Mob boss Earl J. "Hymie" Weiss (born Henryk Wojciechowski) was gunned down with fellow gang member Paddy Murray by hitmen working for Al Capone. The murders were in retaliation for an earlier attempt by the Weiss lead North Side Gang to kill Capone.
Last edition:
The USSR issued an ultimatum to Portugal, Italy and Germany that unless they stopped aiding the Spanish Nationalist in the ongoing civil war, the USSR would take an active involvement.
On the same day, German armored troops arrived in Spain as trainers with their focus being on tanks and antitank guns.
José Antonio Aguirre became the 1st President of the Basque Country, an autonomous region in the Spanish Republic. He'd muster local forces to fight on the Republican side, and accordingly went into exile for the rest of life when the Nationalist won the civil war. He died in 1960 of a heart attack at age 56 and, as a Catholic, was given a funeral Mass.
Agrarian Party member, and Lutheran Pietist, Kyösti Kallio became Prime Minister of Finland.
The Dodgers fired Casey Stengel.
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The first post season no hitter was pitched by Red Grier of the Bacharach Giants in Game 3 of the Colored World Series, against the Chicago American Giants.
St. Louis won game two of the World Series.
Fr. Charles Coughlin began his broadcast of his weekly sermons on radio station WJR of Detroit.
Last edition
Many Sioux and Cheyenne who had left reservations earlier remained off them, but none the less a new treaty was being successively signed with various returned bands.
The agreement ceded the Black Hills.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That a certain agreement made by George W. Manypenny, Henry B. Whipple, Jared W. Daniels, Albert G. Boone, Henry C. Bulis, Newton Edmunds, and Augustine S. Gaylord, commissioners on the part of the United States, with the different bands of the Sioux Nation of Indians, and also the Northern Arapaho and Cheyenne Indians, be, and the same is hereby, ratified and confirmed: Provided, That nothing in this act shall be construed to authorize the removal of the Sioux Indians to the Indian Territory and the President of the United States is hereby directed to prohibit the removal of any portion of the Sioux Indians to the Indian Territory until the same shall be authorized by an act of Congress hereafter enacted, except article four, except also the following portion of article six: "And if said Indians shall remove to said Indian Territory as hereinbefore provided, the Government shall erect for each of the principal chiefs a good and comfortable dwelling-house" said article not having been agreed to by the Sioux Nation; said agreement is in words and figures following, namely: "Articles of agreement made pursuant to the provisions of an act of Congress entitled 'An act making appropriations for the current and contingent expenses of the Indian Department, and for fulfilling treaty stipulations with various Indian tribes, for the year ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and seventy-seven, and for other purposes,' approved August 15, 1876, by and between George W. Manypenny, Henry B. Whipple, Jared W. Daniels, Albert G. Boone, Henry C. Bulis, Newton Edmunds, and Augustine S. Gaylord, commissioners on the part of the United States, and the different bands of the Sioux Nation of Indians, and also the Northern Arapahoes and Cheyennes, by their chiefs and headmen, whose names are hereto subscribed, they being duly authorized to act in the premises.
Boundaries of reduced reservation.
"Article 1. The said parties hereby agree that the northern and western boundaries of the reservation defined by article 2 of the treaty between the United States and different tribes of Sioux Indians, concluded April 29, 1868, and proclaimed February 24, 1869, shall be as follows: The western boundaries shall commence at the intersection of the one hundred and third meridian of longitude with the northern boundary of the State of Nebraska; thence north along said meridian to its intersection with the South Fork of the Cheyenne River; thence down said stream to its junction with the North Fork; thence up the North Fork of said Cheyenne River to the said one hundred and third meridian; thence north along said meridian to the South Branch of Cannon Ball River or Cedar Creek; and the northern boundary of their said reservation shall follow the said South Branch to its intersection with the main Cannon Ball River, and thence down the said main Cannon Ball River to the Missouri River; and the said Indians do hereby relinquish and cede to the United States all the territory lying outside the said reservation, as herein modified and described, including all privileges of hunting; and article 16 of said treaty is hereby abrogated.
Roads, etc., through reservation.
"Article 2. The said Indians also agree and consent that wagon and other roads, not exceeding three in number, may be constructed and maintained, from convenient and accessible points on the Missouri River, through said reservation, to the country lying immediately west thereof, upon such routes as shall be designated by the President of the United States; and they also consent and agree to the free navigation of the Missouri River.
Annuities, where received.
"Article 3. The said Indians also agree that they will hereafter receive all annuities provided by the said treaty of 1868, and all subsistence and supplies which may be provided for them under the present or any future act of Congress, at such points and places on the said reservation, and in the vicinity of the Missouri River, as the President of the United States shall designate.
Delegation to select home in Indian Territory.
Article 4 not confirmed.
Removal within one year.
