Henry Mike Reeve Carroll, who went by Henry Reeve, died in combat against Spanish troops in Cuba at age 26, where he had gone from revolutionary volunteer in 1869 to the rank of general in a Cuban revolutionary army. He was a prior child soldier in the Civil War, in which he's served as a drummer.
The Ten Years War was the cause he died in, which lasted from 1868 to 1878. The Cuban revolutionaries would lose the war and Cuban independence would come about, instead, as a result of the later Spanish American War, which up until the current war with Iran stood as the war fought by the US on the least justifiable grounds.
The 5th Cavalry arrived at Goose Creek in Wyoming to reinforce a resting up Crook's command.
242 Jewish individuals arrived in Palestine under the Third German Palestinian Exchange, a peculiar event that's almost forgotten. Under the odd arrangement, Jews in occupied Europe were exchanged for Germans in Palestine, most of whom were "Templer Germans".
The Templer Germans were residents of settlements that had been established in Palestine during Ottoman rule in 1868 and continued on into the 20th Century. Originally part of the German Pietist Templer movement, the Nazi Party made a heavy effort to Nazify the colonies after they came to power in Germany. Their numbers decreased over time, and never numbered more than 2,000. They were declared enemy aliens by the British at the start of World War Two, and many were interned in Australia. The British, however, brokered a deal in which 1,000 Templers were exchanged for 550 Jews, most of whom had Palestinian connections. After the Second World War, the remaining members came under heavy pressure, with their leader at the time being assasinated, to leave newly founded Israel.
I have to note that being deported to Germany in this time frame would be an epic bummer, although like Italian colonies in Libya, and French ones in Algeria, the small German settlements in Palestine were not long for the world.
Enduring a second blitz, 41,000 mothers and children left London for countryside billets to avoid V1 bombs.
Having taken D-Day objective Caen, the British moved towards expanding their lines under stuff resistance.
The Finns won a second battlefield victory in two days, this time prevailing at Vyborg Bay.
The Battle of Driniumor River began near Aitape, New Guinea with a Japanese assault of Allied positions there.
The SS Duilio, interned at Trieste, was sunk by Allied aircraft.
Sioux Trial leaders at Ft. Laramie during the negotiation of the Treaty of 1868.
An event that's getting a fair amount of press, although some inaccurate press at that, is the 150th anniversary of the commencement of the signing of The Treaty of 1868, sometimes called the Ft. Laramie Treaty. This event, which is indeed very important, is of course noted on our companion blog, Today In Wyoming's History, here:
Today In Wyoming's History: April 29: 1868 The Treaty of 1868 was signed creating the Great Sioux Reservation. The U.S. Army agreed to abandon forts on the Bozeman Trail.
Our entry, along with the current press, is a bit deceptive and misleading in that it isn't the case that everyone signed on April 29, 1868. Not by a long shot. But enough had occurred that this is the commonly accepted anniversary of the treaty. In reality the Brule Sioux and the U.S. Commissioners signed on this day, and following signatures would throughout the summer and fall such that by November 6, 1868, there were 156 Sioux, and 25 Arapaho, signatures. The executed document reads as follows:
ARTICLES OF A TREATY MADE AND CONCLUDED BY AND BETWEEN
Lieutenant General William T. Sherman, General William S. Harney,
General Alfred H. Terry, General O. O. Augur, J. B. Henderson, Nathaniel
G. Taylor, John G. Sanborn, and Samuel F. Tappan, duly appointed
commissioners on the part of the United States, and the different bands
of the Sioux Nation of Indians, by their chiefs and headmen, whose names
are hereto subscribed, they being duly authorized to act in the
premises.
ARTICLE I.
From this day forward all war between the parties to this agreement
shall for ever cease. The government of the United States desires peace,
and its honor is hereby pledged to keep it. The Indians desire peace,
and they now pledge their honor to maintain it.
If bad men among the whites, or among other people subject to the
authority of the United States, shall commit any wrong upon the person
or property of the Indians, the United States will, upon proof made to
the agent, and forwarded to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs at
Washington city, proceed at once to cause the offender to be arrested
and punished according to the laws of the United States, and also
reimburse the injured person for the loss sustained.
