Thursday, February 3, 2022

2022 Wyoming Legislative Session. Part I.


June 8, 2021

Yes. . 2022

2022 will be a budget session, but already there are a fair number of bills that are lining up to be introduced that have nothing to do with the budget.

The first of these to really make the news is one that has now passed committee to the extent that the committee has  agreed to further study it would establish a ranked choice primary, like Maine's.  In that, you vote for your first choice, and a second and maybe a third.  Under that system, if your top choice got knocked out by some percentage, your other choices then kick in.

This is, I'd note, actually an unfair system in that casting your second choice as the one that counts doesn't actually mean that if the vote had been a heads up competition between the whomever it now count against, would have been your choice had that been the actual contest.  By way of an example, in Liz Cheney's first primary, she came first, with less than 50%, against Leland Christensen and Tim Stubson, who came in second and third respectively.  If we'd had a ranked choice system, people who now dislike Cheney, most of whom were her fans before, think that the second or third choice would have won.  Maybe they would have, but maybe not.  In that instance, however, probably Christensen or Stubson would now be our Congressman.  Personally, at the time, I voted for one of those other candidates and likely would have chosen one of the others, and not Cheney, if such a system had been in place.

The Governor's race really inspired this thinking and it provides a potentially much different example.  Gordon faced a host of hardcore right wing, or perhaps more accurately populist, candidates.  Backers of this system believe that one of those candidates would have been the nominee rather than Gordon.

If that had been the system, that's probably also correct, but thing had become so polarized by that point in time that Gordon voters likely would have voted second for Sam Galeotos and second place Friess voters for Harriet Hageman.  That likely would have yielded the same results.  If it didn't, there's a relatively decent chance that Mary Throne, the Democrat, would now be the Governor as Friess and Hageman, contrary to what GOP right wingers think, were not liked at all by a large number of conventional Republican voters.  Throne pulled 28% of the vote in a state where the Democratic Party is practically dead, and against jovial but elderly and out of place Friess, or hard right Hageman, she definitely would have pulled significantly more.  With internal discord at an all time high in the GOP right now, Republicans are actually highly vulnerable to the Democrats in such a scenario.  If, for example, the hard right of the GOP that hates Gordon, and they do, were to replace him in 2022 with a candidate like Hageman, there's a really good chance that the Democrats could walk into the Governor's office.

Which is what basically happened when Democrat Mike Sullivan became our Governor years ago.

The other primary system that the committee passed for consideration is an open primary, which is a great idea.

In that system, the top two vote getters in a non-partisan primary advance.  

Republicans here seem to think that this would mean that the top two vote getters would of course be Republicans, and the last Governor's race would have been between Gordon and Friess, and somehow Friess would have won. In reality, that race may well have still been between Gordon and Throne, as the state's numerous moderate Republicans would no longer have to actually register as that.  Indeed, it'd probably lead to an exodus from the GOP as there's be little point for moderates to remain in it at all.  That wouldn't help the GOP, but the GOP isn't grasping right now that the entire state isn't make up of populists.  

Indeed, California has such a system, and the Republican' Party, which once sent the likes of Ronald Reagan to their Governor's mansion, sure doesn't send any Republicans to it now.

Anyhow, party primaries, in my view, unfairly given established parties a state sponsored lock on elections. That's inherently unfair and it should go into the dust bin.  An open primary is a good idea.

June 10, 2021

A ballot initiative seeking to "legalize" "medical marijuana" and "decriminalize" recreational pot will be commenced for filing with the Wyoming Secretary of State today.

Neither of these initiatives if passed, and I predict they will be, will actually achieve either goal, as marijuana is illegal under the Federal law.  Indeed, because of that much about its properties is not known as it cannot be studied like other substances under Federal law, none of which will prevent the inevitable future flood of lawsuits which will allege that smoking marijuana made the plaintiffs ill or ruined their lives.

What they would do is mean that any state laws prohibiting the dispensing of such materials would go away and it could be sold without a state penalty.

All in all, there are plenty of legal substances that fit the bill for medical treatment or to make people stoned and more aren't needed.  The fact that the entire country is headed down this road is pretty good evidence that we've made a world that we really don't like very much.

While these initiatives should, in the greater sense, fail, they won't, and Wyoming can join the rush in western society to find one more way to distract, dull, and stupefy.

June 11, 2021

A bill that would prohibit businesses from requiring proof of vaccinations for the most part passed committee, with only Cathy Connolly voting against it.

August 30, 2021

A committee passed a bill providing subsidies to the movie industry for filming in Wyoming.   There was only one vote against it.

September 19, 2021

A bill proposes to add three new judges to the district court line up across the state.

Another bill proposes to raise the judicial retirement age from 70 to 75 years of age.

September 25, 2021

A bill has been introduced to eliminate no compete clauses in employment contracts.

October 10, 2021

A group opposing the proposed amendment to the Wyoming Constitution to change the election system to one featuring runoffs took out a full-page ad in today's tribune.

October 11, 2021

A draft bill proposes to make it clear that the Tribes on the Wind River Reservation are eligible for funding from the Wyoming Business Council.

It had always been assumed that they were, but recently there's been some doubt due t a recent Attorney General's opinion.

December 2, 2021

Two bills that proposed to create a runoff system for Wyoming's elections, should no candidate receive 50% of the vote in the primary, failed in committee

December 17, 2021

While it's making headline news, the actual impact would be small. The Joint Revenue Committee is sponsoring a bill to allow an optional tax on the sale of real property which sells for over $1,000,000. The tax would be 1%.

There's also a bill to eliminate the exemptions for professional services from sales tax (legal service, engineering services).

January 20, 2022

HB32 is a proposed bill that requires government entities, health care facilities and providers of essential services to provide accommodations for those who are not vaccinated.

January 29, 2022

The legislature is set to add two new House districts and one new Senate district.

A proposed Natrona County House district would run basically from eastern Natrona County outside of downtown Casper to the Converse County line, and is supposed to be more of an "energy district".  A Senate district is proposed to include the "central eastern" parts of the state and would include parts of Natrona County and Converse County, again separating out parts of the same region.

The legislatures redistricting map can be found here.

February 3, 2022

It should be noted that because this is a budget session, bills have to have something like a super majority in order to be considered.

This means that most bills discussed here will go nowhere.

Senate File 51 would ban would require any participant in high school sports to register on teams comporting to their genetic gender and provides a cause of action for students who lose a spot on a team where a violation of the bill occurs.  The bill states:

SENATE FILE NO. SF0051

 

 

Fairness in women's sports act.

