The distance of things.

I was in Denver the past couple of days, and on my way out, I took some photographs for my blog on churches in the West.

I've been to Denver approximately a billion times. But trying to find photographs on a particular topic really focuses in your attention on some things. More on that later, but one thing I noted is that you can find multiple churches of a single denomination relatively close to each other, in modern terms.

For example,the Roman Catholic Cathedral in Denver, is really relatively close to Holy Ghost, a fine old church (which I did not get to photograph) in downtown Denver. If I lived in downtown Denver, I'd probably have to drive to the Cathedral for Mass, but it isn't far. Nor are either of these far, in driving terms, from Mother of God Catholic Church which is just on the edge of downtown Denver. It's a very small church.

In any event, these churches are all so close to each other, in modern terms, that I can't imagine all three being built now. All three are still in use. I was perplexed by it, until in considering it, I realized that they are really neighborhood churches, built for communities that were walking to Mass for the most part, save for the Cathedral, which no doubt served that function, but which also was the seat of the Archdiocese of Denver. Mother of God church no doubt served a Catholic community right in that neighborhood, and it likely still does. Holy Ghost served a downtown community, and probably also the Catholic business community that was downtown during the day.

This speaks volumes about how people got around prior to World War Two. It probably also says something about their concept of space.

Here's another example. Depicted here, one time close up, and a second time from down the street, is the Burlington Northern train depot. It's still a train depot, but it only serves to be the headquarters for the BNSF locally now. At one time, of course, passengers got on and off the train here. A friend recently sent me a very interesting article describing that process, and how passengers got off and went to a nearby, now gone, restaurant. For that matter, at least three major hotels were located within a couple of blocks of the depot, one of which is the Townsend, now converted into a courthouse.

Best Posts of the Week for the Week of February 20, 2011

The distance of things.

Nice Post on what every American should learn about U.S. History

Very fine post on what every American should learn about U.S. History.

I'm often amazed by how little people know about the history of our nation. Nice to see somebody in the trenches considering it.

Heating

I'm reminded, semi painfully, of a major change in the last century being heating.

I don't know how the winter has been elsewhere, but here it's been a really cold winter. We've been down below OF repeatedly, including today.

Our house has electric heat. I actually like it quite a bit, but it's been having trouble keeping up in the really cold weather. Most houses around here have gas heat.

Most office buildings, if they're big ones like the one I work in, have a boiler. Ours has a boiler, but for some reason it's having trouble today.

This building was built in about 1917 or so. Not much insulation in it. When the heat isn't working, it's real darned cold in it.

For that matter, it was probably pretty cool in it back in the day during the winter, which is likely why men wore so much wool for office work in those days.

Office machinery and the written word.

Just recently, I resumed using the Dragon voice recognition system for dictation. For those not familiar with it, it's a program that jacks into your computer, and you speak into a microphone
which then processes the spoken word immediately into print. This is the second time I've experimented with. The first time, I grew frustrated with it and, after the system collapsed, I abandoned using it and simply typed things out on my computer. I'm a pretty fast typist, so this was working well, but any way you look at it, it's slower than speaking. This time around, the Dragon system seems to be working very well, so I've very happy with my resumed use of it.

Anyhow, what a revolution in the process of generating pleadings and letters this is. When I first started practicing law, some 21 years ago, we were using Dictaphones. Now those are practically a thing of the past. For those not familiar with them, a Dictaphone is a specialized tape recorder that allows the speaker to dictate the document. This ended up, at that time, in an audiotape which was handed over to the secretary, who then listened to it and typed out the document. The secretary handed that back to you, and then you manually red lined it for changes. This process could take some time.

This, of course, was an improved process of dictation as compared to the original one, which entailed calling a secretary in to your office and dictating the document to her. She took it down in shorthand. My mother, who had worked as a secretary in the 40s, 50s and 60s, could take excellent shorthand as a result of this process. Now, shorthand is nearly as dead of written language as Sanskrit.

Even earlier than that, legal documents were processed through a scrivener, a person whose job was simply to write legibly. That person wasn't normally the lawyer.

