving Küstrin.

The Mostar Operation ended in victory for Yugoslav partisans.

Elmer Charles Bigelow performed the actions that resulted in his winning a Medal of Honor.  His citation:

For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving on board the U.S.S. Fletcher during action against enemy Japanese forces off Corregidor Island in the Philippines, February 14, 1945. Standing topside when an enemy shell struck the Fletcher, BIGELOW, acting instantly as the deadly projectile exploded into fragments which penetrated the No. 1 gun magazine and set fire to several powder cases, picked up a pair of fire extinguishers and rushed below in a resolute attempt to quell the raging flames. Refusing to waste the precious time required to don rescue-breathing apparatus, he plunged through the blinding smoke billowing out of the magazine hatch and dropped into the blazing compartment. Despite the acrid, burning powder smoke which seared his lungs with every agonizing breath, he worked rapidly and with instinctive sureness and succeeded in quickly extinguishing the fires and in cooling the cases and bulkheads, thereby preventing further damage to the stricken ship. Although he succumbed to his injuries on the following day, BIGELOW, by his dauntless valor, unfaltering skill and prompt action in the critical emergency, had averted a magazine explosion which undoubtedly would have left his ship wallowing at the mercy of the furiously pounding Japanese guns on Corregidor, and his heroic spirit of self-sacrifice in the face of almost certain death enhanced and sustained the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life in the service of his country.

Helmut Möckel may, or may not have, died in a car crash.  He was the head of the Hitler Youth.  There have been persistent rumors his death was faked and that he escaped to Spain.

The Red Army surrounded Breslau.

Last edition:

Wednesday, February 14, 1945. A great President and a great king, meet.

Monday, January 13, 2025

A gentle moment. The old rural Catholics. A bit much. The old age refuses to yieldeth. The stubborn German.

A gentle moment

I was standing in the confession line behind her.  A young man came up behind me.  I realized, as I'd come in and went straight into line (I'm now 62, and well aware of my sins) I'd cut him off, as he came up from praying in the back of the church.

I immediately said "I cut you off, you can go in front of me", but he smiled and said "It doesn't matter".

She was nicely dressed, wearing a full length skirt and a nice one.

He reached around me and handed her something, which I thought was a handkerchief (she did in fact have a cold).  It wasn't, it was her mantilla She put it on.

I thought they were likely brother and sister.  He was very nicely dressed and they were both young, in their early 20s.

When I left, they were in different quarters of the church praying.  I recognized her now that I could see her face.  She's one of the "Mantilla Girls", but one I see rarely.  I didn't recognize him.  They were in fact, not together.  He just noticed she'd dropped her mantilla.

The old rural Catholics

I was wearing, on the day of confession, Carhartt trousers and my very old Carhartt jacket.  I hadn't shaved.  

It was Saturday.

I don't like shaving.  I started shaving when I was 13, and by that, I mean at some point when I was 13 I was shaving every day.  Next year I will have been shaving for 50 years.

When I was 13, I learned to save with a "safety razor".  I, in fact, owned a safety razor at age 13.  I first shaved with disposable head razors in basic training.  It was only a few years later, but there's a lifetime between 13 and 18.

I've recently received, in one fashion or another, a couple of reminders to Catholics in general that they ought to dress appropriately at Mass.  It is, I'd note, sort of a Catholic thing in a way, in some areas, kind of not to.  Not that we're intentionally dressing down, but for a lot of us going to Mass is so common that we in fact dress down, as its Sunday.  In some regions, we don't dress up and indeed, as we're used to going to Mass with college students, blue collar workers, sheepherders, ranchers, lawyers, doctors, businessmen, well, we don't.

The local Priest suggested we ought to dress nicely.  He's from a farm and had a conversation with me regarding sheep on the way into Mass recently.  Fr. Joseph Krupp, who himself often looks a little like a guy who might ride a Harley, and I think at one time did, suggested the same.

They're right of course.

Well, it was Sunday today.  I went to Mass wearing Carhartt trousers and my very old Carhartt coat.

