St. Louis Cardinals beat the Brooklyn Dodgers 8–4 to win the second game of a best-of-3 series in the first National League playoffs ever held. They advanced to the 1946 World Series to face the Boston Red Sox.
The worst civilian air disaster up to that time occurred with a DC-4 airliner crashed in Newfoundland. The plane was on its way to Berlin.
Last edition:
Many Sioux and Cheyenne who had left reservations earlier remained off them, but none the less a new treaty was being successively signed with various returned bands.
The agreement ceded the Black Hills.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That a certain agreement made by George W. Manypenny, Henry B. Whipple, Jared W. Daniels, Albert G. Boone, Henry C. Bulis, Newton Edmunds, and Augustine S. Gaylord, commissioners on the part of the United States, with the different bands of the Sioux Nation of Indians, and also the Northern Arapaho and Cheyenne Indians, be, and the same is hereby, ratified and confirmed: Provided, That nothing in this act shall be construed to authorize the removal of the Sioux Indians to the Indian Territory and the President of the United States is hereby directed to prohibit the removal of any portion of the Sioux Indians to the Indian Territory until the same shall be authorized by an act of Congress hereafter enacted, except article four, except also the following portion of article six: "And if said Indians shall remove to said Indian Territory as hereinbefore provided, the Government shall erect for each of the principal chiefs a good and comfortable dwelling-house" said article not having been agreed to by the Sioux Nation; said agreement is in words and figures following, namely: "Articles of agreement made pursuant to the provisions of an act of Congress entitled 'An act making appropriations for the current and contingent expenses of the Indian Department, and for fulfilling treaty stipulations with various Indian tribes, for the year ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and seventy-seven, and for other purposes,' approved August 15, 1876, by and between George W. Manypenny, Henry B. Whipple, Jared W. Daniels, Albert G. Boone, Henry C. Bulis, Newton Edmunds, and Augustine S. Gaylord, commissioners on the part of the United States, and the different bands of the Sioux Nation of Indians, and also the Northern Arapahoes and Cheyennes, by their chiefs and headmen, whose names are hereto subscribed, they being duly authorized to act in the premises.
Boundaries of reduced reservation.
"Article 1. The said parties hereby agree that the northern and western boundaries of the reservation defined by article 2 of the treaty between the United States and different tribes of Sioux Indians, concluded April 29, 1868, and proclaimed February 24, 1869, shall be as follows: The western boundaries shall commence at the intersection of the one hundred and third meridian of longitude with the northern boundary of the State of Nebraska; thence north along said meridian to its intersection with the South Fork of the Cheyenne River; thence down said stream to its junction with the North Fork; thence up the North Fork of said Cheyenne River to the said one hundred and third meridian; thence north along said meridian to the South Branch of Cannon Ball River or Cedar Creek; and the northern boundary of their said reservation shall follow the said South Branch to its intersection with the main Cannon Ball River, and thence down the said main Cannon Ball River to the Missouri River; and the said Indians do hereby relinquish and cede to the United States all the territory lying outside the said reservation, as herein modified and described, including all privileges of hunting; and article 16 of said treaty is hereby abrogated.
Roads, etc., through reservation.
"Article 2. The said Indians also agree and consent that wagon and other roads, not exceeding three in number, may be constructed and maintained, from convenient and accessible points on the Missouri River, through said reservation, to the country lying immediately west thereof, upon such routes as shall be designated by the President of the United States; and they also consent and agree to the free navigation of the Missouri River.
Annuities, where received.
"Article 3. The said Indians also agree that they will hereafter receive all annuities provided by the said treaty of 1868, and all subsistence and supplies which may be provided for them under the present or any future act of Congress, at such points and places on the said reservation, and in the vicinity of the Missouri River, as the President of the United States shall designate.
Delegation to select home in Indian Territory.
Article 4 not confirmed.
Removal within one year.
"Article 4. [The Government of the United States and the said Indians, being mutually desirous that the latter shall be located in a country where they may eventually become self-supporting and acquire the arts of civilized life, it is therefore agreed that the said Indians shall select a delegation of five or more chiefs and principal men from each band, who shall, without delay, visit the Indian Territory under the guidance and protection of suitable persons, to be appointed for that purpose by the Department of the Interior, with a view to selecting therein a permanent home for the said Indians. If such delegation shall make a selection which shall be satisfactory to themselves, the people whom they represent, and to the United States, then the said Indians agree that they will remove to the country so selected within one year from this date. And the said Indians do further agree in all things to submit themselves to such beneficent plans as the Government may provide for them in the selection of a country suitable for a permanent home, where they may live like white men.]
Assistance, schools, rations, purchase of surplus, employment.
Sioux rations.
How issued.
Government will purchase surplus production.