I'm not sure if this entire process is really quicker than the older methods, but it is certainly different. My secretary only rarely sees a rough draft of anything. That rough draft goes on my computer, and I edit it from there. About 80% of the time, by the time I have a secretary proof read a document, it is actually ready to go. Those entering the secretarial field, for that matter, generally no longer know how to take shorthand or even how to work the Dictaphone machine. They're excellent, however, on working the word process features of a computer.


All this also means, fwiw, that the practice of law, at least, is a much more solitary profession than it once was, at least while in the office. Generating a pleading, in a prior era, was more of a community effort in a way. The lawyer heard the pleading for the first time, in many instances, as the same time his secretary did. Over time, most secretaries were trusted to make comments on the pleadings. In the case of letters, they were often simply expected to be able to write one upon being asked to do so, something that still occurs to some degree today. But for pleadings, today, a lawyer tends to wall himself off by himself while drafting them, and any outside input tends to start after a relatively complete document has been drafted. Of course, with computers, it's much easier to circulate drafts and to change documents as needed.

What one building says about the march of history.

This is the Ewing T. Kerr Federal Courthouse in Casper, Wyoming. I recently posted these photographs of it on my courthouse blog.

In doing this, it occurred to me that this building, in many ways, symbolizes how many changes have come about in the last 80 years.

This building was built under appropriations set out in 1926, but actual construction did not start until 1931. It was completed in 1932. The building, therefore, came early in the Great Depression.

The ceremony for the corner stone included a Masonic Ceremony. That's an amazing fact in and of itself. A Masonic Ceremony would be regarded as unthinkable now for a Federal event, and it probably generated some concern amongst the Catholic lawyers in town at the time. The Masons, however, were quite powerful in Casper in this era, and of course fraternal organizations of all type were much more common then as opposed to now.

The building itself was not built with just the judiciary in mind. Indeed, there was no sitting Federal judge for it at all. At the time, there was one Federal judge who sat in Cheyenne. He was, however, a bit of a circuit rider, and Federal courthouses existed in Cheyenne, Casper, Green River, Lander and Yellowstone National Park. The courtroom was on the second floor of the courthouse, and the main floor and part of the basement housed the Post Office. Service recruiters were also located here, along with other Federal officers. The building was built with this in mind, and it served in this fashion up until about 1970 when a new much larger Federal office building was constructed. This itself shows how much smaller the Federal government actually was, as there is no way this building could serve in this fashion today. Even as late as the early 80s, however, the building still housed various Federal offices, including the United States Geological Survey, for which I briefly worked. It's odd to think that the dingy basement USGS office was once located in what is now a very nice courthouse. Even odder yet is to recall the beautiful Depression Era murals that were once on the main floor, with the mail boxes. The murals depicted scenes of Western migration, and were removed to the new post office (which is now the old post office) when the post office went to the new Federal Building in 1970.

What this courthouse did not see by that time was very much use as a court. By the 1950s at least the Federal Court made little use of this courthouse, and the ones in Green River and Lander had fallen into near complete disuse. In part, this may simply have been due to advances in transportation and technology. The addition of additional Federal judges, however, meant that the court needed to once again use this courthouse, and it was remodeled in the late 1980s and now has a sitting Federal judge.

Even the name of the building illustrates a change. This building was simply called "the Post Office" by most people here when I was young. Later, it was called "the old Post Office". When it acquired a sitting Federal judge most people started calling it The Federal Courthouse. The official name, the Ewing T. Kerr Federal Courthouse, came about in honor of long time Wyoming Federal judge, Ewing T. Kerr. Judge Kerr is notable, amongst other reasons, for being the last Wyoming Federal judge to lack a law degree. He had never attended law school, and actually started off as a teacher. He "read the law" and passed the bar.

By the way, just behind the courthouse is the old First National Bank building. It hasn't been used in that fashion during my lifetime, I think, but was a major office building up until the 1970s. It then fell into disuse, and was abandoned for many years. Very recently, it was remodeled into appointments, and where the bank lobby once was a grocery store now is.

Also, this view is considerably more open than at any time prior to the present time. A small building neighboring the courthouse was recently removed so that room could be made for parking. They heavy iron fence serves a security purpose. Up until recently this also did not exist, showing, I suppose, how things have changed in another fashion.