If bad men among the Indians shall commit a wrong or depredation upon
the person or property of nay one, white, black, or Indian, subject to
the authority of the United States, and at peace therewith, the Indians
herein named solemnly agree that they will, upon proof made to their
agent, and notice by him, deliver up the wrongdoer to the United States,
to be tried and punished according to its laws, and, in case they
willfully refuse so to do, the person injured shall be reimbursed for
his loss from the annuities, or other moneys due or to become due to
them under this or other treaties made with the United States; and the
President, on advising with the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, shall
prescribe such rules and regulations for ascertaining damages under the
provisions of this article as in his judgment may be proper, but no one
sustaining loss while violating the provisions of this treaty, or the
laws of the United States, shall be reimbursed therefor.
ARTICLE II.
The United States agrees that the following district of country, to
wit, viz: commencing on the east bank of the Missouri river where the
46th parallel of north latitude crosses the same, thence along low-water
mark down said east bank to a point opposite where the northern line of
the State of Nebraska strikes the river, thence west across said river,
and along the northern line of Nebraska to the 104th degree of
longitude west from Greenwich, thence north on said meridian to a point
where the 46th parallel of north latitude intercepts the same, thence
due east along said parallel to the place of beginning; and in addition
thereto, all existing reservations of the east back of said river, shall
be and the same is, set apart for the absolute and undisturbed use and
occupation of the Indians herein named, and for such other friendly
tribes or individual Indians as from time to time they may be willing,
with the consent of the United States, to admit amongst them; and the
United States now solemnly agrees that no persons, except those herein
designated and authorized so to do, and except such officers, agents,
and employees of the government as may be authorized to enter upon
Indian reservations in discharge of duties enjoined by law, shall ever
be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in the territory
described in this article, or in such territory as may be added to this
reservation for the use of said Indians, and henceforth they will and do
hereby relinquish all claims or right in and to any portion of the
United States or Territories, except such as is embraced within the
limits aforesaid, and except as hereinafter provided.
ARTICLE III.
If it should appear from actual survey or other satisfactory
examination of said tract of land that it contains less than 160 acres
of tillable land for each person who, at the time, may be authorized to
reside on it under the provisions of this treaty, and a very
considerable number of such persons hsall be disposed to comence
cultivating the soil as farmers, the United States agrees to set apart,
for the use of said Indians, as herein provided, such additional
quantity of arable land, adjoining to said reservation, or as near to
the same as it can be obtained, as may be required to provide the
necessary amount.
ARTICLE IV.
The United States agrees, at its own proper expense, to construct,
at some place on the Missouri river, near the centre of said reservation
where timber and water may be convenient, the following buildings, to
wit, a warehouse, a store-room for the use of the agent in storing goods
belonging to the Indians, to cost not less than $2,500; an agency
building, for the residence of the agent, to cost not exceeding $3,000; a
residence for the physician, to cost not more than $3,000; and five
other buildings, for a carpenter, farmer, blacksmith, miller, and
engineer-each to cost not exceeding $2,000; also, a school-house, or
mission building, so soon as a sufficient number of children can be
induced by the agent to attend school, which shall not cost exceeding
$5,000.
The United States agrees further to cause to be erected on said
reservation, near the other buildings herein authorized, a good steam
circular saw-mill, with a grist-mill and shingle machine attached to the
same, to cost not exceeding $8,000.
ARTICLE V.
The United States agrees that the agent for said Indians shall in
the future make his home at the agency building; that he shall reside
among them, and keep an office open at all times for the purpose of
prompt and diligent inquiry into such matters of complaint by and
against the Indians as may be presented for investigation under the
provisions of their treaty stipulations, as also for the faithful
discharge of other duties enjoined on him by law. In all cases of
depredation on person or property he shall cause the evidence to be
taken in writing and forwarded, together with his findings, to the
Commissioner of Indian Affairs, whose decision, subject to the revision
of the Secretary of the Interior, shall be binding on the parties to
this treaty.