 

Sponsored by: Senator(s) Schuler, French, Salazar and Steinmetz and Representative(s) Gray, Haroldson and Jennings

 

 

A BILL

 

for

 

AN ACT relating to school sports; prohibiting biological males from athletic teams and sports designated for females in public schools; establishing related causes of action and protections for individuals and educational institutions; requiring rulemaking; and providing for effective dates.

 

Be It Enacted by the Legislature of the State of Wyoming:

 

Section 1.  W.S. 2125101 through 2125103 are created to read:

 

CHAPTER 25

FAIRNESS IN WOMEN'S SPORTS ACT

 

2125101.  Short title.

 

This chapter shall be known and may be cited as the "Fairness in Women's Sports Act."

 

2125102.  Designation of athletic teams or sports.

 

(a)  Interscholastic, intercollegiate, intramural or club athletic teams or sports that are sponsored by a public primary or public secondary school, a public institution of higher education or any school or institution whose students or teams compete against a public school or public institution of higher education must be expressly designated as one (1) of the following based on the biological sex at birth of team members:

 

(i)  Males, men or boys;

 

(ii)  Females, women or girls; or

 

(iii)  Coed or mixed, including both males and females.

 

(b)  Athletic teams or sports designated for females, women or girls shall not be open to students of the male sex.

 

(c)  For purposes of this chapter, a statement of a student's biological sex on the student's official birth certificate is considered to have correctly stated the student's biological sex at birth if the statement was filed at or near the time of the student's birth.

 

2125103.  Cause of action; civil remedies.

 

(a)  Any student who is deprived of an athletic opportunity or suffers any direct or indirect harm as a result of a violation of this chapter shall have a private cause of action for injunctive relief, damages and any other relief available under law against the school, institution of higher education or athletic association or organization that violated this act.

 

(b)  Any student who is subject to retaliation or other adverse action by a school, institution of higher education or athletic association or organization as a result of reporting a violation of this chapter to an employee or representative of the school, institution or athletic association or organization, or to any state or federal agency with oversight of schools or institutions of higher education in this state, shall have a private cause of action for injunctive relief, damages and any other relief available under law against the school, institution or athletic association or organization.

 

(c)  Any school or institution of higher education that suffers any direct or indirect harm as a result of a violation of this chapter shall have a private cause of action for injunctive relief, damages and any other relief available under law against the governmental entity, licensing or accrediting organization or athletic association or organization.

 

(d)  All civil actions brought under this section must be initiated within two (2) years after the alleged harm occurred. Persons or organizations who prevail on a claim brought under this section shall be entitled to monetary damages, including for any psychological, emotional or physical harm suffered, reasonable attorney's fees and costs and any other appropriate relief.

 

Section 2.  Not later than August 15, 2022, the state board of education, the University of Wyoming and the Wyoming community college commission shall promulgate rules to implement the provisions of this act.

 

Section 3.  

 

(a)  Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) of this section, this act is effective July 1, 2022.

 

(b)  Sections 2 and 3 of this act are effective immediately upon completion of all acts necessary for a bill to become law as provided by Article 4, Section 8 of the Wyoming Constitution.

Of the sponsors of the bill, only Chuck Gray commented.

As noted above, whatever a person thinks of the bill and the issue, it's unlikely to get consideration in a budget session, so this does raise the question of why bother with such bills in the off years.

Another bill proposes to greatly tighten restrictions where an elected official is also employed by a governmental entity which receives funding through it.

HOUSE BILL NO. HB0026

 

 

Dual public employment and office holding.

 

Sponsored by: Representative(s) Fortner, Ottman and Rodriguez-Williams and Senator(s) Bouchard, French, James and McKeown

 

 

A BILL

 

for

 

AN ACT relating to elections; imposing restrictions on  public employment and holding elected public office as specified; amending restrictions on holding multiple elected public offices as specified; and providing for an effective date.

 

Be It Enacted by the Legislature of the State of Wyoming:

 

Section 1.  W.S. 222116 is amended to read:

 

222116.  Restrictions on holding more than one elected public office; restrictions on holding public employment and elected public office.

 

(a)  No person may shall hold an elective public office in any governmental entity which either provides any funding for or receives any funding from another any governmental entity in which that person is employed or holds elected public office. If a person also is elected to a public office while holding another public office or hired by a governmental entity such that this section is applicable, the person shall resign from the employment or public office first held prior to assuming the new office or employment. 

 

(b)  As used in this section:

 

(i)  "Governmental entity" means any unit of state government or local government or any branch, subdivision or agency thereof or any school district, special district or other political subdivision of the state;

 

(ii)  "Local government" means any county, city or town.

 

Section 2.  This act is effective January 1, 2024.

Another bill proposes housing assistance to some Judges who reside in districts where housing is expensive. This must be an effort to increase the attractiveness of those positions.

2022

STATE OF WYOMING

22LSO-0266

 

 

 

HOUSE BILL NO. HB0040

 

 

Judges-housing allowance.

 

Sponsored by: Joint Judiciary Interim Committee

 

 

A BILL

 

for

 

AN ACT relating to courts; authorizing the award of housing assistance to judges and justices as specified; and providing for an effective date.

 

Be It Enacted by the Legislature of the State of Wyoming:

 

Section 1.  W.S. 51112 is created to read:

 

51112.  Housing assistance for judges.

 

Subject to constitutional and statutory provisions concerning when salaries can become effective, justices of the supreme court and judges of the district courts, chancery courts and circuit courts may receive housing assistance if the judge or justice resides in a county in Wyoming where the average cost of housing is significantly higher than the statewide population weighted average cost of housing. The supreme court shall promulgate rules for the award of housing assistance under this section.

 

Section 2.  This act is effective July 1, 2022.

This is frankly sad/distressing in some ways.

Yet another effort is being made to convert those courts into geriatocracies:

2022

STATE OF WYOMING

22LSO-0115

 

 

 

HOUSE JOINT RESOLUTION NO. HJ0001

 

 

Supreme court justices and district judges-retirement.

 

Sponsored by: Joint Judiciary Interim Committee

 

 

A JOINT RESOLUTION

 

for

 

A JOINT RESOLUTION proposing to amend the Wyoming Constitution by amending the retirement age requirements for Wyoming supreme court justices and district court judges.