"Article 4. [The Government of the United States and the said Indians, being mutually desirous that the latter shall be located in a country where they may eventually become self-supporting and acquire the arts of civilized life, it is therefore agreed that the said Indians shall select a delegation of five or more chiefs and principal men from each band, who shall, without delay, visit the Indian Territory under the guidance and protection of suitable persons, to be appointed for that purpose by the Department of the Interior, with a view to selecting therein a permanent home for the said Indians. If such delegation shall make a selection which shall be satisfactory to themselves, the people whom they represent, and to the United States, then the said Indians agree that they will remove to the country so selected within one year from this date. And the said Indians do further agree in all things to submit themselves to such beneficent plans as the Government may provide for them in the selection of a country suitable for a permanent home, where they may live like white men.]
Assistance, schools, rations, purchase of surplus, employment.
Sioux rations.
How issued.
Government will purchase surplus production.
"Article 5. In consideration of the foregoing cession of territory and rights, and upon full compliance with each and every obligation assumed by the said Indians, the United States does agree to provide all necessary aid to assist the said Indians in the work of civilization; to furnish to them schools and instruction in mechanical and agricultural arts, as provided for by the treaty of 1868. (Also to provide the said Indians with subsistence consisting of a ration for each individual of a pound and a half of beef, (or in lieu thereof, one half pound of bacon,) one-half pound of flour, and one-half pound of corn; and for every one hundred rations, four pounds of coffee, eight pounds of sugar, and three pounds of beans, or in lieu of said articles the equivalent thereof, in the discretion of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Such rations, or so much thereof as may be necessary, shall be continued until the Indians are able to support themselves.) Rations shall, in all cases, be issued to the head of each separate family; and whenever schools shall have been provided by the Government for said Indians, no rations shall be issued for children between the ages of six and fourteen years (the sick and infirm excepted) unless such children shall regularly attend school. Whenever the said Indians shall be located upon lands which are suitable for cultivation, rations shall be issued only to the persons and families of those persons who labor, (the aged, sick, and infirm excepted;) and as an incentive to industrious habits the Commissioner of Indian Affairs may provide that such persons be furnished in payment for their labor such other necessary articles as are requisite for civilized life. The Government will aid said Indians as far as possible in finding a market for their surplus productions, and in finding employment, and will purchase such surplus, as far as may be required, for supplying food to those Indians, parties to this agreement, who are unable to sustain themselves; and will also employ Indians, so far as practicable, in the performance of Government work upon their reservation.
Erection of houses on allotments.
So much of articles as is embraced in the brackets is not confirmed.
"Article 6. Whenever the head of a family shall, in good faith, select an allotment of said land upon such reservation and engage in the cultivation thereof, the Government shall, with his aid, erect a comfortable house on such allotment; [and if said Indians shall remove to said Indian Territory as hereinbefore provided, the Government shall erect for each of the principal chiefs a good and comfortable dwelling-house.]
Artisans and other employees to be married, etc.
Unfit persons to receive no benefits.
"Article 7. To improve the morals and industrious habits of said Indians, it is agreed that the agent, trader, farmer, carpenter, blacksmith, and other artisans employed or permitted to reside within the reservation belonging to the Indians, parties to this agreement, shall be lawfully married and living with their respective families on the reservation; and no person other than an Indian of full blood, whose fitness, morally or otherwise, is not, in the opinion of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, conducive to the welfare of said Indians, shall receive any benefit from this agreement or former treaties, and may be expelled from the reservation.
In force.
Indians subject to laws of United States.
"Article 8. The provisions of the said treaty of 1868, except as herein modified, shall continue in full force, and, with the provisions of this agreement, shall apply to any country which may hereafter be occupied by the said Indians as a home; and Congress shall, by appropriate legislation, secure to them an orderly government; they shall be subject to the laws of the United States, and each individual shall be protected in his rights of property, person, and life.
Indians pledged to this agreement.
Police force.
"Article 9. The Indians, parties to this agreement, do hereby solemnly pledge themselves, individually and collectively, to observe each and all of the stipulations herein contained, to select allotments of land as soon as possible after their removal to their permanent home, and to use their best efforts to learn to cultivate the same. And they do solemnly pledge themselves that they will at all times maintain peace with the citizens and Government of the United States; that they will observe the laws thereof and loyally endeavor to fulfill all the obligations assumed by them under the treaty of 1868 and the present agreement, and to this end will, whenever requested by the President of the United States, select so many suitable men from each band to co-operate with him in maintaining order and peace on the reservation as the President may deem necessary, who shall receive such compensation for their services as Congress may provide.
Annual census to be taken in December.
"Article 10. In order that the Government may faithfully fulfill the stipulations contained in this agreement, it is mutually agreed that a census of all Indians affected hereby shall be taken in the month of December of each year, and the names of each head of family and adult person registered; said census to be taken in such manner as the Commissioner of Indian Affairs may provide.
Term "reservation."
