Sunday, October 4, 1925. Fawzi al-Qawuqji attacks Hama.

Fawzi al-Qawuqji lead an assault on French security installations in the city of Hama, Syria.

Fawzi al-Qawuqji had started his military career as an Ottoman officer, and then under King Faisal.  He thereafter served in the Syrian Legion for the French, before deserting in the Great Syrian Revolt.  He served the Saudis after that, and then the Palestinian Cause against the British in the 1930s.  He was wounded in the Palestinian uprising and ultimately took refuge in Germany, where he joined the German Army, ending up a prisoner of war of the Soviets.  Released in 1947, he made his way back to the Middle East and was appointed the Arab League field commander of the Arab Liberation Army (ALA) in the 1948 Palestine War.   His forces ultimately lost control of territory that was to have been Palestinian.  He retired to Syria thereafter and died in 1977.

Al-Qawuqui is one of those rare military refigures who had a track record of serving in uniformly losing causes and who not only survived them, but inexplicably continued to receive further commands.

Fawzi al-Qawuqji in May, 1948.

The Soviet Union gave up on restricting the alcohol content of beverages.

Ty Cobb, who was normally a centerfielder, pitched against the St. Louis Browns for one inning.  The Browns had George Sisler first baseman pitch for two innings against the Tigers.  Non pitchers in the pitching role would not happen again for another 92 years.

The Finnish torpedo boat S2 sank in a storm with the loss of all 53 hands.

Last edition:

Saturday, October 3, 1925. The launch of the USS Lexington.

Labels: 1920s, 1925, 1940s, 1942, Art, Birds, boats and ships, Food, football, Highways, Pan American Highway, Sports, Transportation, U.S. Navy

No surprise:

Cohort mortality forecasts indicate signs of deceleration in life expectancy gains

The Jimi Hendrix Experience - Foxey Lady (Miami Pop 1968)

Jimi Hendrix - Crosstown Traffic (1968) (Official Music Video) Remastered

The Beatles - Revolution

Bridge on the River Kwai Theme

Reginald Pole, the last actual Archbishop of Canterbury, in case you were wondering.

There hasn't been a legitimate one since, in absolute terms.

In Memoriam. James Earl Jones

James Early Jones with Barbara and George Bush.

James Earl Jones

The legendary movie actor with the deep unforgettable voice was an Army officer in the latter stages of the Korean War.  Jones never served in Korea, but his service was notable in part because he attended Ranger school as an Army officer and was accordingly Ranger qualified.

Category:  Actor

Passed today at age 98.

Jones was an interesting figure.  He started university as a pre med major but switched to drama prior to entering the Army.  He had considered a career in the service, but a conversion to Catholicism influenced him to leave the Army as he claimed that Shakespeare and the Catholic Church were the only things in his life that were not geared towards killing.  

He played many roles, but is probably best remembered for either being Darth Vader by some, or Terence Mann in Field of Dreams.

He was a fairly private man rarely speaking of his private life, but he did late in life reveal a diabetic condition which plagued him and he was a devout Catholic, albeit with potentially irregular marriages, dating back to his time in the Army.

postscript:

I screwed t his up, as the comments note.

To make it worse, I noted his death at the time it actually happened.

Inexcusable.

A bankrupt policy. Trump shafts American consumers and does so again for 大豆

I had a draft post at the time of the last election I never published why farmers and ranchers routinely vote to have themselves shafted by voting for the GOP.  Democrats typically have farm policies that actually benefit farmers, including preserving the lands.  Republicans tend to be in favor of land rape to benefit the wealthy.

I really have no good explanation for it.

Well, no surprise, soybean farmers are getting pounded by Trump's tariff polich. D'uh.

Trump's trade battle with China puts US soybean farmers in peril

I love this quote from one soybean farmer:

“Overwhelmingly, farmers have been in President Trump’s corner,” said Ragland, the president of the soybean association. “And I think the message that our soybean farmers as a whole want to deliver is: ‘President Trump, we’ve had your back. We need you to have ours now.’”