ARTICLE VI.
If any individual belonging to said tribes of Indians, or legally
incorporated with them, being the head of a family, shall desire to
commence farming, he shall have the privilege to select, in the presence
and with the assistance of the agent then in charge, a tract of land
within said reservation, not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres in
extent, which tract, when so selected, certified, and recorded in the
"Land Book" as herein directed, shall cease to be held in common, but
the same may be occupied and held in the exclusive possession of the
person selecting it, and of his family, so long as he or they may
continue to cultivate it.
Any person over eighteen years of age, not being the head of a
family, may in like manner select and cause to be certified to him or
her, for purposes of cultivation, a quantity of land, not exceeding
eighty acres in extent, and thereupon be entitled to the exclusive
possession of the same as above directed.
For each tract of land so selected a certificate, containing a
description thereof and the name of the person selecting it, with a
certificate endorsed thereon that the same has been recorded, shall be
delivered to the party entitled to it, by the agent, after the same
shall have been recorded by him in a book to be kept in his office,
subject to inspection, which said book shall be known as the "Sioux Land
Book."
The President may, at any time, order a survey of the reservation,
and, when so surveyed, Congress shall provide for protecting the rights
of said settlers in their improvements, and may fix the character of the
title held by each. The United States may pass such laws on the subject
of alienation and descent of property between the Indians and their
descendants as may be thought proper. And it is further stipulated that
any male Indians over eighteen years of age, of any band or tribe that
is or shall hereafter become a party to this treaty, who now is or who
shall hereafter become a resident or occupant of any reservation or
territory not included in the tract of country designated and described
in this treaty for the permanent home of the Indians, which is not
mineral land, nor reserved by the United States for special purposes
other than Indian occupation, and who shall have made improvements
thereon of the value of two hundred dollars or more, and continuously
occupied the same as a homestead for the term of three years, shall be
entitled to receive from the United States a patent for one hundred and
sixty acres of land including his said improvements, the same to be in
the form of the legal subdivisions of the surveys of the public lands.
Upon application in writing, sustained by the proof of two disinterested
witnesses, made to the register of the local land office when the land
sought to be entered is within a land district, and when the tract
sought to be entered is not in any land district, then upon said
application and proof being made to the Commissioner of the General Land
Office, and the right of such Indian or Indians to enter such tract or
tracts of land shall accrue and be perfect from the date of his first
improvements thereon, and shall continue as long as be continues his
residence and improvements and no longer. And any Indian or Indians
receiving a patent for land under the foregoing provisions shall thereby
and from thenceforth become and be a citizen of the United States and
be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of such citizens, and
shall, at the same time, retain all his rights to benefits accruing to
Indians under this treaty.
ARTICLE VII.
In order to insure the civilization of the Indians entering into
this treaty, the necessity of education is admitted, especially of such
of them as are or may be settled on said agricultural reservations, and
they, therefore, pledge themselves to compel their children, male and
female, between the ages of six and sixteen years, to attend school, and
it is hereby made the duty of the agent for said Indians to see that
this stipulation is strictly complied with; and the United States agrees
that for every thirty children between said ages, who can be induced or
compelled to attend school, a house shall be provided, and a teacher
competent to teach the elementary branches of an English education shall
be furnished, who will reside among said Indians and faithfully
discharge his or her duties as a teacher. The provisions of this article
to continue for not less than twenty years.
ARTICLE VIII.
When the head of a family or lodge shall have selected lands and
received his certificate as above directed, and the agent shall be
satisfied that he intends in good faith to commence cultivating the soil
for a living, he shall be entitled to receive seeds and agricultural
implements for the first year, not exceeding in value one hundred
dollars, and for each succeeding year he shall continue to farm, for a
period of three years more, he shall be entitled to receive seeds and
implements as aforesaid, not exceeding in value twenty-five dollars. And
it is further stipulated that such persons as commence farming shall
receive instruction from the farmer herein provided for, and whenever
more than one hundred persons shall enter upon the cultivation of the
soil, a second blacksmith shall be provided, with such iron, steel, and
other material as may be needed.