"Article 5. In consideration of the foregoing cession of territory and rights, and upon full compliance with each and every obligation assumed by the said Indians, the United States does agree to provide all necessary aid to assist the said Indians in the work of civilization; to furnish to them schools and instruction in mechanical and agricultural arts, as provided for by the treaty of 1868. (Also to provide the said Indians with subsistence consisting of a ration for each individual of a pound and a half of beef, (or in lieu thereof, one half pound of bacon,) one-half pound of flour, and one-half pound of corn; and for every one hundred rations, four pounds of coffee, eight pounds of sugar, and three pounds of beans, or in lieu of said articles the equivalent thereof, in the discretion of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Such rations, or so much thereof as may be necessary, shall be continued until the Indians are able to support themselves.) Rations shall, in all cases, be issued to the head of each separate family; and whenever schools shall have been provided by the Government for said Indians, no rations shall be issued for children between the ages of six and fourteen years (the sick and infirm excepted) unless such children shall regularly attend school. Whenever the said Indians shall be located upon lands which are suitable for cultivation, rations shall be issued only to the persons and families of those persons who labor, (the aged, sick, and infirm excepted;) and as an incentive to industrious habits the Commissioner of Indian Affairs may provide that such persons be furnished in payment for their labor such other necessary articles as are requisite for civilized life. The Government will aid said Indians as far as possible in finding a market for their surplus productions, and in finding employment, and will purchase such surplus, as far as may be required, for supplying food to those Indians, parties to this agreement, who are unable to sustain themselves; and will also employ Indians, so far as practicable, in the performance of Government work upon their reservation.
Erection of houses on allotments.
So much of articles as is embraced in the brackets is not confirmed.
"Article 6. Whenever the head of a family shall, in good faith, select an allotment of said land upon such reservation and engage in the cultivation thereof, the Government shall, with his aid, erect a comfortable house on such allotment; [and if said Indians shall remove to said Indian Territory as hereinbefore provided, the Government shall erect for each of the principal chiefs a good and comfortable dwelling-house.]
Artisans and other employees to be married, etc.
Unfit persons to receive no benefits.
"Article 7. To improve the morals and industrious habits of said Indians, it is agreed that the agent, trader, farmer, carpenter, blacksmith, and other artisans employed or permitted to reside within the reservation belonging to the Indians, parties to this agreement, shall be lawfully married and living with their respective families on the reservation; and no person other than an Indian of full blood, whose fitness, morally or otherwise, is not, in the opinion of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, conducive to the welfare of said Indians, shall receive any benefit from this agreement or former treaties, and may be expelled from the reservation.
In force.
Indians subject to laws of United States.
"Article 8. The provisions of the said treaty of 1868, except as herein modified, shall continue in full force, and, with the provisions of this agreement, shall apply to any country which may hereafter be occupied by the said Indians as a home; and Congress shall, by appropriate legislation, secure to them an orderly government; they shall be subject to the laws of the United States, and each individual shall be protected in his rights of property, person, and life.
Indians pledged to this agreement.
Police force.
"Article 9. The Indians, parties to this agreement, do hereby solemnly pledge themselves, individually and collectively, to observe each and all of the stipulations herein contained, to select allotments of land as soon as possible after their removal to their permanent home, and to use their best efforts to learn to cultivate the same. And they do solemnly pledge themselves that they will at all times maintain peace with the citizens and Government of the United States; that they will observe the laws thereof and loyally endeavor to fulfill all the obligations assumed by them under the treaty of 1868 and the present agreement, and to this end will, whenever requested by the President of the United States, select so many suitable men from each band to co-operate with him in maintaining order and peace on the reservation as the President may deem necessary, who shall receive such compensation for their services as Congress may provide.
Annual census to be taken in December.
"Article 10. In order that the Government may faithfully fulfill the stipulations contained in this agreement, it is mutually agreed that a census of all Indians affected hereby shall be taken in the month of December of each year, and the names of each head of family and adult person registered; said census to be taken in such manner as the Commissioner of Indian Affairs may provide.
Term "reservation."
"Article 11. It is understood that the term reservation herein contained shall be held to apply to any country which shall be selected under the authority of the United States as the future home of said Indians.
Agreement subject to approval.
"This agreement shall not be binding upon either party until it shall have received the approval of the President and Congress of the United States.
Signatures.
"Dated and signed at Red Cloud agency, Nebraska, September 26, 1876.
"GEORGE W. MANYPENNY. [SEAL.]
"HENRY B. WHIPPLE. [SEAL.]
"J. W. DANIELS. [SEAL.]
"ALBERT G. BOONE. [SEAL.]
"H. C. BULIS. [SEAL.]
"NEWTON EDMUNDS. [SEAL.]
"A. S. GAYLORD. [SEAL.]
"Attest:
"Charles M. Hendley,
"Secretary.
"OGALLALLA SIOUX—CHIEFS AND HEADMEN
"Marpiya-luta, (Red Cloud,) his x mark, seal.
"Taxunke-kokipe, (Afraid-of-his-Horse,) his x mark, seal.
"Xunka-luta, (Red Dog,) his x mark, seal.
"Taopi-cikala, (Little Wound,) his x mark, seal.
"Waxicun-taxunke, (American Horse,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-kokipa, (Afraid-of-the-Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-yamni, (Three Bears,) his x mark, seal.