Well, I'm a type of farmer, a livestock farmer, and frankly Ragland, screw you and the John Deere you rode in on.  You are getting just what you deserve.

Trump bets the soybean farm on tariffs | Wall Street Journal

But, have no fear, socialized farming through the GOP will come to the rescue.  Trump is going to take $10B from the national sales tax, i.e., tariffs, to bail out farmers.

So, the American consumer is getting taxed, as in the end it's us who pays the tariffs, to bail out soybean farmers.  

Good old free enterprise at work there.

Farmers are getting stiffed by Trump's taxes, and will continue to get stiffed by them, and he hopes to balance the table by handing over money the American public handed over via tariffs. 

A better plan would just be to let soybean farmers go bankrupt.  

That's way harsh, of course, but there is a certain element of justice to it.  People voted for it.  If they voted for it, you get what get and you don't have a fit.

Locally there's some of this going on, oddly enough, with nuclear energy.  I support nuclear energy, and apparently the Trump administration does as well, and of course Wyoming has uranium and once had a nuclear mining industry.

People are having a fit, including a lot of people who are diehard right wing populists.

I guess that's their right, but farmers  have no right to have the implications of a policy that Trump was very clear about implementing relieved from them.  Trump always was in favor of tariffs and made no secret about it. What did they think was going to happen?

Moreover, the "we supported you" argument is only a good one if its something unexpected.  This amounts more to political payola.

Saturday, October 3, 1925. The launch of the USS Lexington.

The USS Lexington was launched.  

She was damaged beyond repair on May 8, 1942.

Friday, May 8, 1942. Strategic victory at Coral Sea, Mutiny in the Cocos, World War One hero commissioned for the Second World War.

A conference opened in Buenos Aires to discuss constructing a Pan American Highway.

It was a Saturday.

And it was football season.

Last edition:

Friday, October 2, 1925. Television.

Labels: 1920s, 1925, Disaster, entertainment, Josephine Baker, Morocco, Railroads, Rif War, Spanish Army, technology, television, Virginia

Farmer Sandwich (1909) on Sandwiches of History

A note. . .

Adelita Grijalva.was elected to Congress over a week ago and is known to be the final vote required to require the release of the Epstein files.

Trump Chambermaid Mike Johnson isn't swearing her in on a pretext.

Tuesday, October 2, 1945. Patton relieved.

Gen. Eisenhower was relieved of command of the Third Army and put in head of a military history detail due to his remarks about denazification.

United States Marshal Fred A. Canfil sent a gift to his friend Harry S. Truman of a painted glass sign mounted on a walnut base with the phrase "The Buck Stops Here".

Admiral William Sample, age 47, was on a flight which disappeared near Wakayama, Japan.

Korea was removed from Japan's political and administrative control.. 

Last edition

Monday, October 1, 1945. The OSS disbanded.

Labels: 1940s, 1945, actors and actresses, Belgium, Espionage, It was because of World War Two, Monarchy, Office of Strategic Services

Friday, October 2, 1925. Television.

The first television transmission was made in London.  The experimental broadcast was made by Scottish inventor John Logie Baird.

Spanish troops entered the Rif capital of Ajdir.

The Pact of the Vidoni Palace was signed at the Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli in Rome between the Fascist-dominated General Confederation of Italian Industry) (Confederazione Generale dell'Industria Italiana or CGI) and the Fascist-controlled National Confederation of Trade Union Corporations labor union.  It abolished all other unions, including Catholic and Socialist unions, and gave the government effectively corporatist control, on the fascist model, of labor.

200 feet of the roof on the western end of the Church Hill Tunnel, Virginia collapsed killing 40 workers.

La Revue Nègre featuring Josephine Baker’s comic Charleston opened in Paris. Baker became a huge success overnight.

Baker was an enormous talent.  Her shows of the era likely wouldn't have been legal in much of the United States due to the nudity or near nudity that they featured.