ARTICLE IX.
At any time after ten years fro the making of this treaty, the
United States shall have the privilege of withdrawing the physician,
farmer, blacksmith, carpenter, engineer, and miller herein provided for,
but in case of such withdrawal, an additional sum thereafter of ten
thousand dollars per annum shall be devoted to the education of said
Indians, and the Commissioner of Indian Affairs shall, upon careful
inquiry into their condition, make such rules and regulations for the
expenditure of said sums as will best promote the education and moral
improvement of said tribes.
ARTICLE X.
In lieu of all sums of money or other annuities provided to be paid
to the Indians herein named under any treaty or treaties heretofore
made, the United States agrees to deliver at the agency house on the
reservation herein named, on or before the first day of August of each
year, for thirty years, the following articles, to wit:
For each male person over 14 years of age, a suit of good substantial
woollen clothing, consisting of coat, pantaloons, flannel shirt, hat,
and a pair of home-made socks.
For each female over 12 years of age, a flannel shirt, or the goods
necessary to make it, a pair of woollen hose, 12 yards of calico, and 12
yards of cotton domestics.
For the boys and girls under the ages named, such flannel and cotton
goods as may be needed to make each a suit as aforesaid, together with a
pair of woollen hose for each.
And in order that the Commissioner of Indian Affairs may be able to
estimate properly for the articles herein named, it shall be the duty of
the agent each year to forward to him a full and exact census of the
Indians, on which the estimate from year to year can be based.
And in addition to the clothing herein named, the sum of $10 for each
person entitled to the beneficial effects of this treaty shall be
annually appropriated for a period of 30 years, while such persons roam
and hunt, and $20 for each person who engages in farming, to be used by
the Secretary of the Interior in the purchase of such articles as from
time to time the condition and necessities of the Indians may indicate
to be proper. And if within the 30 years, at any time, it shall appear
that the amount of money needed for clothing, under this article, can be
appropriated to better uses for the Indians named herein, Congress may,
by law, change the appropriation to other purposes, but in no event
shall the amount of the appropriation be withdrawn or discontinued for
the period named. And the President shall annually detail an officer of
the army to be present and attest the delivery of all the goods herein
named, to the Indians, and he shall inspect and report on the quantity
and quality of the goods and the manner of their delivery. And it is
hereby expressly stipulated that each Indian over the age of four years,
who shall have removed to and settled permanently upon said
reservation, one pound of meat and one pound of flour per day, provided
the Indians cannot furnish their own subsistence at an earlier date. And
it is further stipulated that the United States will furnish and
deliver to each lodge of Indians or family of persons legally
incorporated with the, who shall remove to the reservation herein
described and commence farming, one good American cow, and one good
well-broken pair of American oxen within 60 days after such lodge or
family shall have so settled upon said reservation.
ARTICLE XI.
In consideration of the advantages and benefits conferred by this
treaty and the many pledges of friendship by the United States, the
tribes who are parties to this agreement hereby stipulate that they will
relinquish all right to occupy permanently the territory outside
their reservations as herein defined, but yet reserve the right to
hunt on any lands north of North Platte, and on the Republican Fork of
the Smoky Hill river, so long as the buffalo may range thereon in such
numbers as to justify the chase. And they, the said Indians, further
expressly agree:
1st. That they will withdraw all opposition to the construction of the railroads now being built on the plains.
2d. That they will permit the peaceful construction of any railroad not passing over their reservation as herein defined.
3d. That they will not attack any persons at home, or travelling, nor
molest or disturb any wagon trains, coaches, mules, or cattle belonging
to the people of the United S
tates, or to persons friendly therewith.
4th. They will never capture, or carry off from the settlements, white women or children.
5th. They will never kill or scalp white men, nor attempt to do them harm.
