Saddled British donkeys, turn of the prior century, waiting for a hack.
Holscher's Seventh Law of History. No accurate history can be written until 60 years have passed since the event.
A really thorough history of an event cannot be written close in time
to the event. Indeed, several decades must pass from the event's
occurrence before an accurate history can be written.
That may sound shocking (although at least historian Ladislas
Farago noted this in the introduction to his early biography of George
S. Patton; Patton: Ordeal and Triumph) but its true. Close in time to
an event, authors tend to be too much men of their own times with their
views colored by the context of those times. Such influences tend to
remain at least as long as twenty years after an event occurs. Direct
participants in an event have a stake in what occurred, which also tend
to inform and color their views.
Beyond
that, however, and very significantly, authors who write close in time
to an event, including those who participated in it, tend to simply
accept certain conditions as the norm, and therefore diminish their
importance int their writings or omit them entirely. Conversely, they
tend to emphasize things that were new or novel, for the same reasons.
Given that, early written records tend to overplay the new and omit the
routine, so that later readers assume the new was the normal and they
don't even consider the routine.
Take
for example the often written about story of the German army during
World War Two. Only more informed historians realize that most of the
German army was no more mechanized during World War Two than it was
during World War One. Fewer yet realize that a fair number of German
soldiers remained horse mounted during World War Two for one reason or
another. Period writers had little reason to emphasize this, however,
as it really wasn't novel at all at the time, and not very dramatic
either, and reflected similar conditions in many armies.
This
doesn't mean that early works and first hand recollections aren't
valuable. Rather, it means that a person cannot base his final view on
those early works, however. It also provides the answer as to why later
historical works on a frequently addressed topic are not only valuable,
but necessary. Rick Atkinson's and Max Hasting's recent works on World
War Two, for example, really place the conflict in context in all sorts
of ways for the very first time. The plethora of new books on the
First World War that were at first regarded as revisionist are in fact
corrective, and likewise the war is coming into accurate focus for the
first time.
Cavalryman, Ft. Riley Kansas, 1942.
I don't mean to rehash myself, and goodness knows I don't need to, as I blabber here enough. But this is something that occurs to me again and again, in terms of writing history. Contemporary accounts of things are naturally geared towards the dramatic and unusual, not the routine and normal.
News accounts from World War Two emphasized the mechanized nature of the German army, as mechanization was new and spectacular. The fact that most of the German forces weren't mechanized wasn't interesting to contemporary journalist, as that was the long historical norm. You can't expect, really, the average journalist to write that most of the German troops he was viewing were walking, or that the Germans deployed cavalry in France. You'd have expected the Germans to do that, as every army would have done that.
For that matter, you wouldn't get too excited, if you were writing about farms, noting that men were in their fields plowing with horses in the 1940s. Men had always done that, so it was hardly worth noting. That there were new tractors and automated implements would be more interesting.
If you are writing about daily living today, you probably don't write about how many ink pens, or pencils, you have in the house. Computers are still new enough, even now, that they're the exciting thing. That the old writing tools are around, probably doesn't interest you that much. But they are.
The point generally is that, when looking at history in any context, you have to recall that the mundane and normal of the times often goes unrecorded, the weird unusual and spectacular does. But that colors our view of what was written about any one time, and often the mundane and normal of the past is what would interest us now.
2 comments:
Contemporary history is extremely difficult to write, to my mind because those writing it inevitably have some emotional entanglement which emerges, for example, as opinion; or self-justification (a common one, in war memoirs); or analysis that is incomplete because full information has yet to be revealed (the ULTRA secret is a case in point). I recall, over a decade ago, having an extended discussion about it with the chief Government historian in New Zealand – I was writing a history of New Zealand that had to be brought up to date. So was the government department. The actual answer, as you say, is to wait. Time often produces perspectives that were not evident originally, and it also allows the historian to place events into any wider patterns that might exist. For instance, we now realise that the First, Second and Cold Wars of the twentieth century were all part of a single over-arching socio-political cycle.
All excellent points.
On the Cold War, I've thought for some time that a history of the Cold War in its entirety should be written, that goes from 1945 until 1990, and which includes the hot wars of the Cold War in it. The typical treatment has tended to be to treat the various hot wars in that period as individual, if related conflicts, but looking at them as somewhat akin to individual campaigns of the larger Cold War is, it seems to me, something that should be done. Such a work would likely have to be multi volume, something like Churchill's history of World War Two.
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