"Wakinyan-peta, (Fire-Thunder,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-luza, (Fast Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Kangi-ho-waxte, (Crow-with-a-good-voice,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-ayuwi, (Turning Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Itunkassan-waumli, (Weasel-Eagle,) his x mark, seal.
"Warpe-xa, (Red Leaf,) his x mark, seal.
"Ixta-peta, (Fire Eyes, or White Bull,) his x mark, seal.
"Pte-san-wicaxa, (Man White Cow,) his x mark, seal.
"Kangi-tanka, (Big Crow,) his x mark, seal.
"Tatanka-waxte, (Good Bull,) his x mark, seal.
"Xunkikyuha, (Sorrel Horse,) his x mark, seal.
"Itunkasan-mato, (Weasel-Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Wahukeza-nonpa, (Two-Lance,) his x mark, seal.
"Owe-xica, (Bad Wound,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-wankantu, (High Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Tokicu, (He-takes-the-Enemy,) his x mark, seal.
"Akcita, (Soldier,) his x mark, seal.
"Ite-glega, (Stupid Face, or Slow Bull,) his x mark, seal.
"Xunmanito wankantu, (High Wolf,) his x mark, seal.
"Si-tanka, (Big Foot,) his x mark, seal.
"Wakinyan-ska, (White Thunder,) his x mark, seal.
"Xunki-to, (Blue Horse,) his x mark, seal.
"ARAPAHOES
"Black Coal, his x mark, seal.
"Crazy Bull, his x mark, seal.
"Little Wolf, his x mark, seal.
"Sharp Nose, his x mark, seal.
"Six Feathers, his x mark, seal.
"White Horse, his x mark, seal.
"CHEYENNES
"Living Bear, his x mark, seal.
"Spotted Elk, his x mark, seal.
"Black Bear, his x mark, seal.
"Turkey Legs, his x mark, seal.
"Calfskin Shirt, his x mark, seal.
"Dated and signed at Spotted Tail agency, Nebraska, September 23, 1876.
"BRULE SIOUX
"Sinta-gleska, (Spotted Tail,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-luza, (Swift Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Nom-karpa, (Two Strike,) his x mark, seal.
"Wakinyan-ska, (White Thunder,) his x mark, seal.
"Heraka-najou, (Standing Elk,) his x mark, seal.
"Hi toto, (Blue Teeth,) his x mark, seal.
"Baptiste Good, his x mark, seal.
"Kangi-sapa, (Black Crow,) his x mark, seal.
"Taxunke-wakita, (Looking Horse,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-ocin-xica, (Wicked Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Wamli-cikala, (Little Eagle,) his x mark, seal.
"Xunka-luta, (Red Dog,) his x mark, seal.
"Tacampi-to, (Blue Tomahawk,) his x mark, seal.
"Xunka-luza, (Fast Dog,) his x mark, seal.
"Miwatani-hanska, (Tall Mandan,) his x mark, seal.
"Hitunkasan-luta, (Red Weasel,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-wakan, (Sacred Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Muggins, his x mark, seal.
"Ixnalawica, (Only Male,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-can-wegna-iyaye, (Bear-in-the-wood,) his x mark, seal.
"Hobu, (Coarse Voice,) his x mark, seal.
"No Flesh, (Conica-wanica,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-waukantu, (High Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Wicampi-tanka, (Big Star,) his x mark, seal.
"Akan-ka-kte, (Killed-on-horseback,) his x mark, seal.
"Ixta-ska-ska, (White Eyes,) his x mark, seal.
"Wamnionmi-akcita, (Whirlwind Soldier,) his x mark, seal.
"Wakinyan-cangleska, (Ring Thunder,) his x mark, seal.
"Wakinyan-wamli, (Thunder Eagle,) his x mark, seal.
"Xkeca-guaxkingan, (Crazy Mink,) his x mark, seal.
"Ho waxte, (Good Voice,) his x mark, seal.
"Ta-kudankokipexni, (Afraid-of-nothing,) his x mark, seal.
"Cante-peta, (Fire heart,) his x mark, seal.
"Wapaswapi, (Roast,) his x mark, seal.
"Itecantku-ze, (Yellow Breast,) his x mark, seal.
"Maza-wanapinya, (Iron Necklace,) his x mark, seal.
"Sinte-gleska-holkxila, (Young Spotted Tail,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-wanagi, (Bear Ghost,) his x mark, seal.
"Xunka-ixlala, (Lone Dog,) his x mark, seal.
"Pte-samvicaxa, (White Buffalo man,) his x mark, seal.
"Maz-ixta, (Iron Eyes,) his x mark, seal.
"Asanpi, (Milk,) his x mark, seal.
"Cetanwamli, (Eagle Hawk,) his x mark, seal.
"I certify that the foregoing treaty was read and explained by me, and was fully understood by the above named Indians, before signing, and that the same was executed by the above Ogallalla Sioux, Cheyennes, and Arapahoes, at Red Cloud agency, on the 20th day of September, A.D. 1876, and by the Brule Sioux at Spotted Tail agency on the 23rd day of September, A.D. 1876.
"SAML. D. HINMAN,
"Official Interpreter.