Last edition:

Monday, September 28, 1925. Senators meet with Coolidge.

Labels: 1920s, 1925, Agriculture, baseball, Calvin Coolidge, Daily Living, Montana, Sports

25 Laramie County Deputies Sworn In For Immigration Enforcement The Laramie County Sheriff's Office on Wednesday had 25 deputies sworn in to help U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement with its enforcement. The deputies will work with federal authorities in enforcing immigration law, and detaining people who are in the country illegally. Steve Bohnel October 01, 2025

 

25 Laramie County Deputies Sworn In For Immigration Enforcement

The Laramie County Sheriff's Office on Wednesday had 25 deputies sworn in to help U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement with its enforcement. The deputies will work with federal authorities in enforcing immigration law, and detaining people who are in the country illegally.

Steve BohnelOctober 01, 2025

Blog Mirror: Froma Harrop: Trump Is right: Tech visas are raw deal for U.S. workers

 

Froma Harrop: Trump Is right: Tech visas are raw deal for U.S. workers

What Does It Even Mean to Be an ‘Independent’? More Americans are identifying as such, but the term tells very little about what they believe.

 

What Does It Even Mean to Be an ‘Independent’?

More Americans are identifying as such, but the term tells very little about what they believe.

Going Feral: National Parks to remain at least some what open during Trump government shutdown.

Going Feral: National Parks to remain at least some what open d...: 

National Parks to remain at least some what open during Trump government shutdown.

The National Park Service has released a plan to keep National Parks partially open during the Trump Buildings that are generally closed after business hours, such as visitor centers, will be locked.

How this works overall is unclear.  Ft. Laramie announced that it was completely shut down, to the disappointment of many in Wyoming (no doubt many who voted for the insurrectionist). School visits are accordingly in jeopardy.

2020s, 2025, 2025 Trump Government Shutdown, National Park Service, Sic transit Gloria Mundi, This is why we can't have nice things, Wyoming (Ft. Laramie), Wyoming (Yellowstone)

Government shut down horsesh**

So the decided GOP talking line is that the Democrats forced a shut down as they wanted additional spending for health care for illegal aliens.

That's a lie.

Moreover, there would be no need for a CR if the GOP had the votes for its own budget.  It could just pass it, but it can't.

So what the Republicans want is more time so that Trump can harass Republicans who won't vote for the budget.  Why would Democrats agree to that?

Secretary Hegseth. . .Gen. Funston and Col. Tompkins are calling. . .

They want to speak to you about your use of the word "beardos".

Shut Down.

As people wake up this morning on a Wednesday of a week that's proving to be a surreal tour de force, the Federal government is "shut down".

Well, kinda. . . the government never actually shuts down, but partially shuts down.

Anyhow:

Today In Wyoming's History: October 1:  2025.  The Federal government entered a shutdown due to an impasse between the Republican Party and the Democratic Party on a continuing budget resolution, although the root causes of the dispute were the overall Trump Administration's refusal to yield on any of its policies.

And, of course, this:

Wyoming Delegation Pins Likely Federal Shutdown On ‘Idiocy’ Of Democrats

"Idiocy" of the Democrats is a pretty bold claim for a group of politicians supporting a President who routinely acts illegally, and who yesterday was demonstrated to be quite senile.  It's also quite the insult coming from three politicians who have decided to completely blow off the concerns of their constituents over public lands and whom at least one basically stated that Wyomingites had the opposite view because they're stupid.  The government is shut down as the Republicans simply won't yield on anything.

Speaking of idiocy, Wyoming's dependency on the Federal Government is now a concern, something we routinely fail to acknowledge here:

Gov. Gordon ‘monitoring potential federal government shutdown,’ issues protocol for Wyoming federal workers

This contest may play out over a protracted period.  I don't expect it to resolve anytime soon.

Also, the Republicans have enough votes to pass an actual budget.  They don't need a CR. . . unless they can't get all of the Republicans to vote for a budget.