The coat is warm.

A bit much

I sometimes see comments about yoga pants.

I don't pay much attention to such comments.

I ran into the very nice, and quite Catholic, son of a person I know very well the other day.  He's a nice young man.  He was with his girlfriend, who is probably a nice young woman. She is the daughter of an Assemblies of God minister.

She was wearing yoga pants.

They were so tight that, frankly, they left nothing to the imagination.  Absent wearing bikini bottoms, there would have been nothing less appropriate to wear in mixed company than I could imagine. 

And its January.

Makes me appreciate the Mantilla Girls all the more.

The old age refuses to yieldeth

At Mass, to my massive discredit, I ran into somebody, but only remotely, who generally irritates me.

That's probably sinful on my part.

I've known said person my entire professional life.  I knew his sister when we were in high school by which time I'll note he was already a lawyer.  She was a great person and I still lament her tragic death as a passenger in an automobile when it wrecked.  I knew, but less well, one of her sisters who died in the same wreck.

Horrible.

Anyhow, the person in question must have graduated high school nearly a decade in advance of me, which means that he must be over 70 years old now.  He's still actively practicing law.

I've concluded that this is toxic, if you are doing it full time, to your personality.

I also don't like that he holds his hands in the air when certain prayers are said, and he's huge so its hard to ignore.  That's the orans position, and in actuality there's good reason to do that.  That's what the early Christian faithful, who were all Catholics, did when the Lord's Prayer was said.

Well, I don't like it.

And that means I need to work on this.

I'd note that his fellow doesn't particularly acknowledge me at Mass, but then I don't go out of the way to acknowledge him either.  If we run into each other in Court, well. . . we're old pals.

The Mantilla girl and the young man, and the cowboy couple I noted several weeks ago, are better than either of us.

The stubborn German



Germans, it appear, have a reputation for being stubborn.

I have what people perceive as being a very German last name.

I have a very Irish first name.

I've never thought this odd, but then, who thinks their own names odd. For one reason or another, I've always considered myself an Irish American.  

My father didn't like anyone considering himself this or that.  No Hyphenated Americans.  He thought we were all Americans. He'd grown up, I'd note, while World War Two was on, when nobody considered themselves German Americans.

Some people are really proud of that now.

Well, by decent today, I'd be 1/4 German. But genetically, due to the weird way that works, I'm more Irish than a lot of people who live in Ireland.  And for that matter, I'd further note, my father's mother was of 100% Irish extraction, and in Irish American household even when my father was young, the mother's ruled the abhaile.

Father's sacrificed for their families, particularly in Catholic families.

The last name, fwiw, is Westphalian.  A person with it is just as likely to be Dutch, as German.  I was once asked by an Albertan if my ancestors were Dutch, for that reason.  Westphalia became a Prussian possession in 1807, much to the discontent of Catholic Westphalians, who weren't keen in being ruled by a Lutheran emperor. After the revolutions of 1848 a lot of Westphalians departed for the United States, sick of being rules by an undemocratic Prussian.

My Westphalian ancestors left about that time.  I don't know why, they didn't write it down.

Anyhow, genetically, I'm Irish.  

And in my ancestor there were those Irish who, given the choice between converting to Protestantism and keeping their occupation, ro being exiled, chose exile.

Stubborn?

I don't think I am, but I guess people perceive me that way.  I've been told that more than once.

German?

Not really.

Monday, November 11, 2024

Thursday, November 11, 1824. Cruel acts and affairs of the heart.

Three weeks after receiving the petition of an interracial couple the Cherokee General Council passed an act outlawing marriage between "negro slaves and Indians, or whites".

Frankly, I can see why they'd outlaw the one against whites, given the oppression they'd face, but slaves was a bit much.

Last edition.

Sunday, November 7, 1824. St. Petersburg Flood.

Tuesday, November 5, 2024

Sunday, November 5, 1944. The air and sea war off of Luzon.


A photograph taken seconds before a Japanese pilot crashed his plane into the USS Lexington. The Lexington was severely damaged in these attacks.