 

BE IT RESOLVED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF WYOMING, two-thirds of all the members of the two houses, voting separately, concurring therein:

 

Section 1.  The following proposal to amend the Wyoming Constitution, Article 5, Section 5 is proposed for submission to the electors of the State of Wyoming at the next general election for approval or rejection to become valid as a part of the Constitution if ratified by a majority of the electors at the election:

 

Article 5, Section 5.  Voluntary retirement and compensation of justices and judges.

 

Subject to the further provisions of this section, the legislature shall provide for the voluntary retirement and compensation of justices and judges of the supreme court and district courts, and may do so for any other courts, on account of length of service, age and disability, and for their reassignment to active duty where and when needed. The office of every such justice and judge shall become vacant when the incumbent reaches the age of seventy (70) seventy-five (75) years, as the legislature may prescribe.; but, in the case of an incumbent whose term of office includes the effective date of this amendment, this provision shall not prevent him from serving the remainder of said term nor be applicable to him before his period or periods of judicial service shall have reached a total of six (6) years. The legislature may also provide for benefits for dependents of justices and judges.

 

Section 2.  That the Secretary of State shall endorse the following statement on the proposed amendment:

 

Currently, the Wyoming Constitution requires Wyoming Supreme Court justices and district court judges to retire upon reaching the age of seventy (70). This amendment increases the mandatory retirement age of Supreme Court justices and district court judges from age seventy (70) to age seventy-five (75).

 

The Constitution also currently provides an exception to the mandatory requirement to retire upon reaching age seventy (70) for justices and judges who had not yet completed six (6) years of judicial service as of December 12, 1972. The proposed amendment would remove the now-obsolete six (6) year service guarantee.

70 is old enough for these positions.  Here's hoping this bill gets nowhere.

A bill has been introduced on vehicles that are self-driving.

SENATE FILE NO. SF0016

 

 

Vehicles equipped with automated driving systems.

 

Sponsored by: Joint Transportation, Highways & Military Affairs Interim Committee

 

 

A BILL

 

for

 

AN ACT relating to motor vehicles; providing for the regulation of vehicles equipped with an automated driving system; defining terms; authorizing fees; creating an account; creating penalties; requiring rulemaking; requiring reports; and providing for effective dates.

 

Be It Enacted by the Legislature of the State of Wyoming:

 

Section 1.  W.S. 3121101 through 3121109 are created to read:

 

CHAPTER 21

AUTONOMOUS MOTOR VEHICLES

 

ARTICLE 1

VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH AN AUTOMATED DRIVING SYSTEM

 

3121101.  Definitions.

 

(a)  As used in this article:

 

(i)  "Automated driving system" or "ADS" means the hardware and software that are collectively capable of performing the entire dynamic driving task on a sustained basis, regardless of whether the system is limited to a specific operational design domain. An ADS is used specifically to describe a level 3, 4 or 5 driving automation system as the standards of driving automation are defined in the SAE J3016 standard. An ADS equipped vehicle shall not include a motor vehicle that is equipped with systems that enhance safety or provide the human driver assistance, such as collision avoidance systems, which are not capable, collectively or singularly, of driving the motor vehicle without the active control or monitoring of a human driver;

 

(ii)  "Commercial vehicle" means as defined in W.S. 3118101(a)(iii), unless specified otherwise;

 

(iii)  "Department" means the department of transportation;

 

(iv)  "Dispatching entity" means a human who dispatches an ADS equipped vehicle in driverless operation;

 

(v)  "Dynamic driving task" means all of the realtime operational and tactical functions required to operate a motor vehicle in onroad traffic, including any specific functions identified in department rules, and excluding strategic functions such as trip scheduling and selection of destinations and waypoints;

 

(vi)  "Human driver" means a natural person in the vehicle with a valid class of license for the type of motor vehicle being operated who controls all or part of the dynamic driving task;

 

(vii)  "Operate" or "operation" means the activities collectively performed by a human driver with or without support from one (1) or more SAE J3016 driving automation level 1 or 2 system features or by a dispatching entity and an ADS to perform the entire dynamic driving task for a motor vehicle;

 

(viii)  "SAE J3016" means the Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for OnRoad Motor Vehicles published by Society of Automotive Engineers International in June 2018.

 

3121102.  Operation of a vehicle equipped with an automated driving system; safety at railroad crossings.

 

(a)  A vehicle equipped with an ADS may be operated on the highways of this state provided:

 

(i)  The ADS equipped vehicle is registered pursuant to this title;

 

(ii)  The dispatching entity, or human driver if applicable, causes the ADS equipped vehicle to comply with all applicable traffic, motor vehicle and equipment laws and rules of this state, unless an exemption has been granted under department rules;

 

(iii)  While in driverless operation, the ADS equipped vehicle is capable of operating in compliance with the applicable traffic and motor vehicle safety laws and rules of this state;

 

(iv)  The ADS equipped vehicle is in compliance with all applicable safety standards, equipment requirements and performance requirements of state and federal law, unless a waiver has been granted by the relevant regulating agency;

 

(v)  The ADS equipped vehicle is in compliance with all applicable federal motor vehicle safety standards for the vehicle's model year or has a United States department of transportation or other relevant federal agency approved exemption from specific compliance.

 

(b)  The department may impose by rule any additional requirements necessary to ensure the safe operation of ADS equipped vehicles. Additional requirements may include rules for safely crossing railroad grade crossings. When promulgating rules that affect ADS equipped vehicle operations at railroad crossings, no exemption from department rules shall be granted for a vehicle model without having performed not less than one (1) onsite diagnostic at a railroad crossing involving the department and all railroad companies that operate at the crossing. Nothing in this subsection shall supersede the requirements in W.S. 315511.

 

(c)  The department may by rule require notice from any entity demonstrating or testing new technology or operating conditions of a vehicle equipped with an ADS in the state. The information required as part of the notification process may be established by rule of the department.

 

3121103.  Valid license; requirements of dispatching entities and human drivers.

 

(a)  A dispatching entity operating a vehicle equipped with an ADS shall have a valid class of license for the type of motor vehicle being operated.

 

(b)  Nothing in this article prohibits or restricts a human driver from operating a vehicle equipped with an ADS that allows the human driver to control all or part of the dynamic driving task provided that the human driver holds the appropriate class of license for the type of motor vehicle being operated.

 

3121104.  Signage for commercial vehicles, registration and title of vehicles equipped with an automated driving system; insurance; reporting.