Lex Anteinternet: The Military Address of September 30, 2025. The Trump Speech.

Lex Anteinternet: The Military Address of September 30, 2025: September 30, 2025.  08:30.  Lex Anteinternet: CliffsNotes of the Zeitgeist, 104th edition. Buy t... : Buy the Big Ugly or we'll shoot t...

The Military Address of September 30, 2025

September 30, 2025.  08:30.  . 

Wow, Trump's speech was something else.

Trump is obviously heavily senile.  His supporters can claim anything they want, but yesterday's speech was pegging out on the weird meter.  

Indeed, Trump is getting weirder and weirder by the day.  No amount of medication, direction, and cover up can arrest what is obviously a rocketing decline into complete incompetence.  Even physically it shows.  He sounded and looked tired and disheveled.

We're going to start with the really disturbing comments in his speech. Trump outright threatened to use the Armed Forces domestically and labeled some Americans the "enemy within".  

Trump's regime is already fascistic.  The present question is whether its fascistic with a remnant of those who have some adherence to democracy, or whether the National Democrats within it conceive of everyone left of center as an enemy who needs to be quashed while they can be, or an enemy that needs to be extinguished in order that they can create a new, illiberal, democracy.  

They're well on their way to doing that right now.

Some examples of Trump's senility:

There's been no fight. Like when I called the Gulf of America, the Gulf of America, because to me, it was always the Gulf of America. I could never understand. We have 92 percent of the frontage. And for years, actually 350 years, they were there before us, it was called the Gulf of Mexico. I just had this idea. I'm looking at a map. I'm saying, we have most of the frontage, why is it Gulf of Mexico? Why isn't it the Gulf of America? And I made the change and it went smoothly. I mean, we had a couple of fake news outlets that refused to make the change and then one of them, AP took us to court and we won. And the judge, who was a somewhat liberal judge said, the name is the Gulf of America, because AP refused to call it the Gulf of America. They wrote -- they're not a good outfit by the way. They call it the Gulf of Mexico. I said, no, the Gulf of America is the name. And the judge actually said that, in fact, you can't even go into the room because what you're doing is not appropriate. The name is the Gulf of America. Google Maps changed the name. Everybody did, but AP wouldn't. And then we won in court. How about that? Isn't that so cool. As Secretary Hegseth beautifully described, the name change reflects far more than the shift in branding. It's really a historic reassertion of our purpose and our identity and our pride. That's when we go with the word war.

And:

President Trump saved millions and millions of lives. That was a bad war. And I was very honored. I loved the way he said it. Susie Wiles was there. She said, that was the most beautiful thing. But we saved a lot of them, saved a lot of them. Even in Africa, we saved the Congo with Rwanda. They'd been fighting for 31 years, 10 million people dead. I got that one done and I'm very proud of it. So if this works out, we'll have eight, eight in eight months. That's pretty good. Nobody's ever done that. Will you get the Nobel Prize? Absolutely not. They'll give it -- they'll give it to some guy that didn't do a damn thing. They'll give it to a guy that wrote a book about the mind of Donald Trump and what it took to solve the wars.

And he'll get -- the Nobel Prize will go to a writer. No, but we'll see what happens. But it'll be a big insult to our country, I will tell you that. I don't want it. I want the country to get it. It should get it because there's never been anything like it. Think of it. So if this happens, I think it will. I don't say that lightly because I know more about deals than anybody. That's what my whole life was based on. And they can change and this can certainly change. But we have just about everybody. We have one signature that we need and that signature will pay in hell if they don't sign. I hope they sign for their own good and we create something really great. But to have done eight of them is just such an honor. And then we have Putin and Zelenskyy, the easiest one of them all. I said, that one I'll get done. I thought that was going to be first. The others were much harder, some of them. Azerbaijan was -- this was going on for 36 years. They said, it's not solvable, sir. You can't -- don't do it. I said, I will do it. I will do it. And I got on the phone with the two countries. They were great. They were great. I knew immediately. I knew as soon as I started talking to them, we were going to solve that war. We did. Now they're so happy. Mow they're friends. One said he's been president for 32 years, 22 years.

