As if border raids weren't enough of a problem for Texas, the 1915 Galveston hurricane became just that on this day, being observed north of Barbados.
The Battle of Lone Pine concluded at Gallipoli with the Australians taking 2,277 men killed or wounded, with Ottoman estimates were estimated between 5,000 and 6,000. The Ottoman's prevailed, but at a heavy price.
The Ottomans overwhelmed British defenses at Chunuk Bair.
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Facing a lack of ammunition, Aremenial militiamen engaged Ottoman troops hand to hand.
They lost, and the Ottomans entered the fort and killed the women and children inside.
The HMS Lightning struck a mine in the Thames Estuary of England and sank. The German submarine SM UC-2 struck a mine in the North Sea and sank.
French commander Henri Gouraud was wounded at Gallipoli and replaced by his divisional commander, Maurice Bailloud.
A telegram was sent to the Secretary of State from El Paso.
Collector Cobb to the Secretary of State.
[Telegram.]
El Paso, June 30, 1915.
Trial Huerta and others postponed until July 12. When Huerta left Federal building there was repetition of scene of June 27; he was given an ovation by his partisans who are assembled in El Paso.
Cobb.
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Imperial Russian general Nikolai Yudenich arrived in Van, Turkey and appointed Armenian resistance leader Aram Manukian Governor of the Armenian provisional government.
British and Ottoman troops fought in the marshes of the Tigris between the towns of Amara and Qurna, Mesopotamia (Iraq).
The Germans pushed the French back at Souchez.
British and French colonial troops laid siege to German forts around Garua, German Cameroon.
Zeppelin L38 bombed London.
Italian Ralph DePalma won the 5th Indianapolis 500 driving a Mercedes 18/100.
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The 1914 Christmas Truce, which was now over, hit the newspapers.
Ottoman forces retreating from Sarikamish bogged down in the woods outside the city. Their numbers had started out at 12,000 and were now 2,500.
Reduced from 12,000 to 2,500 soldiers and a handful of guns, the remaining units fled and freed major routes into Sarikamish for Russians to resupply.
The French retook ground lost the prior day at Champagne.
T. S. Eliot, in a letter to Conrad Aiken from Merton College, Oxford, wrote: "I hate university towns and university people, who are the same everywhere, with pregnant wives, sprawling children, many books and hideous pictures on the walls ... Oxford is very pretty, but I don't like to be dead."
University towns were apparently much different then. FWIW, I like university towns.
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Hard fighting at Gallipoli continued on.
British forces were ordered to capture Hill Q at night, but disorientation and friendly fire caused the effort to fail.
British infantry of the 32nd Bde were to exhausted after a night march and were destroyed in a Ottoman bayonet charge.
Fighting died down at Lone Pine.
Swedish diplomat Cossva Anckarsvärd released a report stating: "It is obvious that the Turks are taking the opportunity to, now during the war, annihilate the Armenian nation so that when the peace comes no Armenian question longer exists."
The HMS Lynx struck a mine in the North Sea and sank.
The German auxiliary cruiser SMS Meteor was scuttled in the North Sea.
The news of yesterday's fighting in Texas hit the front pages in Casper.
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The Secretary of State to the Confidential Agent of the Constitutionalist Government of Mexico.
Department of State,
Washington, July 10, 1915.
Sir: The Department has received your letter of July 1, in which, by direction of the so-called Constitutionalist Government of Mexico, you request the extradition of General Victoriano Huerta and the detention of Messrs. Felix Diaz, Manuel Mondragon and Aurelio Blanquet with a view to their extradition.
In reply you are informed that, owing to the absence of a recognized Federal Government in Mexico and the well-known conditions existing throughout the Republic, the Department must decline to comply with the request for the extradition of General Huerta.
I am [etc.]
For the Secretary of State:
Cone Johnson.
And;
The Secretary of State to the Attorney for the Conventionist Government of Mexico.
Department of State,
Washington, July 10, 1915.
Sir: The Department has received your telegram of July 2, in regard to the requisition for the extradition of General Victoriano Huerta addressed by General Fidel Avila, Governor of Chihuahua, to the Honorable James E. Ferguson, Governor of Texas.
I am [etc.]
For the Secretary of State:
Cone Johnson.
And:
The Secretary of State to the Confidential Agent of the Provisional Government of Mexico.
Department of State,
Washington, July 10, 1915.
Sir: The Department has received your letter of July 3, in relation to the desired extradition of General Victoriano Huerta.
I am [etc.]
Robert Lansing.
The Russians attacked the hills west of the town of Malazgirt, Turkey, assuming defenses to be weak which they were not, leading to a Russian defeat.
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Anarchist bomber Eric Muenter committed suicide while in New York police custody.