 

(a)  A commercial vehicle equipped with an ADS shall be clearly marked on the front, back and each side with appropriate signage notifying the public and law enforcement that it is operating autonomously. The markings shall include conspicuous contact information written in a size and font readable from not less than fifteen (15) feet away, to reach the dispatching entity.

 

(b)  A vehicle equipped with an ADS shall be properly registered in accordance with W.S. 312201, 3118201 if applicable, and department rules.

 

(c)  A vehicle equipped with an ADS shall be properly titled in accordance with W.S. 312101 and department rules.

 

(d)  At the time of registration and annual renewal of registration of a vehicle equipped with an ADS the following shall be submitted to the county treasurer in the county where the vehicle is registered:

 

(i)  Any update to the contact information of the dispatching entity;

 

(ii)  Verification the motor vehicle is covered in an aggregate amount of not less than five million dollars ($5,000,000.00) by a motor vehicle liability policy in full force and effect, or a bond on file with the department or selfinsurance pursuant to W.S. 319414 in the same amount, either of which satisfies the requirements of W.S. 312225(e);

 

(iii)  Verification of the uninsured motorist coverage as required by W.S. 3110101;

 

(iv)  For a commercial vehicle equipped with an ADS, an annual yearend report for the previous year, submitted to the department, of the number of miles operated, safety issues encountered, any collisions, the amount of damages caused to any person or property, any injury to any human requiring medical attention and any striking of a big game animal.

 

3121105.  Requirements for commercial vehicles equipped with an automated driving system; prohibition of double, triple trailers and oversize or overweight loads.

 

(a)  In addition to all other requirements and fees under this article applicable to vehicles equipped with an ADS, a commercial vehicle equipped with an ADS shall:

 

(i)  Obtain a commercial permit specific to commercial vehicles equipped with an ADS and any mandated inspections or certificates specific to commercial vehicles equipped with an ADS according to rules and fees set by the department to recover a proportionate share of the department's infrastructure and administrative expenses incurred attributable specifically to regulation of commercial vehicles equipped with an ADS. Once established, the department may annually adjust the fees authorized under this paragraph not to exceed the percentage increase in the Wyoming costofliving index, as determined by the division of economic analysis of the department of administration and information, unless authorized by the legislature;

 

(ii)  Obtain an annual public safety communications system authorization and connection (WyoLink or other department approved method of communication), together with the payment of an annual fee of ten thousand dollars ($10,000.00), that will allow any Wyoming peace officer, public safety dispatch or the department to communicate directly with the dispatching entity, or human driver if applicable, and give that dispatching entity, or human driver if applicable, realtime commands. The connection information may be coded so that only law enforcement, public safety dispatch or the department may contact the dispatching entity.

 

(b)  A dispatching entity shall comply with all licensing, training for hazardous materials, hours of service, drug testing, communication and other requirements that a Wyoming based commercial vehicle driver is required to comply with for operation in this state.

 

(c)  No commercial vehicle equipped with an ADS in any combination of two (2) or more single vehicles or trailers and no oversize or overweight vehicles equipped with an ADS shall operate on the highways of this state.

 

(d)  As used in this section, "commercial vehicle" means as defined in W.S. 3118201(a)(vii).

 

3121106.  Duties after crashes involving vehicles equipped with an automated driving system; vehicle operating data.

 

(a)  In the event of a crash involving a motor vehicle equipped with an ADS:

 

(i)  The vehicle equipped with an ADS shall remain on the scene of the crash when required by W.S. 3151101 and 3151102;

 

(ii)  The dispatching entity, human driver if applicable, or the ADS if the vehicle has the capability, shall promptly alert law enforcement or emergency services to the crash;

 

(iii)  The dispatching entity or human driver if applicable shall provide all requested operating data from before and during the accident to Wyoming law enforcement and any victim or victim's representative. If the dispatching entity or human driver if applicable wishes to protect proprietary data, the dispatching entity or human driver may request that a judge in the district where the collision occurred perform an in camera inspection and rule on the redaction of proprietary data.

 

3121107.  Rulemaking; fees; autonomous vehicle account.

 

(a)  Consistent with this article and other applicable state and federal laws, the department shall promulgate rules and shall develop and provide any forms necessary to implement this article.

 

(b)  For registration of a vehicle equipped with an ADS, in addition to the fees under W.S. 313101, the department may assess an additional fee in an amount necessary to recover a proportionate share of the department's infrastructure and administrative expenses reasonably incurred attributable to regulation of motor vehicles equipped with an ADS. Once established, the department may annually adjust the fee authorized under this subsection not to exceed the percentage increase in the Wyoming costofliving index, as determined by the division of economic analysis of the department of administration and information, unless authorized by the legislature.

 

(c)  All funds the department receives from the fees authorized in subsection (b) of this section and W.S. 3121105(a) shall be deposited into the state highway fund.

 

3121108.  Penalties.

 

Any person who violates any provision of this article or rule of the department pursuant to this article is guilty of a misdemeanor and subject to a fine of not more than seven hundred fifty dollars ($750.00) per day for the first occurrence and not more than one thousand dollars ($1,000.00) per day for a subsequent offense.

 

3121109.  Annual report.

 

(a)  Not later than October 1 of each year, the department shall submit a report to the joint transportation, highways and military affairs interim committee. The annual report shall contain the following information for all registered vehicles equipped with an ADS to the extent that it is available and shall separately report the information for commercial vehicles equipped with an ADS:

 

(i)  A summary of operations in Wyoming;

 

(ii)  The total number of ADS equipped vehicles registered in Wyoming and ADS equipped commercial vehicles permitted in Wyoming;

 

(iii)  Miles driven for the past year and projected miles driven for the next year;

 

(iv)  Collision statistics;

 

(v)  A brief description of all moving violations and registration, title or permit violations;

 

(vi)  Recommendations for safety related legislation or legislation concerning other aspects of ADS equipped vehicles;

 

(vii)  Other data necessary to summarize fairly and accurately the annual operations of ADS equipped vehicles in Wyoming.

 

Section 2.  Not later than September 1, 2022, the department shall promulgate rules to administer this act.

 

Section 3.  

 

(a)  Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, this act is effective immediately upon completion of all acts necessary for a bill to become law as provided by Article 4, Section 8 of the Wyoming Constitution.

 

(b)  Section 1 of this act is effective September 1, 2022.

 

The state is having a terrible time balancing its books, but nonetheless the legislature is looking at repealing the inheritance tax, which only applies in Wyoming to the extremely wealthy.\

SENATE FILE NO. SF0034

 

 

Inheritance tax fees-repeal.