And:

That's the most important word, other than the word tariff. I love tariffs, most beautiful word, but I'm not allowed to say that anymore. I said, tariff is my favorite word. I love the word tariff. You know, we're becoming rich as hell. We have a big case in front of the Supreme Court, but I can't imagine -- because this is what other nations have done to us and we have, you know, great legal grounds, but you still have a case of being very bad if something happened. But I said, my favorite word in the English dictionary is the word tariff and people thought that was strange. And the fake news came over and they really hit me hard on it. They said, what about love? What about religion? What about God? What about wife, family? I got killed when I said tariff is my favorite word, so I changed. It's now my fifth favorite word and I'm OK with that. I'm OK with that, but they hit me hard. But it is. I mean, when you look at -- we've taken in trillions of dollars. We're rich -- rich again and they'll never be -- when we finish this out, they'll never be any wealth like what we have. Other countries were taking advantage of us for years and years.

And:

And I look at those ships, they came with the destroyers alongside of them and man, nothing was going to stop. There were 20 deep and they were in a straight line and there was nothing going to stop them. And we actually talk about, you know, those ships. Some people would say, no, that's old technology. I don't know. I don't think it's old technology when you look at those guns, but it's something we're actually considering, the concept of battleship, nice six-inch size, solid steel, not aluminum, aluminum that melts if it looks at a missile coming at it. It starts melting as the missile is about two miles away. Now those ships, they don't make them that way anymore.But you look at it, and -- your secretary likes it and I'm sort of open to it. And bullets are a lot less expensive than missiles, a lot of -- a lot of reasons. I should take a vote, but I'm afraid to take that vote because I may get voted out on that one. But I tell you, it's something we're seriously considering. They were powers. They were big powers. They were just about as mean and scary as you could be, and so we're looking at that. One of the biggest cases that we won was the decision of the United States Supreme Court to allow us to proceed on the word merit, merit. So those two words are right up there. So this is, I would say, the opposite if you ask for a definition, the opposite of political correctness.

That one apparently references battleships.

And

I don't like some of the ships you're doing esthetically. They say, oh, it's stealth. I say that's not stealth. An ugly ship is not necessary in order to say you're stealth. By the way, the B-2 Bombers were incredible. That is stealth. They went into that -- I was with General Caine and every -- and Pete were in the -- we call it the war room, but we're watching them go in and they were totally untouched.

Trump is clearly stuck in the distant past on ships.  Battleships?  Ugly modern warships?

It was the Army that brought Joe McCarthy down.  We may be at that point with the Armed Forces and Donald Trump.

Lex Anteinternet: The Military Address of September 30, 2025. The Hegseth speech.

Lex Anteinternet: The Military Address of September 30, 2025: September 30, 2025.  08:30.  Lex Anteinternet: CliffsNotes of the Zeitgeist, 104th edition. Buy t... : Buy the Big Ugly or we'll shoot t...

The Military Address of September 30, 2025

September 30, 2025.  08:30. 

So what can we really take away from Hegseth's speech yesterday.

Well, on a superficial level, he's a blowhard.  

Based on the flag officer's reactions, he's not popular with the Service and we may be starting to see the beginning of a type of green revolt.  I don't think they can be counted on to support Trump's war on cities.

Hegseth has a real "kill people and break things" view of the service, which isn't completely unwarranted.  Many of the criticism he has of how things have developed in recent decades have merit.  Using the Armed Forces as a social laboratory is risky.  The transgendered in the Service thing was stupid and did need to go.

Hegseth clearly wants women out of combat roles, but it's not clear at all how far that extends.  He's approaching it based on PT requirements, which makes some sense, but which is really a pretty lightweight way to approach the topic    And what are combat roles in the current era?  What about, for example, radar stations ships?  Given the approach, the administration obviously fears really pissing women off.