"Attest:
"Louis Bordeaux,
"William Garnett,
"William Roland,
"Henry C. Clifford
"Interpreters.
Consent of Sioux at Standing Rock.
"The foregoing articles of agreement having been fully explained to us in open council, we, the chiefs and headmen of the various bands of Sioux Indians, receiving rations and annuities at the Standing Rock agency, in the Territory of Dakota, do hereby consent and agree to all the stipulations therein contained, with the exception of so much of article four of said agreement as relates to our visit and removal to the Indian Territory; in all other respects the said article remaining in full force and effect.
"Witness our hands and seals at Standing Rock agency, Territory of Dakota, this 11th day of October, A. D. 1876.
"LOWER YANCTONAIS
"Mato-nonpa, (Two Bears,) his x mark, seal.
"Tashunka-kokipapi, (He fears his horse,) his x mark, seal.
"Waha, (Cotton Wood,) his x mark, seal.
"Hogan-duta, (Red Fish,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-Gnashkinyan, (Mad Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Cokamti, (Camp in Middle,) his x mark, seal.
"Tatanka-wanagi, (Bull's Ghost,) his x mark, seal.
"Waonzonge, (Pantaloons,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato chitika, (Brave Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Can-Icu, (Drag Wood,) his x mark, seal.
"Iyayog-manni, (Walk out of the way,) his x mark, seal.
"Igmu-sapa, (Black Wild Cat,) his x mark, seal.
"Akicita cikala, (Little Soldier,) his x mark, seal.
"Canhpi-sapa, (Black Tomahawk,) his x mark, seal.
"Hahaka-maza, (Iron Elk,) his x mark, seal.
"Inyang-mani, (Running Walker,) his x mark, seal.
"Tashunka-witko, (Fool Dog,) his x mark, seal.
"Wanmli-napin, (Eagle Necklace,) his x mark, seal.
"UPPER YANCTONAIS
"Nasulan-tanka, (Big Head,) his x mark, seal.
"Shunkaha-napin, (Wolf Necklace,) his x mark, seal.
"Ishta-sapa, (Black Eye,) his x mark, seal.
"Tahinca-ska, (White Deer,) his x mark, seal.
"Tatanka-luta, (Red Bull,) his x mark, seal.
"Maga, (Goose,) his x mark, seal.
"Tacanonpa, (His Pipe,) his x mark, seal.
"Cante-witko, (Fool Heart,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-wakantuya, (High Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Tatanka-pa, (Bull Head,) his x mark, seal.
"Shunka-wanjila, (Lone Dog,) his x mark, seal.
"Nape-tanka, (Big Hand,) his x mark, seal.
"UNCPAPAS
"Cetan-wakinyan, (Thunder Hawk,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato cuwiyuksa, (Bear Rib,) his x mark, seal.
"Tatoke-inyanke, (Running Antelope,) his x mark, seal.
"He-maza, (Iron Horn,) his x mark, seal.
"Wakute-mani, (Walking Shooter,) his x mark, seal.
"Akicita-hanska, (Long Soldier,) his x mark, seal.
"Wicasha-wakan, (Medicine Man,) his x mark, seal.
"Ishta-ska, (White Eye,) his x mark, seal.
"Zitkala-sapa, (Black Bird,) his x mark, seal.
"Nape-shica, (Bad Hand,) his x mark, seal.
"Wahukeza-luta, (Scarlet Lance,) his x mark, seal.
"BLACKFEET
"Peji, (John Grass,) his x mark, seal.
"Kangi-iyotanka, (Sitting Crow,) his x mark, seal.
"Cante-pete, (Fire Heart,) his x mark, seal.
"Zitkala-wankantuya, (High Bird,) his x mark, seal.
"Nata-opi, (Wounded Head,) his x mark, seal.
"Tashunka-luta, (Red Horse,) his x mark, seal.
"Cetan-luta, (Red Hawk,) his x mark, seal.
"Attest:
"R. E. Johnston
"Captain First Infantry, Bvt. Lieut. Col.,
"U.S.A., Acting Indian Agent.
"W. D. Wolverton,
"Surgeon U.S.A.
"I certify that the foregoing agreement was read and explained by me, and was fully understood by the above named Sioux Indians before signing, and that the same was executed by said Sioux Indians at Standing Rock agency, Dak, on the 11th day of October, A.D. 1876.
"SAML. D. HINMAN,
"Official Interpreter.
"Attest:
"Louis Agard,
"William Halsey,
"E. H. Allison,
"Interpreters.
Consent of Sioux at Cheyenne River.
"The foregoing articles of agreement having been fully explained to us in open council, we, the chiefs and headmen of the various bands of Sioux Indians, receiving rations and annuities at the Cheyenne River agency, in the Territory of Dakota, do hereby consent and agree to all the stipulations therein contained, with the exception of so much of article 4 of said agreement as relates to our visit and removal to the Indian Territory; in all other respects the said article remaining in full force and effect.
"Witness our hands and seals at Cheyenne River agency, Territory of Dakota, this 16th day of October, A. D. 1876.
"SANS ARC
"Kangi-wiyaka, (Crow Feather,) his x mark, seal.