 

Sponsored by: Joint Revenue Interim Committee

 

 

A BILL

 

for

 

AN ACT relating to taxation and revenue; repealing the collection of fees related to state inheritance taxes; and providing for an effective date.

 

Be It Enacted by the Legislature of the State of Wyoming:

 

Section 1.  W.S. 3919102(a) is repealed.

 

Section 2.  This act is effective July 1, 2022.

Why?

Another bill seeks to catch up with the times in regard to the sale of utilities for electrical vehicles.

SENATE FILE NO. SF0035

 

 

Electric vehicle charging stations-regulation exemption.

 

Sponsored by: Joint Minerals, Business & Economic Development Interim Committee

 

 

A BILL

 

for

 

AN ACT relating to public utilities; specifying that the retail sale of electricity for charging electric vehicles is not subject to public utility provisions as specified; making conforming amendments to regulation exceptions; and providing for an effective date.

 

Be It Enacted by the Legislature of the State of Wyoming:

 

Section 1.  W.S. 371101(a)(vi)(H)(VII) and by creating a new subdivision (X) is amended to read:

 

371101.  Definitions.

 

(a)  As used in chapters 1, 2, 3, 12, 17 and 18 of this title: 

 

(vi)  "Public utility" means and includes every person that owns, operates, leases, controls or has power to operate, lease or control:

 

(H)  None of the provisions of this chapter shall apply to:

 

(VII)  The retail sale of compressed natural gas for use as motor vehicle fuel by a company which person that is not otherwise regulated under this title;

 

(X)  The retail sale of electricity for charging electric vehicles by a person that is not otherwise regulated under this title.

 

Section 2.  This act is effective immediately upon completion of all acts necessary for a bill to become law as provided by Article 4, Section 8 of the Wyoming Constitution.


Wednesday, February 2, 2022

I'm surrounded by electronic communications devices. . .

 and I don't like it.

Richmond and Backus Co. office, Detroit, Michigan, 1902.  This is obviously a law office.  A set of CJS's are on a rotary shelf.  On the window sill are a set of corporate seals.  The bookshelves on the left are barrister cases.  The office is sort of a mess, like most real law offices are.  Missing, however, is the dread telephone.

This week I started using an iPad.

This isn't because I love the latest and the greatest in technology,  I don't.  Not at all.  In fact, I tend to be a contrarian on it.

This is partially as I just view tools for their utility.  I don't understand, for example, why people trade in perfectly functioning cars they own for new ones. The old one would have gotten you from point A to point B just as well in lots of instances.

"Well, it's new!"

Yeah, so what?  You spent money on something you didn't need to get a job done, something you already owned did.

M'eh.

But I have a computer in my home.  Two actually, as I have my own laptop that I got for work purposes back during the first part of the pandemic.  I already had a work issued one, and I frankly can't really tell you know exactly why I thought I needed my own, but I did.  It might be because things were really topsy-turvy at the time, and a person with a good workplace laptop risks somebody purloining it for a temporary purpose that become permanent, or in some instances you actually need to in order to run things for trials.  Indeed, I took my own and my issue laptop to a trial in August in Denver and I mostly used my own in my hotel room, not my issue one.  My issue one I took to court each day with me, but I didn't use it much there.

Anyhow, I never saw need for an iPad, even though my daughter has one and loves it.  She uses it for school.

Then, one of my younger confederates at work, upon whom I depend a great deal, bought a surface and started using it as a notepad.

A high-tech notepad.

I was impressed, to say the least.

I'm pretty much afloat in paper all the time, and it's easy to take notes and not recall where they were or memorialize what you need to do from them.  This can address this problem pretty efficiently.

And so now I have one, and I used it for the first time yesterday, the day I got it.

It is an improvement, although it reemphasizes my horrible handwriting.

I'd gone to fountain pens due to my poor handwriting, and they do help. This takes me back to writing too fast, so it's retrograde in that fashion.  But it's an improvement nonetheless.

And once I figure it out, and I will, it'll do a lot more than that.

When I started practicing law, we didn't even have computers.  We got them the first year I practiced, and it wasn't even super clear what we were using them for. They didn't have internet connections, and while the internet existed, it was dial up and all that.

Shortly after that, we did get dial up internet and soon after that, I got a computer myself, with an internet connection.  It was actually my second, as I'd had one without a dial-up before that, although why is really an open question.

Soon after that, the "Blackberry" came in, which served various functions for those who had them.  I never did, but I did have something similar that was passed down to me by a more senior lawyer who had upgraded to something else on the Afghan Warlord Principal.[1]   I can't really recall what the thing did, other than that it stored contacts.  It wasn't a phone.

Soon after computers came in I started to type out my own work using them.  There was huge resistance to this and I was repeatedly ordered to dictate my work.  I did quite a bit of it, but I ended up abandoning that soon after we had computers.  Indeed, when I dictated I tended to write out, by hand, what I was going to dictate, first.  Anyhow, I was the first in the office to abandon the Dictaphone.  Now, I think, there's one semi retired lawyer left who uses a variant of one.

Dictaphones replaced direct dictation, which had been common before that.  With direct dictation the author dictated to a secretary who could take shorthand notation by hand, and then that person, usually a "she" in later years, transcribed it using a typewriter.  Before that, when secretaries were still "he's", that person usually wrote the document out by hand. People who did that were called "scrivener's" and were hired for their good handwriting.  Even today in the law we use the term "scrivener" as a substitute for author, because it's fun.

For notes, lawyers wrote everything out by hand on long yellow legal pads.  Many of us, myself included, still do.

But those days are ending.

Dictaphones have gone away, for the most part, and nobody is employed as a scrivener any longer.  The era of the true secretary, whose job was taking dictation and doing transcription, is over as well.  Scrivener's as an occupation no longer exist.[2]   

Where all this leads I can't say, but I really don't like being tied to electronics so much.  I do like being able to publish myself, as in here, but I'm at the point, I think, where I'd rather not have to be on the constant office cutting edge of technology.  Some people love it, even tough, long term I worry it'll be our destruction.  I'm not one of the ones who love it, even though I've been a fairly heavy adopter of it.

On that, however, it's odd how the initial adoption sometimes came by force, and then sometimes obliquely.  My first home computer was really a toy from my prospective.  I probably played Solitaire on it more than do anything else, but it came with games.  My justification for getting it was that it would be a great home word processor and much better than a typewriter, all of which is true.