6th. They withdraw all pretence of opposition to the construction of
the railroad now being built along the Platte river and westward to the
Pacific ocean, and they will not in future object to the construction of
railroads, wagon roads, mail stations, or other works of utility or
necessity, which may be ordered or permitted by the laws of the United
States. But should such roads or other works be constructed on the lands
of their reservation, the government will pay the tribe whatever amount
of damage may be assessed by three disinterested commissioners to be
appointed by the President for that purpose, one of the said
commissioners to be a chief or headman of the tribe.
7th. They agree to withdraw all opposition to the military posts or
roads now established south of the North Platte river, or that may be
established, not in violation of treaties heretofore made or hereafter
to be made with any of the Indian tribes.
ARTICLE XII.
No treaty for the cession of any portion or part of the reservation
herein described which may be held in common, shall be of any validity
or force as against the said Indians unless executed and signed by at
least three-fourths of all the adult male Indians occupying or
interested in the same, and no cession by the tribe shall be understood
or construed in such manner as to deprive, without his consent, any
individual member of the tribe of his rights to any tract of land
selected by him as provided in Article VI of this treaty.
ARTICLE XIII.
The United States hereby agrees to furnish annually to the Indians
the physician, teachers, carpenter, miller, engineer, farmer, and
blacksmiths, as herein contemplated, and that such appropriations shall
be made from time to time, on the estimate of the Secretary of the
Interior, as will be sufficient to employ such persons.
ARTICLE XIV.
It is agreed that the sum of five hundred dollars annually for three
years from date shall be expended in presents to the ten persons of
said tribe who in the judgment of the agent may grow the most valuable
crops for the respective year.
ARTICLE XV.
The Indians herein named agree that when the agency house and other
buildings shall be constructed on the reservation named, they will
regard said reservation their permanent home, and they will make no
permanent settlement elsewhere; but they shall have the right, subject
to the conditions and modifications of this treaty, to hunt, as
stipulated in Article XI hereof.
ARTICLE XVI.
The United States hereby agrees and stipulates that the country
north of the North Platte river and east of the summits of the Big Horn
mountains shall be held and considered to be unceded. Indian territory,
and also stipulates and agrees that no white person or persons shall be
permitted to settle upon or occupy any portion of the same; or without
the consent of the Indians, first had and obtained, to pass through the
same; and it is further agreed by the United States, that within ninety
days after the conclusion of peace with all the bands of the Sioux
nation, the military posts now established in the territory in this
article named shall be abandoned, and that the road leading to them and
by them to the settlements in the Territory of Montana shall be closed.
ARTICLE XVII.
It is hereby expressly understood and agreed by and between the
respective parties to this treaty that the execution of this treaty and
its ratification by the United States Senate shall have the effect, and
shall be construed as abrogating and annulling all treaties and
agreements heretofore entered into between the respective parties
hereto, so far as such treaties and agreements obligate the United
States to furnish and provide money, clothing, or other articles of
property to such Indians and bands of Indians as become parties to this
treaty, but no further.
In testimony of all which, we, the said commissioners, and we, the
chiefs and headmen of the Brule band of the Sioux nation, have hereunto
set our hands and seals at Fort Laramie, Dakota Territory, this
twenty-ninth day of April, in the year one thousand eight hundred and
sixty-eight.
N. G. TAYLOR,
W. T. SHERMAN,
Lieutenant General
WM. S. HARNEY,
Brevet Major General U.S.A.
JOHN B. SANBORN,
S. F. TAPPAN,
C. C. AUGUR,
Brevet Major General
ALFRED H. TERRY,
Brevet Major General U.S.A.
Attest:
A. S. H. WHITE, Secretary.
Executed on the part of the Brule band of Sioux by the chiefs and
headman whose names are hereto annexed, they being thereunto duly
authorized, at Fort Laramie, D. T., the twenty-ninth day of April, in
the year A. D. 1868.
MA-ZA-PON-KASKA, his X mark, Iron Shell.
WAH-PAT-SHAH, his X mark, Red Leaf.
HAH-SAH-PAH, his X mark, Black Horn.