The Ottoman Army failed at a final attempt to recapture ground in the Battle of Gully Ravine.
British forces withdrew from Lahij, South Arabia.
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Sedicionistas, hoping to spark a revolution in the southern US to bring what had formerly part of Mexico back into the country, launched their first cross border raid, hitting the Los Indios Ranch in Cameron County, Texas.
Interestingly, in some parts of the US July 4, 1915 was Americanization Day.
It would be so defined by the movement supporting it up until entry into World War One and would later become Loyalty Day.
The Ottomans and loyal Arab tribesmen attacked British held Lahij in South Arabia (جنوب الجزيرة العربية), or Greater Yemen). The city on the Indian Ocean is now in Yemen.
Related threads:
A giant in the history of Mexico, liberal Mexican general and dictator Porfirio Díaz died in exile in Paris. His wife and surviving son (his three other children died as children) were allowed to return to Mexico.
Díaz would be remembered now as a giant in the history of Mexico, and indeed to some extent he is, if he could have surrendered power democratically in 1910. He was not of a democratic mindset, but had been a moderating and liberal influence in the country's history and had been very successful as a technocratic dictator, advancing the countries economy a great deal. Time was ripe for him to surrender power in 1910, and he could be remembered today for advancing the country and bringing into democracy, rather than a man whose attachment to power sent it into radicalism and civil war.
There's also a lesson here about politicians hanging on after their time . . . and into old age. . .
An opponent of war, German-American anarchist Eric Muenter planted a time bomb in the Senate reception room of the United States Capitol, Washington, D.C. It went off at midnight and didn't hurt anyone. He stated that his goal was to "make enough noise to be heard above the voices that clamor for war. This explosion is an exclamation point in my appeal for peace."
People with a similar political view would soon be amongst the revolutionary combatants in Russia, but oh well.
Parliament passed the Munitions of War Act to address the shortage of artillery shells in the UK. David Lloyd George was appointed Minister of Munitions to oversee the effort.
At Gallipoli, where a lot of shells were being used, the Ottoman 1st Division staged a second counterattack in the Battle of Gully Ravine and got within 30 metres of British trenches before losses became unbearable. Ottoman commanding officer Faik Paşa then ordered Ottoman troops to dig in, violating orders from General Otto Liman von Sanders.Paşa was relieved and replaced with Mehmet Ali Paşa, which is confusing.
The Imperial Russian Navy's Baltic Sea squadron attacked a German squadron laying mines in the Baltic Sea at the Battle of Åland Islands. The SMS Albatross was hit and ran aground, with 27 sailors dead and another 49 wounded. The SMS Prinz Adalbert and Prinz Heinrich sailed to assist the German squadron, but British submarine HMS E9 torpedoed Prinz Adalbert and forced it to struggle to shore, damaged.
The Chilean Navy took the submarine Guacolda from the Fore River Shipyard. Built for the Royal Navy, US neutrality laws precluded the British from taking delivery.
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Capuchin Friar Blessed Leonard Melki was murdered along with other Christians, including Catholics, Orthodox and Protestants, by Ottoman troops at Mardin.
Included in the murdered was Blessed Ignace Maloyan, Armenian Catholic Archbishop of Mardin.
The French advanced 550 yards at Neuville-Saint-Vaast, France.
British and French forces took control of all garrisons around Garua, German Cameroon.
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British, French, and Indian forces made a third and final attempt to capture Achi Baba on the Gallipoli peninsula but were repulsed. Both side, sustained heavy casualties.
World War One was impacting Wyoming's economy:
Troops under the command of Constitutionalist Álvaro Obregón fought those under Pancho Villa at León, Guanajuato in Mexico.
Obregón lost his right arm in a grenade attack but Villa was decisively defeated in the battle.
Austro Hungarian troops drove the Russians back to the Dniester.
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Australian troops beat back the last major Ottoman attack at Gallipoli. On the same day, New Zealand troops captured a defense post overlooking ANZAC Cove.
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The Ottoman army launched a third attack on Anzac Cove. The assault included 42,000 troops but it was repelled by the entrenched 17,000 ANZACs. Casualties were massively uneven with Ottoman forces sustaining 13,000 casualties including 3,000 killed, while ANZAC forces had 468 wounded and 160 killed.
Australian medic John Kirkpatrick, who had innovated the use of mules and donkeys to transport the wounded, was killed in the attack.
President of Portugal Manuel de Arriaga announced his decision to resign following the end of the May 14 Revolt.
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The Central Powers established bridgeheads over the San.
Ottoman soldiers killed 6,000 Armenians by artillery fire while covering the evacuation of Turkish women and children from Van.
The Royal Naval Air Service intercepted two Zeppelins, badly damaging one.
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