The internet at home was the same way.  It was a toy.  Now I have to have it due to work.

I resisted smartphones at first, but at some point it was no longer possible not to have one.  How many I have had by now I couldn't say, but it's quite a few.  I've adopted to the text world, and I'm glad that it lets me keep up with my kids in college, sort of.  And I like having, oddly enough, a little pocket camera, which of course it also is, all the time, something that's reflected on these blogs.  And I really like the iTunes feature, oddly enough.  Indeed, I had a little iPod before I had an iPhone that I used for music.  I think that I started listening to podcasts after I had my first iPhone, and I really like them.

But, given it all, while I don't like romanticizing the past, if I could place me and those I love back a century, before all this stuff, I'd do it.

I'd probably be the only one I know, however, who would.

I wonder, if I ever retire, what of this stuff I'd keep?  I don't think I'd keep it all.

Footnotes

1.  "The Afghan Warlord Principal".  Years ago I saw a photograph of a body of men, all armed, in Afghanistan.  They were tribesmen fitted out to fight the Soviets. Some were boys.  The boys carried ancient rifles, and if I recall correctly one had a muzzle-loading rifle.  One man, squatted down dead center, had an AK47, the only one so armed.

He looked like he was 80, if he was a day.

He had the most effective combat weapon not because he was the most effective combatant, but because he was senior to everyone else.  Much technology in any one office setting works the same way.

2.  To my surprise, although I shouldn't have been, it exists as a last name, however.  

Makes sense.

Commanders?


 

Well, I guess they couldn't be the Washington Football Team forever.

Monday, February 2, 1942. Things Chinese

Franklin Roosevelt asked Congress to loan $500,000,000 to Nationalist China.

US poster for China relief.  This is obviously an idealized poster, but its interesting in that the family is shown in typical Chinese dress for the time, with the Nationalist soldier pretty accurately shown with a export pattern contract M98 Mauser and attired in German inspired clothing, including the feldmutze adopted by the Nationalist Chinese Army.

This doesn't seem surprising now, but in retrospect, Nationalist China's road to being an ally of the United States was a circuitous one.  The Nationalist had been a Soviet client since 1921 and remained one even after the Communist were removed from the Kuomintang, the event that brought about the Chinese Civil War.  Indeed, while the Soviets also supported the Chinese Communist Party, it operated to force the CCP to make accommodations to the Kuomintang even while the two were fighting against each other.  Moscow's hand was so heavy that it can be argued that Stalin essentially prevented a Communist takeover of China before 1949 through its actions.  A pre-war effort by the Japanese to secure a treaty with the USSR that went beyond being a mere non-aggression pact had included, as part of its conditions, that the Soviets quit supplying the Nationalist, which the Soviets refused.

Soviet volunteer aviators with the Nationalist Chinese.  Soviet aircrews fought with the Nationalist until the German invasion of the USSR, making their volunteer effort earlier than the American one.

Indeed, the Soviets not only supplied aid and material to the Chinese Nationalist, they supplied a group of volunteer aviators.  The US AVG came about only after the Soviet effort concluded.  The Soviets, therefore, aided the Nationalist in real terms longer, and in some ways, more concretely, than the US did, right up until the late 1930s when the US became very interested in Japanese aggression in China.

Soviet I-16 fighter in Nationalist Chinese use.  This aircraft was a popular fighter of the 1930s and saw service early in World War Two, by which time it was obsolete.

At the same time, Nationalist China received significant support from Nazi Germany as well.


Poster symbolizing German and Nationalist Chinese military cooperation, and also demonstrating the very close appearance of their respective uniforms.  The German pattern helmets used by the Chinese were of the late M35 pattern, making them a more modern pattern, for example, than that usually shown worn by the Finns, who retained the old M16s until later patterns were supplied to them during World War Two.

German aid to the Chinese Nationalist military dated back to Weimar Germany, and China had been one of the outlet nations which allowed the Weimar government to basically bypass restrictions on the size of the German officer corps. This continued on into the 1930s with it going so far as to see one of Chiang Kai Shek's children, an adopted son, receive German military training, while another saw an education in the USSR, showing the nature of the relationship between the two countries and the Nationalist.

Chiang Wei-kuo.

The Germans pulled towards the Japanese in the late 1930s, although that relationship was not anywhere near as seamless or trusting as sometimes supposed, and was more than a little cynical on the German side (it was much less cynical on the Japanese side).  As this occurred the Germans began to slowly abandon the Chinese, although not before the Chinese Nationalist Army was essentially equipped in a fashion that distantly mirrored the German Army's to a significant extent.  The Nationalist Chinese fought the Second World War principally armed with German infantry weapons, and they even acquired a handful of tanks from the Germans before Japanese protests caused the supply of such things to cease.

Chinese soldier guarding American P-40s.  He's armed with a contract German M98 Mauser and  his uniform, sans footgear, is basically German in pattern.

The United States, in contrast, had never actually been a major military supplier to anyone prior to World War Two and only stepped into that role with China very late, indeed basically at the same time it started to supply the British in the Second World War. 

It should be noted that in spite of all of this aid, from all of these various sources, and in spite of the fact that the Nationalist Chinese fought much better than they have been credited as doing, massive corruption existed within the Nationalist Chinese ranks which enormously depleted their effectiveness.  Vast amounts of aid were wasted or subject to corrupt diversion and the plight of the Chinese enlisted man a bad one, which accounted for a massive desertion rate.

The US can be regarded as having been naive throughout this period in regard to China in every fashion.  The Nationalist Chinese fought much harder than they're credited with against the Japanese, as noted, but the Nationalist were not in a position to expel them and their own internal corruption hindered their effectiveness.  Chiang clashed with his American advisor's views, although he was always extremely polite to them even though he knew that some, such as Gen. Stilwell, held him in contempt.  The long history of his political movement demonstrates that it was one of complicated political beliefs which in fact included some sympathy to the very hard left, but the government was not a democratic one during Chiang's control of it, something he attributed to wartime and civil war conditions.


Wartime pro British Nationalist card.

During the war the US military mission to China would become significant, but wartime conditions also meant that the OSS mission was more than a little sympathetic to the Chinese Communists and, in fact, included members who were Communist themselves.  The rapid collapse of the Chinese Nationalist, who had held out throughout the 1930s, raised questions that have still never really been fully answered about how that came about, but it is clear that the Truman administration simply had no real sympathy for the Nationalist and had grown tired of them.  Here too, the US failed to appreciate China and where things were heading, once the Nationalist had lost the favor of their final patron, the United States.  Chiang, for his part, partially attributed his 1949 defeat to the corruption that has always existed in his movement, and he diligently worked to eliminate it once he was exiled to Taiwan.