365 Days With A Model A.

Here's a blog that takes an interesting look at the early automobile era.

The author notes that this is because he doesn't feel that everything should have a computerized element to it. I couldn't agree more.

Tuesday, February 7, 1911. Mexican Revolutions.

Lucio Moreno.

Gabriel Tepepa and Lucio Moreno started their rebellion. Their uprising was not coordinated with other Mexican revolutionaries, and most importantly not with Emiliano Zapata who was awaiting the return of Torres Burgos from his mission to Madero.

What this helps demonstrate is that the revolution that Madero sparked was never completely unified, and indeed, there were Mexican Revolutions, not a Mexican Revolution.

Orozco was fighting near Juarez in the Battle of Smelter View.

Last edition:

Monday, February 6, 1911. Ronald Reagan born.

Labels: 1910s, 1911, 1930, actors and actresses, Army, Catholic, Christianity, Conservatism, Democratic Party, Donald Trump, Mental Health, Personalities, Protestant, religion, Republican Party, Ronald Reagan, U.S. Air Force, World War Two

Monday, February 6, 1911. Ronald Reagan born.

Ronald Wilson Reagan was born in an apartment in Tampico, Illinois to Nelle Clyde Reagan (nee Wilson) and Jack Reagan.  

Reagan family, Ronald Reagan is the youngest.

His mother was a devout member of the Disciples of Christ while his father was a Catholic and they were married in the Catholic Church.  The couple's older son, Neil, was baptized as a Catholic, but raised as a youth in the Disciples of Christ before switching over to being a practicing Catholic.  Ronald was baptized in he Disciples of Christ Church.  This sort of compromise wasn't uncommon in American families of mixed religious background, but it would have been problematic for Jack.  I note all of this as Reagan himself made some life and political compromises that perhaps somewhat reflect having grown up in a household of problematic compromise, although that is speculating a lot.

His entry into media came initially as being a sports broadcaster.  By 1937 he was acting.  He was an Army Reserve cavalryman starting in 1937, and would serve in the Army during the Second World War in the branch that made films and did pubic relations work.

Like his father, Reagan was initially a Democrat and switched to the GOP in the 1950s.  By the time he ran for office in California he was solidly a Buckleyite conservative and has the status of the last real conservative to hold the Oval Office. While a hero to conservatives, it was his Southern Strategy that would ultimately destroy the GOP.

At the time of his first election to the Presidency, there were real questions on whether Americans would vote for a divorced man, showing how much higher standards were at the time.

Reagan was leagues superior to the current illegitimate occupant of the White House, and as a real conservative he had real merit from the perspective of conservatives, including myself . The hero worship of Reagan is, however, unwarranted.  By his second term the signs of Alzheimer's was appearing, although nothing to the degree which dementia has best the current putative chief executive.

Last edition:

Sunday, February 5, 1911. First Battle of Bauche.

Labels: Mexican Revolution, Mexico, Mexico (Chihuahua), Mexico (Juarez), Pascual Orozco, The First Battle of Bauche

Saturday, February 4, 1911. Deadlocks.

A Berryman cartoon for this day in 1911.

Persia's Minister of Finance, Sani al-Dowleh, was killed in Tehran by two Armenian assassins who were Russian subjects, and whose legation provided them with sanctuary.

Francisco Madero, who was still in Texas at the time, offered Dr. Ira J. Bush a commission as the chief surgeon with the rank of colonel, which he accepted.

Former Boer General Piet Cronjé and advocate of attrition warfare, died at age 74.  Because of his tactical viewpoints, he was shunned by the surviving Boer officers.  And, indeed, that was not a wise strategy, particularly for the Boers whose numbers and nature favored mobility.

Last edition:

Friday, February 3, 1911. Dangers of nature.

Labels: 1910s, 1911, California, Finland, fishing, hunting, Kenya, Mexican Revolution, Mexico, Subsistence fishing

Friday, February 3, 1911. Dangers of nature.