AMM 2/c Loyce Deen, a torpedo plane gunner, is buried at sea in his TBF Avenger  He was the only crewman buried in his airplane. November 5, 1944.

Task Force 38 struck targets on Luzon, losing 25 aircraft.  The USS Lexington was damaged in Kamikaze attacks.  The Japanese lost 400 planes and the cruiser Nachi.

The British 8th Army captured Ravenna.  The victory cutoff rail transportation to Bologna.

The British landed at Salonika.

"This M-4 medium tank is put thru the (?) in the mud by members of the Motor transport unit, near Nancy, France. 5 November, 1944. 761st Tank Battalion."  This M4 is an "Easy 8", the best of the wartime Shermans in U.S. use.  The 761st was an African American unit.

Last edition:

Saturday, October 19, 2024

Today in World War II History—October 19, 1944

Today in World War II History—October 19, 1944: 80 Years Ago: Japanese form Special Attack Group of kamikazes. US Navy partially integrates Blacks into service areas and opens WAVES to Black women.

Friday, September 27, 2024

History in politics. Post I. Immigration, crime and strife.

Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.

George Santayana, The Life of Reason, 1905

The Five Points Gang of New York City, which was formed as an Irish American gang, but under the leadership of Italian born "Paul Kelly", Paolo Antonio Vaccarelli.  The gang evolved from an entirely Irish gang into an Italian gang, reflecting demographic trends in Five Points.

Well, first of all, I also said there were a lot of benefits to that wave of immigration, but has anybody ever seen the movie ‘Gangs of New York’? That’s what I’m talking about. We know that when you have these massive ethnic enclaves forming in our country, it can sometimes lead to higher crime rates.

* * *

What happens when you have massive amounts of illegal immigration? It actually starts to create ethnic conflict. It creates higher crime rates.

J. D. Vance

Is Vance right?

Keep in mind, I'm just basically fact checking here, not trying to make a political point.

Secondly, Gangs of New York is a horrible motion picture and historically inaccurate.1

So let's start with the two basic assertions.  When you have:

  • massive ethnic enclaves it can sometimes lead to higher crime rates; and
  • massive amounts of illegal immigration creates ethnic conflict and higher crime rates.
Are these assertions correct, based on the historical data?

On the surface, a person could certainly argue yes.   The US Mafia was, at its core, an ethic gang. So was the US expression of the Camorra, as were the Chinese Tongs, and as are the various Mexican gangs sometimes loosely referred to as the "Mexican Mafia".  All of these entities found their first expression amongst ethnic groups that immigrated into the US, from Sicily, Italy, China and Mexico respectively, and retained their ethnic character thereafter.  And the US also saw, in the late 19th Century and into the mid 20th, Irish gangs and Jewish gangs, the latter two of which are largely forgotten.

But then, in examining it, there have also been African American gangs, and still are, as well as Hispanic gangs made up of American born Hispanics.

And, while we commonly do not think of it in this fashion, there have been domestic native born European American gangs.  The James Gang was made up entirely of Missourians and was widely tolerated in rural Missouri.  The Wild Bunch was a criminal gang with rotating members headquartered in Wyoming and made up entirely of whites.  Any number of Depression Era gangs out of Missouri and Oklahoma could also be named.

Hmmm. . . . 

So what can we draw from this.

The common element in all of this is poverty.  The common thread in the formation of all gangs, at their onset, is that their membership is poor, originally.  Gaining wealth is a primary motivating force of gang formation.

Gangs go right to crime, obviously, to address their lack of wealth.  The next element of it, however, is that they do form, originally, based on commonality, with the common element being shared ethnicity and status.  The Mafia formed originally in Sicily, an impoverished region of what is now Italy, for complicated and obscure reasons, but Sicilian ethnicity was obviously an element of it, and that element was imported into the US.  The Camorra was (and is) Neapolitan, and was when it came into the US.2  Sicilians and Neapolitans made up part of the impoverished Italian community that immigrated into the US in the late 19th Century and early 20th Centuries.  Indeed, the criminal organizations associated with them basically re-formed in the US, rather than being directly imported.