ZIN-TAH-GAH-LAT-WAH, his X mark, Spotted Tail.
ZIN-TAH-GKAH, his X mark, White Tail.
ME-WAH-TAH-NE-HO-SKAH, his X mark, Tall Man.
SHE-CHA-CHAT-KAH, his X mark, Bad Left Hand.
NO-MAH-NO-PAH, his X mark, Two and Two.
TAH-TONKA-SKAH, his X mark, White Bull.
CON-RA-WASHTA, his X mark, Pretty Coon.
HA-CAH-CAH-SHE-CHAH, his X mark, Bad Elk.
WA-HA-KA-ZAH-ISH-TAH, his X mark, Eye Lance.
MA-TO-HA-KE-TAH, his X mark, Bear that looks behind.
BELLA-TONKA-TONKA, his X mark, Big Partisan.
MAH-TO-HO-HONKA, his X mark, Swift Bear.
TO-WIS-NE, his X mark, Cold Place.
ISH-TAH-SKAH, his X mark, White Eye.
MA-TA-LOO-ZAH, his X mark, Fast Bear.
AS-HAH-HAH-NAH-SHE, his X mark, Standing Elk.
CAN-TE-TE-KI-YA, his X mark, The Brave Heart.
SHUNKA-SHATON, his X mark, Day Hawk.
TATANKA-WAKON, his X mark, Sacred Bull.
MAPIA SHATON, his X mark, Hawk Cloud.
MA-SHA-A-OW, his X mark, Stands and Comes.
SHON-KA-TON-KA, his X mark, Big Dog.
Attest:
ASHTON S. H. WHITE, Secretary of Commission.
GEORGE B. WITHS, Phonographer to Commission.
GEO. H. HOLTZMAN.
JOHN D. HOWLAND.
JAMES C. O'CONNOR.
CHAR. E. GUERN, Interpreter.
LEON T. PALLARDY, Interpreter.
NICHOLAS JANIS, Interpreter.
Executed on the part of the Ogallalla band of Sioux by the chiefs and
headmen whose names are hereto subscribed, they being thereunto duly
authorized, at Fort Laramie, the 25th day of May, in the year A. D.
1868.
TAH-SHUN-KA-CO-QUI-PAH, his mark, Man-afraid-of-his-horses.
SHA-TON-SKAH, his X mark, White Hawk.
SHA-TON-SAPAH, his X mark, Black Hawk.
EGA-MON-TON-KA-SAPAH, his X mark, Black Tiger
OH-WAH-SHE-CHA, his X mark, Bad Wound.
PAH-GEE, his X mark, Grass.
WAH-NON SAH-CHE-GEH, his X mark, Ghost Heart.
COMECH, his X mark, Crow.
OH-HE-TE-KAH, his X mark, The Brave.
TAH-TON-KAH-HE-YO-TA-KAH, his X mark, Sitting Bull.
SHON-KA-OH-WAH-MEN-YE, his X mark, Whirlwind Dog.
HA-KAH-KAH-TAH-MIECH, his X mark, Poor Elk.
WAM-BU-LEE-WAH-KON, his X mark, Medicine Eagle.
CHON-GAH-MA-HE-TO-HANS-KA, his X mark, High Wolf.
WAH-SECHUN-TA-SHUN-KAH, his X mark, American Horse.
MAH-KAH-MAH-HA-MAK-NEAR, his X mark, Man that walks under the ground.
MAH-TO-TOW-PAH, his X mark, Four Bears.
MA-TO-WEE-SHA-KTA, his X mark, One that kills the bear.
OH-TAH-KEE-TOKA-WEE-CHAKTA, his X mark, One that kills in a hard place.
TAH-TON-KAH-TA-MIECH, his X mark, The Poor Bull.
OH-HUNS-EE-GA-NON-SKEN, his X mark, Mad Shade.
SHAH-TON-OH-NAH-OM-MINNE-NE-OH-MINNE, his X mark, Whirling hawk.
MAH-TO-CHUN-KA-OH, his X mark, Bear's Back.