"Waanatan, (The Charger,) his x mark, seal.
"Cetan-gi, (Yellow Hawk,) his x mark, seal.
"Taku-kokipa-xni, (Fearless,) his x mark, seal.
"Wiyaka-luta, (Red Feather,) his x mark, seal.
"Ho-waxte, (Good Voice,) his x mark, seal.
"Ite-xujahan, (Scare the Hawk,) his x mark, seal.
"Waiglu-xica, (Man that Hurts Himself,) his x mark, seal.
"Tatanka-ska, (White Bull,) his x mark, seal.
"Pehin-xaxa, (Red Hair,) his x mark, seal.
"BLACKFEET
"Mato-ayuwi, (Turning Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Wakinyan-ska, (White Thunder,) his x mark, seal.
"Ixto-xakiya, (Red Arm,) his x mark, seal.
"Hehloga, (Yearling,) his x mark, seal.
"Pa-hoton, (Sounding Head,) his x mark, seal.
"Mahpiya-gleglega, (Striped Cloud,) his x mark, seal.
"Itoye-psunpsunla, (Awkward Face,) his x mark, seal.
"Maza-napin, (Iron Necklace,) his x mark, seal.
"TWO KETTLE
"Mato-topa, (Four Bears,) his x mark, seal.
"Cuwi-hla-mani, (Rattling Ribs,) his x mark, seal.
"Mawatani-hanska-hokxila, (Long Mandan's Son,) his x mark, seal.
"Can-haha, (The Log,) his x mark, seal.
"Tacanhpi-luta, (Red Tomahawk,) his x mark, seal.
"Wokaya, (Brings the Food,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-waaktonsya, (Forgetful Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Xung-gleska-sapa, (Black Spotted Horse,) his x mark, seal.
"Xunka-wanjila, (The Lone Dog,) his x mark, seal.
"Hehaka-ska, (White Elk,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-gleska, (Spotted Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Ptesan-wanmli, (White Cow Eagle,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato wanmli, (Bear Eagle,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-tanka, (Big Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Cetan-luzahan, (Swift Hawk,) his x mark, seal.
"Wamniomni-luzahan, (Swift Whirlwind,) his x mark, seal.
"Taxunke-kokipapi, (Afraid-of-his-horse,) his x mark, seal.
"Hebola-nonpa, (Good Thunder,) his x mark, seal.
"Peji-to, (Green Grass,) his x mark, seal.
"Zitkala-kinyan, (Flying Bird,) his x mark, seal.
"Taxunka-maza, (Iron Horse,) his x mark, seal.
"Ptesan-wicaxa, (White Cow Man,) his x mark, seal.
"Sinte-nonpa, (Two Tails,) his x mark, seal.
"Kinyan-axapi, (Flying Laughing,) his x mark, seal.
"Inyan-hanksa, (Long Stone,) his x mark, seal.
"Natala, (Head,) his x mark, seal.
"Xungleska, (Spotted Horse,) his x mark, seal.
"Xiyo-sapa, (Black Prairie Chicken,) his x mark, seal.
"Wakuwa-mani, (Walking Hunter,) his x mark, seal.
"MINNECONJOU
"Magaska, (Swan,) his x mark, seal.
"Magakxica, (The Duck,) his x mark, seal.
"Cante-wanica, (No Heart,) his x mark, seal.
"Cante-wanica-wichahca, (Old Man No Heart,) his x mark, seal.
"Mahaka, (Standing Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Ixnawasanica, (The Half,) his x mark, seal.
"Xina-ska, (White Robe,) his x mark, seal.
"Canhpi-sapa, (Black Tomahawk,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-wankantuya, (High Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Winkte-nonpa, (The Keg,) his x mark, seal.
"Kankaca-luta, (Red Plume,) his x mark, seal.
"Hehanskaska, (long Horn,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-waxte, (Good Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Tatanka-pahakan-najin, (Bull on the Hill,) his x mark, seal.
"Xiyo-hanska, (Tall Prairie Chicken,) his x mark, seal.
"Cetan-gleska, (Spotted Hawk,) his x mark, seal.
"Inyan-boslahan, (Standing Rock,) his x mark, seal.
"Attest:
"CHARLES A. WICKOFF,
"Capt. Eleventh Infantry.
"LESLIE SMITH
"Capt. First Infantry, Bvt. Major, U.S. Army.
"Wm. Fielder,
"Mark Wells,
"Interpreters.
"I certify that the foregoing agreement was read and explained by me, and was fully understood by the above named Sioux Indians before signing; and that the same was executed by said Sioux Indians at Cheyenne River agency, Dakota, on the 16th day of October, A.D. 1876.
"SAML. D. HINMAN,
"Official Interpreter.
Consent of Sioux at Crow Creek.
"The foregoing articles of agreement having been fully explained to us in open council, we, the undersigned chiefs and headmen of the Sioux Indians, receiving rations and annuities at the Crow Creek agency, in the Territory of Dakota, do hereby consent and agree to all the stipulations therein contained, with the exception of so much of article 4 of said agreement as relates to our visit and removal to the Indian Territory; in all other respects the said article remaining in full force and effect.