Hegseth also seems to think that the Service was in the condition it was in 1977 or something.  He keeps referencing 1990, but in terms of overall physical condition, these troops are in better shape today than any time in the nation's history.

Part of this is his weird obsession with beards.  Military facial hair regulations evolve over time.  The no beards in the Army, Marine Corps and Air Force policy is only a little over a century old, and has to do with gas masks.  Combat troops have beards by default all the time.

All in all, the entire show could have been accomplished by an email.  But he was attempting to rally the troops to his side, at which he utterly failed.

Breast Cancer Awareness Month.

Today In Wyoming's History: October 1:

October is Breast Cancer Awareness Month

(Linked in from Lex Anteinternet on October 1, 2017).

Helene Ethel Fairbanks (nee Cassidy) (1882-1944), wife of Warren Charles Fairbanks and daughter-in-law of Charles Warren Fairbanks, Vice President of the United States to Woodrow Wilson.  No, this photograph doesn't have a direct relationship to this topic, but then again it does.

Normally Sundays are a slow day here on Lex Anteinternet, but we've posted a bunch this morning.  It's just one of those days, I guess.

One thing we'd note, having noted it in the Casper Star Tribune this morning, is that October is Breast Cancer Awareness Month.

Coming at the start of a week in which the past week saw the death of Hugh Hefner, ossified creep, who pretty much seems to have thought of women as nothing more than a set of breasts and one other organ, perhaps his death can serve to at least emphasize the terrible nature of this deadly killer.  I wonder how many of his young female subjects who prostituted their images in his slick print journal came down this this?  You know that some did.  That has to be the case as it strikes a massive number of women. The figures are staggering.

So here's hoping that perhaps this awful disease can be stopped, and here's to hoping that women pay attention to it, and I'm sure most do, so that they don't fall victim to it.  For folks who don't bother with their local paper anymore, on a day like today, it's worth picking up.

 

 Depression era WPA poster.

Wednesday, October 1, 1975. Thrilla in Manila.

Muhammad Ali beat Joe Frazer in the "Thrilla in Manila"

Morocco and Mauritania reached a secret agreement to invade the Western Sahara and divide the territory between themselves following Spain's announcement that it would hold a referendum in the colony.

The Safeguard Program anti-ballistic missile complex became fully operational in Cavalier County, North Dakota with two radar complexes and 32 silos.  The House of Representatives voted to shut down the program the next day due to questions on its effectiveness.

Last edition:

Monday, September 29, 1975. Driving 55.

Labels: 1970s, 1975, baseball, Gerald Ford, Government, Henry Kissinger, Highways, law, The Practice of Law, Transportation, University of Wyoming, Vietnam, Vietnam War

Monday, October 1, 1945. The OSS disbanded.

 

The Office of Strategic Services was disbanded.

Due to a clerical error, it had only been given ten days to wrap up.

King Leopold III of Belgium arrived in Switzerland from Austria and issued a proclamation to the Belgian people defending his actions during the war.

June Allyson appeared on the cover of Life.

Last edition:

Thursday, September 27, 1945. Emperors meet.

Labels: 1940s, 1945, 1945 at the movies, Douglas MacArthur, Hirohito, Japan, Movies, Occupation of Japan, Rome, World War Two

Wednesday, October 1, 1800. Spain ceded Louisiana to France in return for Tuscany.

Today In Wyoming's History: October 1: 

1800         Spain cedes Louisiana to France in return for Tuscany. Spain retained, however the right of first refusal on the territory.

It was by way of the Treaty of San Ildefonso.

Preliminary and Secret Treaty between the French Republic and His Catholic Majesty the King of Spain, Concerning the Aggrandizement of His Royal Highness the Infant Duke of Parma in Italy and the Retrocession of Louisiana. 