"Article 11. It is understood that the term reservation herein contained shall be held to apply to any country which shall be selected under the authority of the United States as the future home of said Indians.
Agreement subject to approval.
"This agreement shall not be binding upon either party until it shall have received the approval of the President and Congress of the United States.
Signatures.
"Dated and signed at Red Cloud agency, Nebraska, September 26, 1876.
"GEORGE W. MANYPENNY. [SEAL.]
"HENRY B. WHIPPLE. [SEAL.]
"J. W. DANIELS. [SEAL.]
"ALBERT G. BOONE. [SEAL.]
"H. C. BULIS. [SEAL.]
"NEWTON EDMUNDS. [SEAL.]
"A. S. GAYLORD. [SEAL.]
"Attest:
"Charles M. Hendley,
"Secretary.
"OGALLALLA SIOUX—CHIEFS AND HEADMEN
"Marpiya-luta, (Red Cloud,) his x mark, seal.
"Taxunke-kokipe, (Afraid-of-his-Horse,) his x mark, seal.
"Xunka-luta, (Red Dog,) his x mark, seal.
"Taopi-cikala, (Little Wound,) his x mark, seal.
"Waxicun-taxunke, (American Horse,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-kokipa, (Afraid-of-the-Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-yamni, (Three Bears,) his x mark, seal.
"Wakinyan-peta, (Fire-Thunder,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-luza, (Fast Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Kangi-ho-waxte, (Crow-with-a-good-voice,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-ayuwi, (Turning Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Itunkassan-waumli, (Weasel-Eagle,) his x mark, seal.
"Warpe-xa, (Red Leaf,) his x mark, seal.
"Ixta-peta, (Fire Eyes, or White Bull,) his x mark, seal.
"Pte-san-wicaxa, (Man White Cow,) his x mark, seal.
"Kangi-tanka, (Big Crow,) his x mark, seal.
"Tatanka-waxte, (Good Bull,) his x mark, seal.
"Xunkikyuha, (Sorrel Horse,) his x mark, seal.
"Itunkasan-mato, (Weasel-Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Wahukeza-nonpa, (Two-Lance,) his x mark, seal.
"Owe-xica, (Bad Wound,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-wankantu, (High Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Tokicu, (He-takes-the-Enemy,) his x mark, seal.
"Akcita, (Soldier,) his x mark, seal.
"Ite-glega, (Stupid Face, or Slow Bull,) his x mark, seal.
"Xunmanito wankantu, (High Wolf,) his x mark, seal.
"Si-tanka, (Big Foot,) his x mark, seal.
"Wakinyan-ska, (White Thunder,) his x mark, seal.
"Xunki-to, (Blue Horse,) his x mark, seal.
"ARAPAHOES
"Black Coal, his x mark, seal.
"Crazy Bull, his x mark, seal.
"Little Wolf, his x mark, seal.
"Sharp Nose, his x mark, seal.
"Six Feathers, his x mark, seal.
"White Horse, his x mark, seal.
"CHEYENNES
"Living Bear, his x mark, seal.
"Spotted Elk, his x mark, seal.
"Black Bear, his x mark, seal.
"Turkey Legs, his x mark, seal.
"Calfskin Shirt, his x mark, seal.
"Dated and signed at Spotted Tail agency, Nebraska, September 23, 1876.
"BRULE SIOUX
"Sinta-gleska, (Spotted Tail,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-luza, (Swift Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Nom-karpa, (Two Strike,) his x mark, seal.
"Wakinyan-ska, (White Thunder,) his x mark, seal.
"Heraka-najou, (Standing Elk,) his x mark, seal.
"Hi toto, (Blue Teeth,) his x mark, seal.
"Baptiste Good, his x mark, seal.
"Kangi-sapa, (Black Crow,) his x mark, seal.
"Taxunke-wakita, (Looking Horse,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-ocin-xica, (Wicked Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Wamli-cikala, (Little Eagle,) his x mark, seal.
"Xunka-luta, (Red Dog,) his x mark, seal.
"Tacampi-to, (Blue Tomahawk,) his x mark, seal.
"Xunka-luza, (Fast Dog,) his x mark, seal.
"Miwatani-hanska, (Tall Mandan,) his x mark, seal.
"Hitunkasan-luta, (Red Weasel,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-wakan, (Sacred Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Muggins, his x mark, seal.
"Ixnalawica, (Only Male,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-can-wegna-iyaye, (Bear-in-the-wood,) his x mark, seal.
"Hobu, (Coarse Voice,) his x mark, seal.
"No Flesh, (Conica-wanica,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-waukantu, (High Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Wicampi-tanka, (Big Star,) his x mark, seal.
"Akan-ka-kte, (Killed-on-horseback,) his x mark, seal.
"Ixta-ska-ska, (White Eyes,) his x mark, seal.
"Wamnionmi-akcita, (Whirlwind Soldier,) his x mark, seal.