"Witness our hands and seals at Crow Creek agency, Territory of Dakota, this 21st day of October, A. D. 1876.
"LOWER YANCTONAIS
"Wanigi-ska, (White Ghost,) his x mark, seal.
"Wanmdi-sapa, (Black Eagle,) his x mark, seal.
"Wizi, (Old Lodge,) his x mark, seal.
"Najinyan-upi, (Surrounded,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-watakpe, (Attacking Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-wakuwa-wicarca, (Old Man Running Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-wakuwa-hokxina, (Young Man Running Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Katayapi, (Killed,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-wakokipe-xni, (Fearless Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-ska, (White Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Waksuyemani, (Returns from War,) his x mark, seal.
"Kasde, (Splits,) his x mark, seal.
"Cagu-ska, (White Lungs or Bear Ghost,) his x mark, seal.
"Wanmdi-wicaxa, (Eagle Man,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-cekiyapi, (They Worship the Bear,) his x mark, seal.
"Kangi-iawakan, (Sacred Talking Crow,) his x mark, seal.
"Cetan-koyagmani, (Walks With a Hawk,) his x mark, seal.
"Maga-bobdu, (Stormy Goose,) his x mark, seal.
"Wage-hunka, (Yellow Man,) his x mark, seal.
"Nakpa-wanjina, (One Ear,) his x mark, seal.
"Onspexni, (He Don't Know,) his x mark, seal.
"Attest:
"HENRY F LIVINGSTON.
"FRANKLIN J. DE WITT.
"Edwd Ashley,
"H Burt,
"Antoine Le Clare,
"Interpreters.
"I certify that the foregoing agreement was read and explained by me, and was fully understood by the above named Sioux Indians before signing, and that the same was executed by said Sioux Indians at Crow Creek, Dakota, on the 21st day of October, A.D. 1876.
"SAML. D. HINMAN,
"Official Interpreter.
Consent of Sioux at Lower Brule.
"The foregoing articles of agreement having been fully explained to us in open council, we, the undersigned chiefs and headmen of the Sioux Indians, receiving rations and annuities at Lower Brule agency, in the Territory of Dakota, do hereby consent and agree to all the stipulations therein contained, with the exception of so much of article 4 of said agreement as relates to our visit and removal to the Indian Territory; in all other respects the said article remaining in full force and effect.
"Witness our hands and seals at Lower Brule agency, Territory of Dakota, this 24th day of October, A. D. 1876.
"LOWER BRULES
"Maza-oyate, (Iron Nation,) his x mark, seal.
"Tatanka-wakan, (Medicine Bull,) his x mark, seal.
"Ptesan-wicakte, (White Buffalo Cow,) his x mark, seal.
"Xiyocikala, (Little Pheasant,) his x mark, seal.
"Tatanka-pa, (Buffalo Head,) his x mark, seal.
"Marpiya-inajin, (Standing Cloud,) his x mark, seal.
"Cante-wicuwa, (Useful Heart,) his x mark, seal.
"Mato-xake-hanska, (Long Bear Claws,) his x mark, seal.
"Ixna-wica, (Only Man,) his x mark, seal.
"Attest
"HENRY E. GREGORY,
"I. D. DE RUSSY,
"Captain Second Infantry, U.S.A.
"Zephir Rencountre,
"H Burt,
"Interpreters.
"I certify that the foregoing agreement was read and explained by me, and was fully understood by the above named Sioux Indians before signing, and that the same was executed by said Sioux Indians at Lower Brule agency, Dakota, on the 24th day of October, A.D. 1876.
"SAML. D. HINMAN,
"Official Interpreter.
Consent of Sioux at Santee Reservation.
"The foregoing articles of agreement having been fully explained to us in open council, we, the undersigned chiefs and headmen of the Sioux Indians, receiving rations and annuities at the Santee reservation, in Knox County, in the State of Nebraska, do hereby consent and agree to all the stipulations therein contained, saving, reserving, and excepting all our rights, both collective and individual, in and to the said Santee reservation, in said Knox County and State of Nebraska, upon which we, the undersigned, and our people are now residing.
"Witness our hands and seals at Santee agency, county of Knox, State of Nebraska, this 27th day of October, A. D. 1876.
"SANTEE
"Joseph Wabashow, seal.
"Hake-waxte, his x mark, seal.
"Wakute, (The Shooter,) his x mark, seal.
"Huxaxa, (Red Legs,) his x mark, seal.
"Marpiya-duta, (Red Cloud,) his x mark, seal.
"Wakaninihanku, his x mark, seal.
"Wamanonsa, (The Thief,) his x mark, seal.
"Star Frazier, his x mark, seal.
"Pepe, (Sharp,) his x mark, seal.
"Hehaka-maza, (Iron Elk,) his x mark, seal.
"Tunkanwaxtexte, (The Good Stone God,) his x mark, seal.
"Daniel W. Hemans, seal.
"Eli Abraham, seal.
"Geo. Paypay, seal.
"Artemas Ehuamani, seal.
"James Paypay, seal.