253 ice fishermen, who had set up a "fishing village" on an ice floe in the Bjorko Sound in Finland, were killed when a gale swept the settlement out into the Baltic Sea.  On the same day, George Grey, brother of British Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey, was killed by a lion while hunting in Africa.

Mexican revolutionary Abraham Gonzalez moved his office to the Caples building in El Paso, Texas.

California adopted the bear flag as its state flag.

California's flag is frankly weird.  The state was only a republic very briefly, and grizzly bears were driven out of the state long, long ago.

Last edition:

Thursday, February 2, 1911. Fighting in Mexico.

Labels: 1910s, 1911, Antarctic, cavalry, Haiti, Honduras, Mexican Revolution, Mexico, Navy, Pascual Orozco, Royal Navy

Thursday, February 2, 1911. Fighting in Mexico.

The revolution in Mexico was seeing a lot of action.

The crews of the two competing expeditions to the South Pole confronted each other at the Bay of Whales.

That must have been awkward.

Revolution broke out on the northern coast of Haiti.

Puerto Cortez, Honduras was turned over to the control of American and British soldiers..

Last edition:

Sunday, January 29, 1911. Revolution at Mexicali.

Labels: 1910s, 1911, cavalry, Colorado, Democracy, Ecuador, Galapagos Islands, Government, Marriage, Mexican Revolution, Mexico, Mexico (Mexicali), Socialism, Wyoming Army National Guard

Sunday, January 29, 1911. Revolution at Mexicali.

Taking advantage of Madero's revolution against Diaz,  a small party of Mexican rebels of the Mexican Liberal Party, a socialist party, bloodlessly took Mexicali. They were not aligned with Madero except in their goal of overthrowing the Mexican government.

Colorado's salons were looking at a new bill restricting who could marry.

Wyoming ws seeing a push towards adopting the initiative and referendum and there was campaigning for the direct election of Senators.

A Rough Rider militia movement was organizing in the state.

Ecuador abandoned plans to lease the Galapagos Islands to the US, which overall, was a good thing for the islands.  Protests in the country reversed the plan.

Last edition:

Thursday,, January 26, 1911.

Labels: 1910, 1911, Canada, Diplomacy, Economics, International trade, James Montgomery Flagg, United State

Building trends and economic eras

It should have occurred to me more clearly a long time ago, but you can begin to discern an economic era in a town based on its significant buildings.

That's certainly the case in this town. I've long known that the building I work in, the Con Roy building, was built in 1917 as part of a building boom associated with World War One oil production. But up until very recently I hadn't noticed how far that building trend must have carried. In putting up some photos for my blog on churches, it really became apparent to me. Most of the downtown churches here, fine old structures, were built right after World War One. I know that all those congregations had existing smaller churches, so they were replacing old ones with new much larger ones. Probably the size of the congregations had dramatically increased as well.

Same thing with some large old buildings here, except their earlier. Say 1900 to 1914. All associated with sheepmen, who must have been doing very well in a way that no rancher could today.

Railroad Roundhouse

A scene now so rare, that this one is a museum. A railroad roundhouse.

Surgarmill

Couvi posted this item on his grandfather's sugarmill on his site. Fits in with the theme here, and very interesting.

Thursday,, January 26, 1911.

The United States and Canada entered into their first reciprocal trade agreement.

The US, of course, wasn't governed by a senile chief executive, and for that matter, the chief executive at the time was not given unfettered powers.

Glenn H. Curtiss made the first sustained seaplane flight, taking off from San Diego Bay in his D-Hydro-Aeroplane and then landing on the Pacific Ocean off San Diego.  Meanwhile, Roger Sommer set a new record for number of passengers on an airplane, flying five passengers in France thirteen miles.

Life magazine, which came out at odd times of the week, came out.

The cover illustration was by James Montgomery Flagg, and it wasn't one of his better ones.

Last edition:

Wednesday, January 25, 1911. Honduran Revolution.

Labels: 1910s, 1911, Army, Honduras, Mercenaries, Mexican Revolution, Mexico

When horses were a major economic factor.

When horse were a major economic factor.

Not all that long ago, really. Wyoming had a horse boom as late as 1914-1918. We had a remount station up until World War Two, and the Remount program was operating in the state as late as the Second World War.