Oddly, Chiang Kai Shek has undergone a bit of a rehabilitation in Communist China in recent years, with some scholarly articles reassessing his leadership favorably.  It's hard to know what to make of this.

On this same day, and on the same topic, more or less, Joseph Stilwell was designated Chief of Staff to Supreme Commander, China Theatre, which meant he was Chief of Staff to Chiang.


Stilwell didn't get along with Chiang and was outraged by Chinese corruption and military inefficiency, both of which were very real as noted.  He became more vociferous about his views as the war went on, and was ultimately partially recalled because of this.  He referred to Chiang as peanut, and his views might be best illustrated, in part, by this poem he authored.
I have waited long for vengeance,
At last I've had my chance.
I've looked the Peanut in the eye
And kicked him in the pants.


The old harpoon was ready
With aim and timing true,
I sank it to the handle,
And stung him through and through.

The little bastard shivered,
And lost the power of speech.
His face turned green and quivered
As he struggled not to screech.

For all my weary battles,
For all my hours of woe,
At last I've had my innings
And laid the Peanut low.

I know I've still to suffer,
And run a weary race,
But oh! the blessed pleasure!
I've wrecked the Peanut's face.

Also on this day, as Sarah Sundin's blog reports:
February 2, 1942: : US 808th Engineer Aviation Battalion arrives in Melbourne to build airfields near Darwin, Australia. Allied ships begin withdrawal from Singapore to East Indies.
At this time, there was a real fear that the Japanese would land on Australia.

On the Eastern Front, the Germans were forced to supply the troops surrounded at Kholm by air.

Life Magazine featured a P-47 on its cover, a stunning thing to realize in that in 1942 the common American fighter was the over matched P-40.  The P-47 would go on to be one of the great convoy escort aircraft of the war and obtain a reputation as a terrific ground support aircraft.  The plane had made its first flight in 1941 and had not yet gone into service, but the fact that it was at this stage meant that the US had already leaped an entire aircraft generation ahead of any other combatant in the war.


 Here's hoping this year's tigers are like this one.

Thursday, February 2, 1922. The birth of Checker Cab.

Washington D. C., February 2, 1922.
 

The Checker Cab Manufacturing Company was created on this day Morris Markin, a Russian immigrant, who assembled the company form the failed ruins of several others.  He was only 28 years old.

An incredible figure, he had a gift for business that had demonstrated itself both in Imperial Russia and the United States, with the Russian Jewish immigrant succeeding at nearly everything he touched in spite of the long odds involved.

Checker's were the default American cab for decades, in their final years taking on a 1950s appearance that would last until the last one was produced in 1982.

Checker cab from Wikipedia commons.

The College of Cardinals gathered in Rome to begin the selection process for a new Bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church.

This is, I'd note, also the 100th anniversary of the publication of James Joyce's Ulysses, timed for his 40th birthday.

You probably haven't read it.

And if you tried, you probably gave up.

And that's probably because it's crap.

Those are harsh words for a book that's widely heralded, but often people forget why a book makes a splash in the first place.  I suspect that's the case for this book.  A common reaction of people who try to read it is to find that it's "hard going" and they put it down.

This is, I'd note, the same thing that people say about Mein Kampf, which I haven't read, and I'm not going to.  I note that as these two tomes are roughly contemporaneous and lots of copies have been printed that nobody read.  I'm not saying the content is the same.  I am saying that they're both probably crap.

As for Ulysses, it's probably gathering more dust than readers, as it's just not that great.

My exposure to Joyce is from one short story of his I read eons ago while in high school, and frankly it wasn't great.

And while I'm at it, Liam O'Flaherty's short story The Sniper, which we had to read, also isn't great.  M'eh.

Anyhow, Joyce fits in the same category I'd place Hemingway.  He obtained a reputation early on and that made his reputation.  People when they read their books secretly, I think, say "hmmm. . . . not great" as whatever made them "great" in the first place applied only to their time and place, if it even applied to the time and place.  They're preserved today because of that early reputation and because English departments continue to imagine they're great.  But for English departments, they'd be forgotten.  This book, and Finnegan's Wake, are basically not read, based on the commentary you see from honest people who attempted to.

Wyoming Fact & Fiction - Neil A. Waring: Wyoming In The Movies

Wyoming Fact & Fiction - Neil A. Waring: Wyoming In The Movies:     Wyoming Fact & Fiction January 31, 2022 Wyoming in the movies – I spend some time each week looking at the on-screen guides f...

Tuesday, February 1, 2022

National Freedom Day.

 

Today In Wyoming's History: February 1: Today is National Freedom Day, a date celebrating the 13th Amendment.

It is also Black History Month.

I should perhaps of noted this day in our ongoing 1942 thread, as this observance was passed into law in 1942.  For reasons noted here the other day, it's passage during the war was significant.

Black History Month came later, and it would come in advance of other "history month" observances.  Many of these are of significance, but they've become diluted as the more you have, the less any of them mean. This is unfortunate indeed, and particularly unfortunate when this one is considered.

African Americans and Native Americans truly have unique histories in relation to the United States and American culture. Of course, this can be said about other groups, but African Americans stem from a population that was brought here against its will and contrary to the values of the English nation that brought them here. They were then kept in slavery against the values of the nation that kept them enslaved.  That required them to be viewed as lessers due to their appearance alone, making this sort of late slavery, coming as it did as slavery had passed from the Western world, uniquely barbaric.  

Huge strides have been made in overcoming this legacy. That can't be emphasized enough. Even when I was young interracial couples were something rarely seen and which almost always struck the mind's eye.  Now, they're common.  We've come a long ways.  But here, truly, we aren't where we need to be yet.

Sunday, February 1, 1942. US raids the Marshalls.

Douglas SBD-2 Dauntless dive bomber on the USS Enterprise.  Note the very early war US roundals that featured the red dot in the center, which was later removed out of fears that this would cause US aircraft to be mistaken for Japanese ones.

Twenty years after the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty were agreed to, which limited ships of various types, but not aircraft carriers, this occurred:
February 1, 1942: US ships and aircraft from carriers USS Enterprise and USS Yorktown strike the Marshall and Gilbert Islands in the first offensive action by the US in the war.