"Attest:
"CHAS. H. SEARING.
"JOSEPH W. COOK.
"Charles Mitchell,
"Alfred L. Riggs,
"Interpreters.
"I certify that the foregoing agreement was read and explained by me, and was fully understood by the above named Sioux Indians before signing, and that the same was executed by said Sioux Indians at Santee agency, county of Knox, and state of Nebraska, on the 27th day of October, A.D. 1876.
"SAML. D. HINMAN,
"Official Interpreter.
Approved, February 28, 1877.
Taza, son of Cochise and a leader in his own right, died in Washington D.C. of pneumonia. He was 33 years old. He was laid to rest there.
The German manufacturer Henkel, most famous to history for aircraft, was founded. The multifaceted company still exists.
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The November election won't stop Trump from issuing dictatorial executive orders, and he's not going to sign any bills the upcoming Democratic House and Senate pass, no matter what they are, so we're going to have to put up with an increasingly erratic and weird Executive Branch over the next two years.
It may, frankly, get much, much more worse. There's literally nothing I'd put past Trump whatsoever.
Assuming we all make it to January 20, 2029, it's going to be a priority for the incoming administration to act quickly. Republicans, having taken a drubbing in 2026 and 2028, will be back on the conservative bandwagon and howling about anything a Democratic administration does.
So, looking forward, what should it do on day 1?
The very first thing it should do is an omnibus executive order wiping out every standing executive order and declaring any issued by Trump a nullity. This should be done partially on the legal premise that Trump was not a legitimate President and all actions he took, including executive actions and appointments to Federal office are null, void, and of no effect.
Any executive orders that were worth doing can be preserved in a following order, or the same order.
Yes this means that over 5,000 Federal employees that were Trump appointees would lose their offices immediately, including sitting judges.
And it means that every single military officer commissioned during Trump's interregnum would lose their commissions. They can be recommissioned in a following order, but it would have to be a conditional order so that if they were deemed disloyal or associated with the criminal war in Iran, they would be removed.
On day one, the incoming President should order that any officer complicit in the illegal war against Iran be court-martialed appropriately, including every current member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
All the Joint Chiefs should be removed. The senior positions should be filled with Reserve and National Guard officers.
Every member of the Space Force should be transferred into the Air Force. Eliminating the Space Force would take an act of Congress, but that doesn't mean it's absurd presence really has to be tolerated. Former Space Force personnel would report to their stations with Air Force insignia within six hours of the order, as they otherwise came on duty.
Taking a page out of the conservative agenda (I am conservative), women should be removed from combat MOS's. Basic training should be strictly segregated by gender. All Air Force basic training should be transferred to the Army.
On Day 1 Lt. Gen. William H. "Butch" Graham Jr., head of the Army Corps of Engineers, should be summoned to appear as soon as the inauguration is over. He should be given an order to cause the demolition and removal of the Ball Room with in 24 hours of receiving the order. The same shall apply to the Triumphal Arch. Within an additional 48 hours, the subterranean bunker complex shall be filled with cement.
The helipad should be broken up and restored to grass. A dedicated Marine Corps helicopter and dedicated Air Force aircraft for Presidential use shall be halted and those aircraft, all of them, returned to conventional service use within their respective branches. Likewise the Rose Garden paver shall be removed. All the gilded crap shall be tossed out within four hours of the inauguration and the interior of the impacted areas restored within twelve hours. The gilded equestrian statutes shall have the gold removed within 48 hours. The rhino lining in the reflecting pool shall be removed with in 48 hours.
All Federal lands subject to mineral exploration including petroleum exploration shall be withdrawn from the same, something well within the President's authority. Biden's order on electric vehicles shall be restored and expanded.
Federal lands removed from withdrawal by Trump shall immediately restored to their prior status.
Deputy Postmaster General Doug Tulino should be summoned (the current Postmaster General's appointment is illegitimate) and ordered to restore the 671 sorting machines that were dismantled in the first Trump administration back into service within one week. If they are not available, and they likely are not, he will be ordered to cause their replacement within one month.
Federal offices which have been relocated, such as the Interior's, shall be ordered back to their original quarters within one week of the inauguration. As the order to move them was invalid, all costs associated with the moves to and from other locations shall be ordered to be recovered by the U.S. Attorney's Civil Division by those causing the moves to occur, including Donald Trump.
All use of government property during the interregnum of an improper and personal nature, such as Trump's use of government aircraft, shall likewise be subject to a suit for recovery.
The complete Epstein files shall be released along with an order that anyone implicated in them shall be sought for prosecution, no matter who it is.
All existing "emergencies" which have been declared in place by prior Presidents shall be declared over and any authority extended under them eliminated. Any order allowing the imposition of tariffs by the President shall be declared over.
All combat operations in place by the United States anywhere would be ordered over within an hour of the inauguration. Restoring the status quo ante in the Persian Gulf is now almost impossible, so how to proceed on this would be tricky in the extreme. The best course may be to immediately ask for an international convention on the topic.
Military aid, and frankly any aid, to Israel would be terminated. The country has been there since 1947 and can make it on its own. Israel has a right to exist, but it's situation does not involve a vital interest of the United States.