CHE-TON-WEE-KOH, his X mark, Fool Hawk.
WAH-HOH-KE-ZA-AH-HAH, his X mark,
EH-TON-KAH, his X mark, Big Mouth.
MA-PAH-CHE-TAH, his X mark, Bad Hand.
WAH-KE-YUN-SHAH, his X mark, Red Thunder.
WAK-SAH, his X mark, One that Cuts Off.
CHAH-NOM-QUI-YAH, his X mark, One that Presents the Pipe.
WAH-KE-KE-YAN-PUH-TAH, his X mark, Fire Thunder.
MAH-TO-NONK-PAH-ZE, his X mark, Bear with Yellow Ears.
CON-REE-TEH-KA, his X mark, The Little Crow.
HE-HUP-PAH-TOH, his X mark, The Blue War Club.
SHON-KEE-TOH, his X mark, The Blue Horse.
WAM-BALLA-OH-CONQUO, his X mark, Quick Eagle.
TA-TONKA-SUPPA, his X mark, Black Bull.
MOH-TOH-HA-SHE-NA, his X mark, The Bear Hide.
Attest:
S. E. WARD.
JAS. C. O'CONNOR.
J. M. SHERWOOD.
W. C. SLICER.
SAM DEON.
H. M. MATHEWS.
JOSEPH BISS
NICHOLAS JANIS, Interpreter.
LEFROY JOTT, Interpreter.
ANTOINE JANIS, Interpreter.
Executed on the part of the Minneconjou band of Sioux by the chiefs
and headmen whose names are hereunto subscribed, they being thereunto
duly authorized.
HEH-WON-GE-CHAT, his X mark, One Horn.
OH-PON-AH-TAH-E-MANNE, his X mark, The Elk that Bellows Walking.
HEH-HO-LAH-ZEH-CHA-SKAH, his X mark, Young White Bull.
WAH-CHAH-CHUM-KAH-COH-KEEPAH, his X mark, One that is Afraid of Shield.
HE-HON-NE-SHAKTA, his X mark, The Old Owl.
MOC-PE-A-TOH, his X mark, Blue Cloud.
OH-PONG-GE-LE-SKAH, his X mark, Spotted Elk.
TAH-TONK-KA-HON-KE-SCHUE, his X mark, Slow bull.
SHONK-A-NEE-SHAH-SHAH-ATAH-PE, his X mark, The Dog Chief.
MA-TO-TAH-TA-TONK-KA, his X mark, Bull Bear.
WOM-BEH-LE-TON-KAH, his X mark, The Big Eagle.
MATOH, EH-SCHNE-LAH, his X mark, The Lone Bear.
MA-TOH-OH-HE-TO-KEH, his X mark, The Brave Bear.
EH-CHE-MA-KEH, his X mark, The Runner.
TI-KI-YA, his X mark, The Hard.
HE-MA-ZA, his X mark, Iron Horn.
Attest:
JAS. C O'CONNOR,
WM. D. BROWN,
NICHOLAS JANIS,
ANTOINE JANIS,
Interpreters.
Executed on the part of the Yanctonais band of Sioux by the chiefs
and headmen whose names are hereto subscribed, they being thereunto duly
authorized:
MAH-TO-NON-PAH, his X mark, Two Bears.
MA-TO-HNA-SKIN-YA, his X mark, Mad Bear.
HE-O-PU-ZA, his X mark, Louzy.
AH-KE-CHE-TAH-CHE-KA-DAN, his X mark, Little Soldier.
MAH-TO-E-TAN-CHAN, his X mark, Chief Bear.
CU-WI-TO-WIA, his X mark, Rotten Stomach.
SKUN-KA-WE-TKO, his X mark, Fool Dog.
ISH-TA-SAP-PAH, his X mark, Black Eye.
IH-TAN-CHAN, his X mark, The Chief.
I-A-WI-CA-KA, his X mark, The One who Tells the Truth.
AH-KE-CHE-TAH, his X mark, The Soldier.
TA-SHI-NA-GI, his X mark, Yellow Robe.