The raids were of no long term consequence, but did provide valuable experience to the US Navy.

Interesting how many of these events occurred on Sunday.

That item, of course, is from Sarah Sundin's blog on daily events of World War Two.

Also, from it, for this day:

German Navy starts using 4-rotor Enigma machines, throwing off Allied code-breaking for eleven months. Nazis form puppet government in Norway with Vidkun Quisling as prime minister. Blue Star Mothers of America is established in Flint, MI, for mothers of servicemen and women.

Quisling was an odd character who had served as Norwegian Defense Minister from 1931-33.  Oddly, his first attempt to seize power in a coup, coincident with the German invasion, failed as it was not supported by Germany.

Wednesday, February 1, 1922. Limiting arms.


It was actually a series of treaties that were agreed to, all with the same goal of limiting arms in the hopes of avoding a Second World War.

Lincoln Highway Redux?

Gen. Luke Reiner[1] head of the Wyoming Department of Transportation, has stated that WYDOT is proposing to reroute Interstate 80 along the path of Wyoming Highway 30.

Eh?

Okay, this is the stretch between Laramie and Rawlins, which is notoriously bad during bad weather.  For those not familiar with I80 in that area, or Highway 30 between Laramie and Rawlins, observe below:

WYDOT Public use map.

For those who are historically minded, you may be thinking that Highway 30, in that area, looks a bit familiar.

That's because that is where the "interstate", or protointerstate if you will, was prior to Interstate 80 being built.

Witness:



Gen. Reiner notes, in his statements to the Cowboy State Daily, that 
“If you look at a map, you’ll see that the old highway, Highway 30, goes further to the north, and then sort of comes down from the north into I-80.  Rumor has it that when they went to build I-80, that the initial route followed the route of Highway 30. And somebody made the decision, ‘No, we’re going to move closer to these very beautiful mountains,’ to which the locals said, ‘Bad idea,’ based on weather. And it has proved to be true.”
I don't know if it's a rumor, and I don't know if they had beauty in mind.  I've heard the same thing about locals warning those building the highway not to get too close to the mountains, only to be disregarded.

Highway 30 followed the route of the Union Pacific, and except in this stretch still largely does.  The Interstate, however, followed a cutoff route of the Overland Trail.  That's significant that the portion of the Overland Trail that it followed turned out to be an unpopular one, and the Army, which garrisoned a post at the base of Elk Mountain, eventually abandoned it.

We've written about that location here:

Sunday, August 2, 2020

Ft. Halleck, sort of. Near Elk Mountain Wyoming

Where Ft. Halleck was, from a great distance.

This set of photographs attempts to record something from a very great distance, and with the improper lenses.   I really should have known better, quite frankly, and forgot to bring the lense that would have been ideal.  None the less, looking straight up the center of this photograph, you'll see where Ft. Halleck once was.


The post was located at the base of Elk Mountain on the Overland Trail, that "shortcut" alternative to the Oregon Trail that shaved miles, at the expense of convenience and risk.  Ft. Halleck was built in 1862 to reduce the risk.  Whomever located the post must have done so in the summer, as placing a post on this location would seem, almost by definition, to express a degree of ignorance as to what the winters here are like.

 The area to the northeast of where Ft. Halleck once was.

The fort was only occupied until 1866, although it was a major post during that time.  Ft. Sanders, outside the present city of Laramie, made the unnecessary and to add to that, Sanders was in a more livable 


Of course, by that time the Union Pacific was also progressing through the area, and that would soon render the Overland Trail obsolete.  While not on an identical path the Overland Trail and the Union Pacific approximated each others routes and, very shortly, troops would be able to travel by rail.


As that occured, it would also be the case that guarding the railroad would become a more important function for the Army, and forts soon came to be placed on it.

Elk Mountain

And, therefore, Ft. Halleck was abandoned.







Whatever the reason for locating Interstate 80 there, and I suspect it had more to do with bypassing a bunch of country, making the road shorter, and the like, it was a poor choice indeed. The weather in that area is horrific during the winter.  Perhaps the irony of that is that this stretch of the National Defense Highway system would have had to end up being avoided, quite frequently, if we'd really needed it if the Soviets had attacked us in the winter.  

Gen. Reiner, who really doesn't expect this to occur, has noted in favor of it:
Our suggestion to the federal government is to say, ‘If you want to do something for the nation’s commerce along I-80, reroute it. Follow Highway 30 — it’s about 100 miles of new interstate, the estimated cost would be about $6 billion. So, it’s not cheap, but our estimate is that it would dramatically reduce the number of days the interstate’s closed, because that’s the section that that kills us.
It doesn't just "kill" us in a budgetary fashion. It kills a lot of people too.  Anyone who has litigated in Wyoming has dealt with I80 highway fatalities in this section.  That makes the $6,000,000,000 investment worthwhile in my mind.

And of course taking the more southerly route doesn't just kill people, as crass as that is to say, it helped kill the towns of Rock River and Medicine Bow, two of the five towns on that stretch of Highway 30 that were once pretty bustling Lincoln Highway towns.[1]   Highway 30 runs rough through them.  

And of note, FWIW, Highway 30 between Bosler and Rock River

Now, I know that a new Interstate 80 wouldn't go right through Rock River and Medicine Bow, but past them, like Highway 30 does to Hanna, but some people would in fact pull off.  It's inevitable.  

It's a good idea.

Not as good of an idea as electrifying the railroad and restoring train travel, but still a good idea.

It won't happen, however.  Not even though there's still relatively little between Laramie and Rawlins, and it won't cause any real towns to dry up and blow away.  Not even though it would save lives and ultimately thousands of lost travel dollars.  And not even though the current administration is spending infrastructure money like crazy.

Footnotes:

1.  Before he was head of WYDOT, Reiner was the commanding officer of the Wyoming Army National Guard.

When I was a National Guardsmen he was a lieutenant, and his first assignment was to my Liaison section.  I knew him at that time.  He's an accountant by training, and he was in fact an accountant at the time.  His parents were Lutheran missionaries in Namibia, where he had partially grown up.

2.  The towns are Bosler, Rock River, Medicine Bow,  and Hanna.

This is the Year of the Tiger. . .

 on the Chinese lunar calendar.


Yikes.

Let's hope its a good year for tigers ecologically, as that's good for everything.

But not one, metaphorically.

Blog Mirror: When will black history become a part of American history?

 

WHEN WILL BLACK HISTORY BECOME A PART OF AMERICAN HISTORY?