His Catholic Majesty having always manifested an earnest desire to procure for His Royal Highness the Duke of Parma an aggrandizement which would place his domains on a footing more consonant with his dignity; and the French Republic on its part having long since made known to His Majesty the King of Spain its desire to be again placed in possession of the colony of Louisiana; and the two Governments having exchanged their views on these two subjects of common interest, and circumstances permitting them to assume obligations in this regard which, so far as depends on them, win assure mutual satisfaction, they have authorized for this purpose the foUowinz: the French Republic, the Citizen Alexandre Berthier General in Chief, and His Catholic Majesty, Don Mariano Luis de Urquijo, knight of the Order of Charles III, and of that of St. John of Jerusalem, a Counselor of State, his Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary appointed near the Batavian Republic, and his First Secretary of State ad interim, who, having exchanged their powers, have agreed upon the following articles, subject to ratification.

ARTICLE 1

The French Republic undertakes to procure for His Royal Highness the Infant Duke of Parma an aggrandizement of territory which shad increase the population of his domains to one minion inhabitants, with the title of King and with all the rights which attach to the royal dignity; and the French Republic undertakes to obtain in this regard the assent of His Majesty the Emperor and King and that of the other interested states' BO that His Highness the Infant Duke of Parma may be put into possession of the said territories without opposition upon the conclusion of the peace to be made between the French Republic and His Imperial Majesty.

ARTICLE 2

The aggrandizement to be given to His Royal Highness the Duke of Parma may consist of Tuscany, in case the present negotiations of the French Government with His Imperial Majesty shall permit that Government to dispose thereof; or it may consist of the three Roman legations or of any other continental provinces of Italy which form a rounded state.

ARTICLE 3

His Catholic Majesty promises and undertakes on his part to retrocede to the French Republic, six months after the full and entire execution of the above conditions and provisions regarding His Royal Highness the Duke of Parma, the colony or province of Louisiana, with the same extent that it now has in the hands of Spain and that it had when France possessed it, and such as it ought to be according to the treaties subsequently concluded between Spain and other states.

ARTICLE 4

His Catholic Majesty will give the necessary orders for the occupation of Louisiana by France as soon as the territories which are to form the arrandizement of the Duke of Parma shall be placed in the hands of His Royal Highness. The French Republic may, according to its convenience, postpone the taking of possession; when that is to be executed, the states directly or indirectly interested will agree upon such further conditions as their common interests and the interest of the respective inhabitants require.

ARTICLE 5

His Catholic Majesty undertakes to deliver to the French Republic in Spanish ports in Europe, one month after the execution of the provision with regard to the Duke of Parma, six ships of war in good condition built for seventy-four guns, armed and equipped and ready to receive French crews and supplies.

ARTICLE 6

As the provisions of the present treaty have no prejudicial object and leave intact the rights of an, it is not to be supposed that they win give offense to any power. However, if the contrary shall happen and if the two states, because of the execution thereof, shall be attacked or threatened, the two powers agree to make common cause not only to repel the aggression but also to take conciliatory measures prosper for the maintenance of peace with all their neighbors.

ARTICLE 7

The obligations contained in the present treaty derogate in no respect from those which are expressed in the Treaty of Alliance signed at San Ildefonso on the 2d Fructidor, year 4 (August 19, 1796); on the contrary they unite anew the interests of the two powers and assure the guaranties stipulated in the Treaty of Alliance for all cases in which they should be applied.

ARTICLE 8

The ratifications of these preliminary articles shall be effected and exchanged within the period of one month, or sooner if possible, counting from the day of the signature of the present treaty.

In faith whereof we, the undersigned Ministers Plenipotentiary of the French Republic and of His Catholic Majesty, in virtue of our respective powers, have signed these preliminary articles and have affixed thereto our seals.

Done at San Ildefonso the 9th Vendemiaire, 9th year of the French Republic (October 1, 1800)

[Seal] ALEXANDRE BIRTHIER

[Seal] MARIANO LUIS DE URQUIJO