Likewise, pulling out militarily in the Middle East should be ordered to be commenced. It would take some time, but it should be done.
All military missions to Venezuela would be withdrawn within twelve hours of the inauguration and the legitimate elected head of state recognized as the proper one.
All extrajudicial killings by the U.S. military in the Pacific and Caribbean would be ordered halted and anyone participating in them, right down to the E1 level, ordered to be prosecuted.
All "pardons" issued by Trump would be declared null, void, and of no effect, with anyone released from jail ordered to be returned. An illegitimate President cannot issue a pardon.
The production of penneys would be ordered resumed.
Currency bearing Donald Trump's signature would be ordered to be recovered through the banking system for destruction.
Trump's name would be stricken from anything it attached to during his "second term".
There's be a lot more to do, but that's what ought to happen on the very first day.
New White House helipad.
At least to some degree, of all the vandalization that Trump has done to the White House, perhaps this is not completely offensive.
Reportedly this was put in because the new Sikorsky VH-92A used as Marine Corps 1 was scorching the lawn, which raises the question of why the President requires such a heavy duty helicopter, or a helicopter at all. The Canadian and British prime ministers do not have dedicated helicopters.
176 people were killed in a collision between a British Airways Trident and a Yugoslavian DC-9 near Zagreb.
The Fighters for Free Croatia hijacked TWA Flight 355 that was flying between New York and Montreal. A different group hijacked an Indian Airlines flight between New Delhi to Mumbai.
South Africa relaxed rules applying to "coloureds" but not black Africans.
Dalton Trumbo, blacklisted screenwriter who was originally from Colorado, died at age 70 in Los Angeles. A Communist, some of his screenplays were credited to fronts during the McCarthy Era.
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It was Labor Day in the U.S.
I would have been 13 years old. We probably went dove hunting, and maybe fishing.
Soviet Air Force Lieutenant Viktor Belenko defected with his Mig 25 to Japan. He would receive asylum in the United States, where he lived for the rest of his life, during which he constantly feared being assassinated by the Soviets/Russians. He died in 2023 in Illinois at age 76.
The Mig 25 was widely feared by Western nations and the defection was a windfall and a deflation as the plane turned out to be much cruder than imagined. For a time there was suspicion that the defection was itself a deception operation by the Soviet Union.
I recall this event occurring.
Vietnam disclosed the names and fates of twelve Missing In Action aviators who had been killed after being shot down during the Vietnam War.
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The left wing Democratic Party won a majority in Cambodia's first election.
The Greek population voted to retain the Greek monarchy. The election made the front page in cartoon form of the Rocky Mountain News.
Hawaiian sugar workers went on strike.
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Published on this day in 1946.
The novel was a fictionalized account of the rise and fall of Huey Long.
Soviet physicist Pyotr L. Kapitsa was removed from his posts and put under house arrest over his feud with Beria.
First Sergeant Lawrence Lambert, U.S. Army Air Force, became the first person in United States to test an ejection seat by being ejected mid flight.
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Substitute. The C-32A and Donald Trump.
It's been revealed (leaked?) that Trump flew out of Turkey not an an older Air Force One, as he'd claimed, but on a C-32A .
The C-32A is a militarized 757.This would indicate that the Iranian threat against Trump must have been deemed fairly serious, which would necessarily give rise to the question of whether or not the threat still exists.This behavior would suggest it does:While I'm a frequent Trump critic, and don't even believe he's actually a legitimate President, I don't blame the efforts to sneak Trump out on another plane if the threats were deemed credible. I do regard the stationing of AAA at a New Jersey golf course to be questionable while we're running out of AAA in the Middle East due to Trump's illegal war there. He could just skip golfing or risk it.Perhaps of more interest is who was put on the catering van to make the switch in aircraft with Trump. They were Dan Scavino, Walt Nauta and Natalie Harp. The only one you may have heard of is Harp, whose a tall blond fitting into the general Trump harem appearance profile and who has some sort of flunky job with Trump. The White House Press Corps rode the substituted Air Force One back as did some senior White House officials.Now, I'm not saying everyone should have been on the 757. I do find it interesting that the figures who were allowed to ride the substitute C-32A were not really important people. I'm also not saying that Harp and Trump are doing anything illicit, although I do find Harp to be an odd figure.I also wonder if every President would have taken this option. I suspect not, but I suspect some would have.I'm also noting how embarrassing this is. The claimed most powerful military in the world has been defeated by Iran, whose Air Force is so depleted it rarely gets anything in the air, although contrary to some claims, it has during this war, having put an F-14 in the skies on at least one occasion.It's an existential defeat.
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The Convair B-36 Peacemaker was flown by the United States Air Force for the first time. It had originally been conceived of as a bomber that could reach Japan from Hawaii. It became the US's first dedicated nuclear strategic bomber.
An absolutely massive airplane, it would have a short service life, being retired in 1959 with the onset of the B-52. It was never flown in combat.
Gen. Billy Mitchell received a posthumous Medal of Honor. He was also posthumously promoted to Major General.