"Wakinyan-cangleska, (Ring Thunder,) his x mark, seal.
"Wakinyan-wamli, (Thunder Eagle,) his x mark, seal.
"Xkeca-guaxkingan, (Crazy Mink,) his x mark, seal.
"Ho waxte, (Good Voice,) his x mark, seal.
"Ta-kudankokipexni, (Afraid-of-nothing,) his x mark, seal.
"Cante-peta, (Fire heart,) his x mark, seal.
"Wapaswapi, (Roast,) his x mark, seal.
"Itecantku-ze, (Yellow Breast,) his x mark, seal.
"Maza-wanapinya, (Iron Necklace,) his x mark, seal.
"Sinte-gleska-holkxila, (Young Spotted Tail,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-wanagi, (Bear Ghost,) his x mark, seal.
"Xunka-ixlala, (Lone Dog,) his x mark, seal.
"Pte-samvicaxa, (White Buffalo man,) his x mark, seal.
"Maz-ixta, (Iron Eyes,) his x mark, seal.
"Asanpi, (Milk,) his x mark, seal.
"Cetanwamli, (Eagle Hawk,) his x mark, seal.
"I certify that the foregoing treaty was read and explained by me, and was fully understood by the above named Indians, before signing, and that the same was executed by the above Ogallalla Sioux, Cheyennes, and Arapahoes, at Red Cloud agency, on the 20th day of September, A.D. 1876, and by the Brule Sioux at Spotted Tail agency on the 23rd day of September, A.D. 1876.
"SAML. D. HINMAN,
"Official Interpreter.
"Attest:
"Louis Bordeaux,
"William Garnett,
"William Roland,
"Henry C. Clifford
"Interpreters.
Consent of Sioux at Standing Rock.
"The foregoing articles of agreement having been fully explained to us in open council, we, the chiefs and headmen of the various bands of Sioux Indians, receiving rations and annuities at the Standing Rock agency, in the Territory of Dakota, do hereby consent and agree to all the stipulations therein contained, with the exception of so much of article four of said agreement as relates to our visit and removal to the Indian Territory; in all other respects the said article remaining in full force and effect.
"Witness our hands and seals at Standing Rock agency, Territory of Dakota, this 11th day of October, A. D. 1876.
"LOWER YANCTONAIS
"Mato-nonpa, (Two Bears,) his x mark, seal.
"Tashunka-kokipapi, (He fears his horse,) his x mark, seal.
"Waha, (Cotton Wood,) his x mark, seal.
"Hogan-duta, (Red Fish,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-Gnashkinyan, (Mad Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Cokamti, (Camp in Middle,) his x mark, seal.
"Tatanka-wanagi, (Bull's Ghost,) his x mark, seal.
"Waonzonge, (Pantaloons,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato chitika, (Brave Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Can-Icu, (Drag Wood,) his x mark, seal.
"Iyayog-manni, (Walk out of the way,) his x mark, seal.
"Igmu-sapa, (Black Wild Cat,) his x mark, seal.
"Akicita cikala, (Little Soldier,) his x mark, seal.
"Canhpi-sapa, (Black Tomahawk,) his x mark, seal.
"Hahaka-maza, (Iron Elk,) his x mark, seal.
"Inyang-mani, (Running Walker,) his x mark, seal.
"Tashunka-witko, (Fool Dog,) his x mark, seal.
"Wanmli-napin, (Eagle Necklace,) his x mark, seal.
"UPPER YANCTONAIS
"Nasulan-tanka, (Big Head,) his x mark, seal.
"Shunkaha-napin, (Wolf Necklace,) his x mark, seal.
"Ishta-sapa, (Black Eye,) his x mark, seal.
"Tahinca-ska, (White Deer,) his x mark, seal.
"Tatanka-luta, (Red Bull,) his x mark, seal.
"Maga, (Goose,) his x mark, seal.
"Tacanonpa, (His Pipe,) his x mark, seal.
"Cante-witko, (Fool Heart,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-wakantuya, (High Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Tatanka-pa, (Bull Head,) his x mark, seal.
"Shunka-wanjila, (Lone Dog,) his x mark, seal.
"Nape-tanka, (Big Hand,) his x mark, seal.
"UNCPAPAS
"Cetan-wakinyan, (Thunder Hawk,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato cuwiyuksa, (Bear Rib,) his x mark, seal.
"Tatoke-inyanke, (Running Antelope,) his x mark, seal.
"He-maza, (Iron Horn,) his x mark, seal.
"Wakute-mani, (Walking Shooter,) his x mark, seal.
"Akicita-hanska, (Long Soldier,) his x mark, seal.
"Wicasha-wakan, (Medicine Man,) his x mark, seal.
"Ishta-ska, (White Eye,) his x mark, seal.
"Zitkala-sapa, (Black Bird,) his x mark, seal.
"Nape-shica, (Bad Hand,) his x mark, seal.