Wednesday, January 25, 1911. Honduran Revolution.

Mercenaries invaded Honduras with battles against the Honduran Army resulting at La Ceiba. 

La Ceiba, 1910.

U.S. troops were deployed to the Mexican border due to the ongoing revolution in Mexico.

Fighting in Mexico was making the front page of the Cheyenne paper.

Last edition:

Tuesday, January 24, 1911. Boundary dispute.

Labels: 1910s, 1911, Anarchy, Army, cavalry, Diplomacy, Hirohito, Japan, Mexican Revolution, Mexico, Monarchy, United States, Women

Tuesday, January 24, 1911. Boundary dispute.

The United States and Mexico, the latter of which was in a state of civil war, echanged ratifications of the Convention Between the United States and Mexico for the Arbitration of the Chamizal Case, which stated:

Convention Between the United States and Mexico for the Arbitration of the Chamizal Case

The United States of America and the United States of Mexico, desiring to terminate, in accordance with the various treaties and conventions now existing between the two countries, and in accordance with the principles of international law, the differences which have arisen between the two governments as to the international title to the Chamizal tract, upon which the members of the International Boundary Commission have failed to agree, and having determined to refer these differences to the said commission, established by the convention of 1889, which for this case only shall be enlarged as hereinafter provided, have resolved to conclude a convention for that purpose, and have appointed as their respective plenipotentiaries: The President of the United States of America, Philander C. Knox, Secretary of State of the United States of America; and The President of the United States of Mexico, Don Francisco Leon de la Barra, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the United States of Mexico at Washington; Who, after having exhibited their respective full powers, and having found the same to be in good and due form, have agreed upon the following articles:

Article I

The Chamizal tract in dispute is located at El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, and is bounded westerly and southerly by the middle of the present channel of the Rio Grande, otherwise called Rio Bravo del Norte, easterly by the middle of the abandoned channel of 1901, and northerly by the middle of the channel of the river as surveyed by Emory and Salazar in 1852, and is substantially as shown on a map on a scale of 1-5,000, signed by General Anson Mills, commissioner on the part of the United States, and Senior Don F. Javier Osorno, commissioner on the part of Mexico, which accompanies the report of the International Boundary Commission, in Case No. 13, entitled "Alleged Obstruction in the Mexican End of the El Paso Street Railway Bridge and Backwaters Caused by the Great Bend in the River Below," and on file in the archives of the two governments.

Article II

The difference as to the international title of the Chamizal tract shall be again referred to the International Boundary Commission, which shall be enlarged by the addition, for the purposes of the consideration and decision of the aforesaid difference only, of a third commissioner, who shalt preside over the deliberations of the commission. This commissioner shall be a Canadian jurist and shall be selected by the two governments by common accord, or, failing such agreement, by the Government of Canada, which shall be requested to designate him. No decision of the commission shall be perfectly valid unless the commission shall have been fully constituted by the three members who compose it.

Article III

The commission shall decide solely and exclusively as to whether the international title to the Chamizal tract is in the United States of America or Mexico. The decision of the commission, whether rendered unanimously or by majority vote of the commissioners, shall be final and conclusive upon both governments, and without appeal. The decision shall be in writing and shall state the reasons upon which it is based. It shall be rendered within thirty days after the close of the hearings.

Article IV

Each government shall be entitled to be represented before the commission by an agent and such counsel as it may deem necessary to designate; the agent and counsel shall be entitled to make oral argument and to examine and cross-examine witnesses and, provided that the commission so decides, to introduce further documentary evidence.

Article V

On or before December 1, 1910, each government shall present to the agent of the other party two or more printed copies of its case, together with the documentary evidence upon which it relies. It shall be sufficient for this purpose if each government delivers the copies and documents aforesaid at the Mexican Embassy at Washington or at the American Embassy at the City of Mexico, as the case may be, for transmission. As soon thereafter as possible, and within ten days, each party shall deliver two printed copies of its case and accompanying documentary evidence to each member of the commission. Delivery to the American and Mexican commissioners may be made at their offices in El Paso,Texas; the copies intended for the Canadian commissioner may be delivered at the British Embassy at Washington or at the British Legation at the City of Mexico.