The James Gang sprang up from impoverished post Civil War rural Missouri with every single memer of it being a white, Protestant, Missourian.  The Rollins 40 Crips and the Bloods came from impoverished African American neighborhoods.  The Zetas and the Sinolas came out of impoverished communities in Mexico.

So, poverty is an early major motivator.

Poverty, combined with ethnic identity, creates the basic constituents for ethnic gangs.  It is, quite frankly, evolutionary biology at work.  Humans are tribal by nature, and form tribes in order to acquire and protect resources.  Gangs do that, operating in a world in which the members are outsiders due to their poverty and ethnicity.

But therein lies their weakness as well.

Over time, the ethnicity normally dissipates, and its always the case that the members of gangs are a minority of any one ethnicity.  Indeed, gangs tend to terrorize the members of their own ethnicities far more than anyone else.  As the economic fortunes of the ethnic class rise, being a member no longer retains its original benefits.  While being a gang member might offer wealth, it also offers a high risk of shortened life. At a certain point that is a decreasing benefit to the ethnic cohort.  To a very large degree this is why the Camorra has largely disappeared in the US, the Mafia is a shadow of its former self, and why Irish and Jewish gangs simply no longer exist.

And ethnicities, moreover, dissipate.  To be in the Mafia, originally, you had to be of straight Sicilian descent in the US. Now you must have some Sicilian descent, but it's a decreasing amount.3 

So, there's some truth to what Vance related about immigration and crime, but its a much more complicated picture than he relates.

What about ethnic conflict?

Well, as noted part of human nature is tribalism, and an interesting aspect of that is that the "different" both repels and attracts.  Large immigrant groups usually do cause some consternation in a prior group, no matter what it is, but contacts nearly immediately arise.  Indeed the relatively accurate historical novels Giants In The Earth and Peder Victorious by Ole Edvart Rølvaag do a good job of demonstrating that as, in his novels, a Lutheran Norwegian immigrant family is at first horrified by a Catholic Irish immigrant family moving into their region, only to have a child, Peder, marry into it.  Entire ethnicities, such as Creoles in the US and the Mexicans of Mexico are the result of intermixing of cultures.  The degree to which a culture is hostile to this varies, with some being very hostile to it, and others not so much.  Even where there's pretty strong resistance, however, it happens.

Strife, however, between two cultures in one reason also tends to have a strong common element, that being, once again, poverty.  When hostility breaks out between two ethnic groups in a region, it usually features a very strong element of poverty, so in a way, its once again scarcity of resources that is the common problem.

Where's that leave us on Vance's assertion?

Well, its not completely untrue in a superficial way, but in a really in depth manner, its poverty that's the problem.  So what we really are looking at is an economic topic, or should be.

Footnotes:

1.  Gangs of New York is not only historically inaccurate, its downright perverse.

The movie depicts the New York borough of Five Points in the 1840 through 1860s with a Nativist Protestant gang fighting an Irish Catholic gang, the Dead Rabbits (which was in fact a real gang).  New  York ethnic gangs in fact existed, but the conglomeration of nativist feelings, Irish immigration in general and Irish gangs is way over the top.

In terms of oddities, Daniel Day Lewis character is just weird.

2.  In fact, all the Italian criminal gangs come out of southern Italy, a region of Italy which has been historically impoverished and still is to a significant degree.

3.  A movie that depicts this really well is Goodfellas.

Last edition:

History in politics. A new trailing series of threads

Wednesday, August 28, 2024

Thursday, August 28, 1924. The August Uprising.

Georgians rebelled against the Soviet Union in the August Uprising.


The certificate of identity for actress Anna May Wong, born Wong Liu Tsong (黃柳霜), (from Reddit's "100 Years Ago Today, and also on Wikipedia).


Famous as a Chinese American actress, she was a native of Los Angeles.  She died in 1961 at age 56 of a heart attack after a period of ill health.

Last edition:

Wednesday, August 27, 1924. Color photos over the wire.