"Wahukeza-luta, (Scarlet Lance,) his x mark, seal.
"BLACKFEET
"Peji, (John Grass,) his x mark, seal.
"Kangi-iyotanka, (Sitting Crow,) his x mark, seal.
"Cante-pete, (Fire Heart,) his x mark, seal.
"Zitkala-wankantuya, (High Bird,) his x mark, seal.
"Nata-opi, (Wounded Head,) his x mark, seal.
"Tashunka-luta, (Red Horse,) his x mark, seal.
"Cetan-luta, (Red Hawk,) his x mark, seal.
"Attest:
"R. E. Johnston
"Captain First Infantry, Bvt. Lieut. Col.,
"U.S.A., Acting Indian Agent.
"W. D. Wolverton,
"Surgeon U.S.A.
"I certify that the foregoing agreement was read and explained by me, and was fully understood by the above named Sioux Indians before signing, and that the same was executed by said Sioux Indians at Standing Rock agency, Dak, on the 11th day of October, A.D. 1876.
"SAML. D. HINMAN,
"Official Interpreter.
"Attest:
"Louis Agard,
"William Halsey,
"E. H. Allison,
"Interpreters.
Consent of Sioux at Cheyenne River.
"The foregoing articles of agreement having been fully explained to us in open council, we, the chiefs and headmen of the various bands of Sioux Indians, receiving rations and annuities at the Cheyenne River agency, in the Territory of Dakota, do hereby consent and agree to all the stipulations therein contained, with the exception of so much of article 4 of said agreement as relates to our visit and removal to the Indian Territory; in all other respects the said article remaining in full force and effect.
"Witness our hands and seals at Cheyenne River agency, Territory of Dakota, this 16th day of October, A. D. 1876.
"SANS ARC
"Kangi-wiyaka, (Crow Feather,) his x mark, seal.
"Waanatan, (The Charger,) his x mark, seal.
"Cetan-gi, (Yellow Hawk,) his x mark, seal.
"Taku-kokipa-xni, (Fearless,) his x mark, seal.
"Wiyaka-luta, (Red Feather,) his x mark, seal.
"Ho-waxte, (Good Voice,) his x mark, seal.
"Ite-xujahan, (Scare the Hawk,) his x mark, seal.
"Waiglu-xica, (Man that Hurts Himself,) his x mark, seal.
"Tatanka-ska, (White Bull,) his x mark, seal.
"Pehin-xaxa, (Red Hair,) his x mark, seal.
"BLACKFEET
"Mato-ayuwi, (Turning Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Wakinyan-ska, (White Thunder,) his x mark, seal.
"Ixto-xakiya, (Red Arm,) his x mark, seal.
"Hehloga, (Yearling,) his x mark, seal.
"Pa-hoton, (Sounding Head,) his x mark, seal.
"Mahpiya-gleglega, (Striped Cloud,) his x mark, seal.
"Itoye-psunpsunla, (Awkward Face,) his x mark, seal.
"Maza-napin, (Iron Necklace,) his x mark, seal.
"TWO KETTLE
"Mato-topa, (Four Bears,) his x mark, seal.
"Cuwi-hla-mani, (Rattling Ribs,) his x mark, seal.
"Mawatani-hanska-hokxila, (Long Mandan's Son,) his x mark, seal.
"Can-haha, (The Log,) his x mark, seal.
"Tacanhpi-luta, (Red Tomahawk,) his x mark, seal.
"Wokaya, (Brings the Food,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-waaktonsya, (Forgetful Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Xung-gleska-sapa, (Black Spotted Horse,) his x mark, seal.
"Xunka-wanjila, (The Lone Dog,) his x mark, seal.
"Hehaka-ska, (White Elk,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-gleska, (Spotted Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Ptesan-wanmli, (White Cow Eagle,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato wanmli, (Bear Eagle,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-tanka, (Big Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Cetan-luzahan, (Swift Hawk,) his x mark, seal.
"Wamniomni-luzahan, (Swift Whirlwind,) his x mark, seal.
"Taxunke-kokipapi, (Afraid-of-his-horse,) his x mark, seal.
"Hebola-nonpa, (Good Thunder,) his x mark, seal.
"Peji-to, (Green Grass,) his x mark, seal.
"Zitkala-kinyan, (Flying Bird,) his x mark, seal.
"Taxunka-maza, (Iron Horse,) his x mark, seal.
"Ptesan-wicaxa, (White Cow Man,) his x mark, seal.
"Sinte-nonpa, (Two Tails,) his x mark, seal.
"Kinyan-axapi, (Flying Laughing,) his x mark, seal.
"Inyan-hanksa, (Long Stone,) his x mark, seal.
"Natala, (Head,) his x mark, seal.
"Xungleska, (Spotted Horse,) his x mark, seal.
"Xiyo-sapa, (Black Prairie Chicken,) his x mark, seal.