NAH-PE-TON-KA, his X mark, Big Hand.
CHAN-TEE-WE-KTO, his X mark, Fool Heart.
HOH-GAN-SAH-PA, his X mark, Black Catfish.
MAH-TO-WAH-KAN, his X mark, Medicine Bear.
SHUN-KA-KAN-SHA, his X mark, Red Horse.
WAN-RODE, his X mark, The Eagle.
CAN-HPI-SA-PA, his X mark, Black Tomahawk.
WAR-HE-LE-RE, his X mark, Yellow Eagle.
CHA-TON-CHE-CA, his X mark, Small Hawk, or Long Fare.
SHU-GER-MON-E-TOO-HA-SKA, his X mark, Fall Wolf.
MA-TO-U-TAH-KAH, his X mark, Sitting Bear.
HI-HA-CAH-GE-NA-SKENE, his X mark, Mad Elk.
Arapahoes.
LITTLE CHIEF, his X mark.
TALL BEAR, his X mark.
TOP MAN, his X mark.
NEVA, his X mark.
THE WOUNDED BEAR, his X mark.
WHIRLWIND, his X mark.
THE FOX, his X mark.
THE DOG BIG MOUTH, his X mark.
SPOTTED WOLF, his X mark.
SORREL HORSE, his X mark.
BLACK COAL, his X mark.
BIG WOLF, his X mark.
KNOCK-KNEE, his X mark.
BLACK CROW, his X mark.
THE LONE OLD MAN, his X mark.
PAUL, his X mark.
BLACK BULL, his X mark.
BIG TRACK, his X mark.
THE FOOT, his X mark.
BLACK WHITE, his X mark.
YELLOW HAIR, his X mark.
LITTLE SHIELD, his X mark.
BLACK BEAR, his X mark.
WOLF MOCASSIN, his X mark.
BIG ROBE, his X mark.
WOLF CHIEF, his X mark.
Witnesses:
ROBERT P. MCKIBBIN,
Captain 4th Infantry, and Bvt. Lieut. Col. U. S. A.,
Commanding Fort Laramie.
WM. H. POWELL,
Brevet Major, Captain 4th Infantry.
HENRY W. PATTERSON,
Captain 4th Infantry.
THEO E. TRUE,
Second Lieutenant 4th Infantry.
W. G. BULLOCK.
FORT LARAMIE, WYOMING TERRITORY
November 6, 1868.
MAH-PI-AH-LU-TAH, his X mark, Red Cloud.
WA-KI-AH-WE-CHA-SHAH, his X mark, Thunder Man.
MA-ZAH-ZAH-GEH, his X mark, Iron Cane.
WA-UMBLE-WHY-WA-KA-TUYAH, his X mark, High Eagle.
KO-KE-PAH, his X mark, Man Afraid.
WA-KI-AH-WA-KOU-AH, his X mark, Thunder Flying Running.
Witnessess:
W. MCE. DYE,
Brevet Colonel U. S. Army,
Commanding.
A. B. CAIN,
Captain 4th Infantry, Brevet Major U. S. Army.
ROBT. P. MCKIBBIN,
Captain 4th Infantry, Bvt. Lieut. Col. U. S. Army.
JNO. MILLER,
Captain 4th Infantry.
G. L. LUHN,
First Lieutenant 4th Infantry, Bvt. Capt. U. S. Army.
H. C. SLOAN,
Second Lieutenant 4th Infantry.
Suffice it to say, subsequent views of the Treaty and its breach by the United States have left lasting impacts and bitter feelings among those Indian Nations that executed it. The Treaty marked a conclusion, in some ways, of the result of Red Cloud's War, the only successful Indian War against the United States and the US would commence abandoning posts that it promised to. But the lasting land commitments were rapidly forgotten by the United States which in very short order began to seek to find ways to renegotiate them. In less than ten years, the United States, the Sioux and the Arapaho would be back at war.
The treaty, and its breach, is being recalled this weekend at Ft. Laramie with there being a large gathering of Sioux to recall the same.