"Wakuwa-mani, (Walking Hunter,) his x mark, seal.
"MINNECONJOU
"Magaska, (Swan,) his x mark, seal.
"Magakxica, (The Duck,) his x mark, seal.
"Cante-wanica, (No Heart,) his x mark, seal.
"Cante-wanica-wichahca, (Old Man No Heart,) his x mark, seal.
"Mahaka, (Standing Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Ixnawasanica, (The Half,) his x mark, seal.
"Xina-ska, (White Robe,) his x mark, seal.
"Canhpi-sapa, (Black Tomahawk,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-wankantuya, (High Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Winkte-nonpa, (The Keg,) his x mark, seal.
"Kankaca-luta, (Red Plume,) his x mark, seal.
"Hehanskaska, (long Horn,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-waxte, (Good Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Tatanka-pahakan-najin, (Bull on the Hill,) his x mark, seal.
"Xiyo-hanska, (Tall Prairie Chicken,) his x mark, seal.
"Cetan-gleska, (Spotted Hawk,) his x mark, seal.
"Inyan-boslahan, (Standing Rock,) his x mark, seal.
"Attest:
"CHARLES A. WICKOFF,
"Capt. Eleventh Infantry.
"LESLIE SMITH
"Capt. First Infantry, Bvt. Major, U.S. Army.
"Wm. Fielder,
"Mark Wells,
"Interpreters.
"I certify that the foregoing agreement was read and explained by me, and was fully understood by the above named Sioux Indians before signing; and that the same was executed by said Sioux Indians at Cheyenne River agency, Dakota, on the 16th day of October, A.D. 1876.
"SAML. D. HINMAN,
"Official Interpreter.
Consent of Sioux at Crow Creek.
"The foregoing articles of agreement having been fully explained to us in open council, we, the undersigned chiefs and headmen of the Sioux Indians, receiving rations and annuities at the Crow Creek agency, in the Territory of Dakota, do hereby consent and agree to all the stipulations therein contained, with the exception of so much of article 4 of said agreement as relates to our visit and removal to the Indian Territory; in all other respects the said article remaining in full force and effect.
"Witness our hands and seals at Crow Creek agency, Territory of Dakota, this 21st day of October, A. D. 1876.
"LOWER YANCTONAIS
"Wanigi-ska, (White Ghost,) his x mark, seal.
"Wanmdi-sapa, (Black Eagle,) his x mark, seal.
"Wizi, (Old Lodge,) his x mark, seal.
"Najinyan-upi, (Surrounded,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-watakpe, (Attacking Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-wakuwa-wicarca, (Old Man Running Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-wakuwa-hokxina, (Young Man Running Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Katayapi, (Killed,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-wakokipe-xni, (Fearless Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-ska, (White Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Waksuyemani, (Returns from War,) his x mark, seal.
"Kasde, (Splits,) his x mark, seal.
"Cagu-ska, (White Lungs or Bear Ghost,) his x mark, seal.
"Wanmdi-wicaxa, (Eagle Man,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-cekiyapi, (They Worship the Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Kangi-iawakan, (Sacred Talking Crow,) his x mark, seal.
"Cetan-koyagmani, (Walks With a Hawk,) his x mark, seal.
"Maga-bobdu, (Stormy Goose,) his x mark, seal.
"Wage-hunka, (Yellow Man,) his x mark, seal.
"Nakpa-wanjina, (One Ear,) his x mark, seal.
"Onspexni, (He Don't Know,) his x mark, seal.
"Attest:
"HENRY F LIVINGSTON.
"FRANKLIN J. DE WITT.
"Edwd Ashley,
"H Burt,
"Antoine Le Clare,
"Interpreters.
"I certify that the foregoing agreement was read and explained by me, and was fully understood by the above named Sioux Indians before signing, and that the same was executed by said Sioux Indians at Crow Creek, Dakota, on the 21st day of October, A.D. 1876.
"SAML. D. HINMAN,
"Official Interpreter.
Consent of Sioux at Lower Brule.
"The foregoing articles of agreement having been fully explained to us in open council, we, the undersigned chiefs and headmen of the Sioux Indians, receiving rations and annuities at Lower Brule agency, in the Territory of Dakota, do hereby consent and agree to all the stipulations therein contained, with the exception of so much of article 4 of said agreement as relates to our visit and removal to the Indian Territory; in all other respects the said article remaining in full force and effect.
"Witness our hands and seals at Lower Brule agency, Territory of Dakota, this 24th day of October, A. D. 1876.
"LOWER BRULES
"Maza-oyate, (Iron Nation,) his x mark, seal.
"Tatanka-wakan, (Medicine Bull,) his x mark, seal.
"Ptesan-wicakte, (White Buffalo Cow,) his x mark, seal.
"Xiyocikala, (Little Pheasant,) his x mark, seal.
"Tatanka-pa, (Buffalo Head,) his x mark, seal.
"Marpiya-inajin, (Standing Cloud,) his x mark, seal.
"Cante-wicuwa, (Useful Heart,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-xake-hanska, (Long Bear Claws,) his x mark, seal.
"Ixna-wica, (Only Man,) his x mark, seal.
"Attest
"HENRY E. GREGORY,
"I. D. DE RUSSY,
"Captain Second Infantry, U.S.A.
"Zephir Rencountre,
"H Burt,
"Interpreters.
"I certify that the foregoing agreement was read and explained by me, and was fully understood by the above named Sioux Indians before signing, and that the same was executed by said Sioux Indians at Lower Brule agency, Dakota, on the 24th day of October, A.D. 1876.
"SAML. D. HINMAN,
"Official Interpreter.
Consent of Sioux at Santee Reservation.
"The foregoing articles of agreement having been fully explained to us in open council, we, the undersigned chiefs and headmen of the Sioux Indians, receiving rations and annuities at the Santee reservation, in Knox County, in the State of Nebraska, do hereby consent and agree to all the stipulations therein contained, saving, reserving, and excepting all our rights, both collective and individual, in and to the said Santee reservation, in said Knox County and State of Nebraska, upon which we, the undersigned, and our people are now residing.
"Witness our hands and seals at Santee agency, county of Knox, State of Nebraska, this 27th day of October, A. D. 1876.
"SANTEE
"Joseph Wabashow, seal.
"Hake-waxte, his x mark, seal.
"Wakute, (The Shooter,) his x mark, seal.
"Huxaxa, (Red Legs,) his x mark, seal.
"Marpiya-duta, (Red Cloud,) his x mark, seal.
"Wakaninihanku, his x mark, seal.
"Wamanonsa, (The Thief,) his x mark, seal.
"Star Frazier, his x mark, seal.
"Pepe, (Sharp,) his x mark, seal.
"Hehaka-maza, (Iron Elk,) his x mark, seal.
"Tunkanwaxtexte, (The Good Stone God,) his x mark, seal.
"Daniel W. Hemans, seal.
"Eli Abraham, seal.
"Geo. Paypay, seal.
"Artemas Ehuamani, seal.
"James Paypay, seal.
"Attest:
"CHAS. H. SEARING.
"JOSEPH W. COOK.
"Charles Mitchell,
"Alfred L. Riggs,
"Interpreters.
"I certify that the foregoing agreement was read and explained by me, and was fully understood by the above named Sioux Indians before signing, and that the same was executed by said Sioux Indians at Santee agency, county of Knox, and state of Nebraska, on the 27th day of October, A.D. 1876.
"SAML. D. HINMAN,
"Official Interpreter.
Approved, February 28, 1877.
Taza, son of Cochise and a leader in his own right, died in Washington D.C. of pneumonia. He was 33 years old. He was laid to rest there.
The German manufacturer Henkel, most famous to history for aircraft, was founded. The multifaceted company still exists.
Last edition:
A nocturnal train ride with former Civil War subordinate Capt. Robert Ingersol caused Gen. Lew Wallace to begin his intense study for a book that would end up being Ben Hur, which in turn would make the Civil War general and New Mexico Territorial Governor a wealthy man.
Ingersol was an atheist and Wallace was more or less an indifferent agnostic at the time. About the train ride, he's later state:
It is possible to fix the hour and place of the first thought of a book precisely enough; that was a night in 1876. I had been listening to discussion which involved such elemental points as God, heaven, life hereafter, Jesus Christ, and His divinity. Trudging on in the dark, alone except as one’s thoughts may be company, good or bad, a sense of the importance of the theme struck me for the first time with a force both singular and persistent. “My ignorance of it was painfully a spot of deeper darkness in the darkness. I was ashamed of myself, and make haste now to declare that the mortification of pride I then endured, or if it be preferred, the punishment of spirit, ended in a resolution to study the whole matter, if only for the gratification there might be in having convictions of one kind or another.
Research for the book caused Wallace to deepen a Christian faith he'd been indifferent to, although he never joined any one Protestant sect.
Wallace is an interesting figure. He first entered military service during the Mexican War. He met and married his wife, the daughter of his Mexican War commander, shortly after the war. Like Wallace, she was a writer and was published before he was. Between the Mexican War and Civil War he practiced law. He only briefly practiced law after the war.
He and his wife Susan only had one child, which was unusual for the time.
Last edition:
A category 4 hurricane made landfall at Miami.
It was a Saturday.
Drought and poor harvest resulted in the Soviet Union massively increasing the cost of meat, dairy products and bread. This would soo be followed by order reducing who could receive bread rations. The famine which would follow, would result in 1,000,000 lost lives into 1947.
Enzo Ferrari produced his first V12 engine.
Member of both of Major League Baseball's leagues privately voted to 15 to 1 to approve a recommendation allowing for black players.
Blues singer Mamie Smith died at age 55.
Last edition:
Rudyard Kipling released Debits and Credits. It contained the following poem.
The Vineyard
1
At the eleventh hour he came,
But his wages were the same
As ours who all day long had trod
The wine-press of the Wrath of God.
2
When he shouldered through the lines
Of our cropped and mangled vines,
His unjaded eye could scan
How each hour had marked its man.
3
(Children of the morning-tide
With the hosts of noon had died,
And our noon contingents lay
Dead with twilight's spent array.)
4
Since his back had felt no load,
Virtue still in him abode
So he swiftly made his own
Those last spoils we had not won.
5
We went home delivered thence,
Grudging him no recompense
Till he portioned praise of blame
To our works before he came.
6
Till he showed us for our good–
Deaf to mirth, and blind to scorn–
How we might have best withstood
Burdens that he had not borne!
It was interpreted as a criticism of the US's late entry into World War One, which it seems to have been. The bigger question may really have been, however, why the US would have had any reason to enter World War One but for German naval actions on the Atlantic.
Jelly Roll Morton released Black Bottom Stomp.
World War One German ace George Meyer was killed in a motorcycle accident.
Last edition:
Commerce Secretary Henry A. Wallace delivered a speech at Madison Square Garden contradicting the speech just delivered by Secretary of State Byrnes. The speech criticized the administration's foreign policy and ultimately made almost everyone mad.
Truman had reviewed a draft of the speech and when asked by a reporter if it representing the policy of his government, he said that it did, only to rapidly attempt to claw that back when he realized what the speech said.
The speech brought Wallace's career, which saw him rise to the position of a Vice President under Franklin Roosevelt, come to an end.
Wallace is an interesting character in that he's the most far left Vice President the nation ever had, and had Roosevelt died during his third term, it would have brought to power an administration that would have been on the extreme left. Indeed, Wallace was dumped in Roosevelt's last run as those close to FDR knew that he would not live through it.
Wallace had a bit of a track record of making embarrassing speeches. He'd made one regarding a prior Commerce Secretary in 1943.
Wallace was a curious figure. He was from the political far left and has been accused of being a Communist, which historians discount. He ran against Truman in the 1948 Presidential election on a revived Progressive Party ticket with Sen. Glen Taylor of Idaho. He became the editor of The New Republic in one of its down cycles. Interestingly, when TNR turned 100, one of the editor of the "back of the magazine" asserted that Wallace was a Communist.
He was an expert on chickens.
A headline that, thanks to vaccines, we don't see anymore.
Last edition:
The Brooklyn Dodgers and the Cincinnati Reds played the longest scoreless tie in Major League Baseball history. Nineteen innings in 4 hours, 40 minutes,
The game was called because of darkness.
The United States turned over $1,121,400,000 worth of surplus U.S. Army property to the Philippines.
Ida Stover Eisenhower, mother of Dwight Eisenhower, Milton S. Eisenhower, Edgar N. Eisenhower, Arthur Bradford Eisenhower, Paul Dawson Eisenhower, Roy Jacob Eisenhower, and Earl D. Eisenhower. died at age 84.
Dwight was, of course, Commander of SHAEF in World War Two, and later President of the United States. The military had actually been a default career for him, and not his first intention. Milton S. Eisenhower was an accomplished academic. Edgar was a lawyer. Earl an engineer and Kansas legislator.
Ida was a runaway. Family deaths and circumstances had left her in the care of an aunt and uncle who did not believe in female education, so she took off in order to go to high school. Her husband, David, was an engineer by training, but his personality left him impoverished and withdrawn.
She was a pacifist.
Blessed Francesco Giovanni Bonifacio was brutally murdered by Yugoslavian Popular Guards for being a Catholic Priest.
He was ethnically Italian, although the region of Italy he was born in was part of the Austro Hungarian Empire at the time of his birth. The region he was killed in was part of Italy at the time, but became part of Yugoslavia, and is now part of Croatia.
Johnny Allen Hendrix was renamed by his father to James Marshall Hendrix.
Last edition:
176 people were killed in a collision between a British Airways Trident and a Yugoslavian DC-9 near Zagreb.
The Fighters for Free Croatia hijacked TWA Flight 355 that was flying between New York and Montreal. A different group hijacked an Indian Airlines flight between New Delhi to Mumbai.
South Africa relaxed rules applying to "coloureds" but not black Africans.
Dalton Trumbo, blacklisted screenwriter who was originally from Colorado, died at age 70 in Los Angeles. A Communist, some of his screenplays were credited to fronts during the McCarthy Era.
Last edition:
Albanian born Sister Agnes Teresa Bojaxhiu of the Loreto Sisters' Convent while riding on a train from Siliguri to Darjeeling heard the call of God that; "I was to leave the convent and help the poor while living among them.".
She is known to us today as Saint Mother Teresa of Calcutta.