On or before February 1, 1911, each government may present to the agent of the other a counter case, with documentary evidence, in answer to the case and documentary evidence of the other party. The countercase shall be delivered in the manner provided in the foregoing paragraph.

The commission shall hold its first session in the city of El Paso, State of Texas, where the offices of the International Boundary Commission are situated, on March 1, 1911, and shall proceed to the trial of the case with all convenient speed, sitting either at El Paso, Texas, or Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, as convenience may require. The commission shall act in accordance with the procedure established in the boundary convention of 1889. It shall, however, be empowered to adopt such rules and regulations as it may deem convenient in the course of the case.

At the first meeting of the three commissioners each party shall deliver to each of the commissioners and to the agent of the other party, in duplicate, with such additional copies as may be required, a printed argument showing the points relied upon in the case and counter-case, and referring to the documentary evidence upon which it is based. Each party shall have the right to file such supplemental printed brief as it may deem requisite. Such briefs shall be filed within ten days after the close of the hearings, unless further time be granted by the commission.

Article VI

Each government shall pay the expenses of the presentation and conduct of its case before the commission; all other expenses which by their nature are a charge on both governments, including the honorarium for the Canadian commissioner, shall be borne by the two governments in equal moieties.

Article VII

In case of the temporary or permanent unavoidable absence of any one of the commissioners, his place will be filled by the government concerned, except in the case of the Canadian jurist. The latter under any like circumstances shall be replaced in accordance with the provisions of this convention.

Article VIII

If the arbitral award provided for by this convention shall be favorable to Mexico, it shall be executed within the term of two years, which can not be extended, and which shall be counted from the date on which the award is rendered. During that time the status quo shall be maintained in the Chamizal tract on the terms agreed upon by both governments.

Article IX

By this convention the contracting parties declare to be null and void all previous propositions that have reciprocally been made for the diplomatic settlement of the Chamizal case; but each party shall be entitled to put in evidence by way of information such of this official correspondence as it deems advisable.

Article X

The present convention shall be ratified in accordance with the constitutional forms of the contracting parties and shall take effect from the date of the exchange of its ratifications.

The ratifications shall be exchanged at Washington as soon as possible.

In witness whereof, the respective plenipotentiaries have signed the above articles, both in the English and Spanish languages, and have hereunto affixed their seals.

Done in duplicate at the City of Washington, this 24th day of June, one thousand nine hundred and ten.

PHILANDER C. KNOX

F. L. DE LA BARRA

It was a small boundary dispute. 

On the same day, the Army deployed cavalry to preserve the neutrality of the Rio Grande because of the Mexican Revolution.

Ten people were hung for being in a conspiracy to assassinate Hirohito, the Crown Prince of Japan.  Included amongst them was Kanno Sugako (管野 須賀子), also known as Kanno Suga (管野 スガ), a Japanese anarcha-feminist journalist.

Last edition:

Saturday, January 21, 1911. The National Progressive Republican League organized.

Labels: 1910s, 1911, Castratis, Fascism, New Mexico, Progressive Party, Progressivism, Republican Party, William Howard Taft

Some things don't change that much.

Battlefield detritus.

Saturday, January 21, 1911. The National Progressive Republican League organized.

The symbol of what ultimately became the Progressive Party.

Back when the Republican Party wasn't mostly run by castratis, the National Progressive Republican League was organized by a group of Republican Party members who were dissatisfied with the U.S. President William Howard Taft, who was liberal centrist, as opposed to the current GOP, which is fascist (even right down to state capitalism and ultra nationalism).

The Territory of New Mexico adopted a proposed state constitution.

Last edition:

Thursday, January 19, 1911. Park County organized.

Labels: 1910s, 1911, Wyoming, Wyoming (Big Horn County), Wyoming (Park County)

Thursday, January 19, 1911. Park County organized.

Today In Wyoming's History: January 19: 1911 Park County organized.  Attribution:  Wyoming State Historical Society.

It had previously been part of Big Horn County.

Last edition:

Wednesday, January 18, 1911. First landing on a ship.

Labels: 1910s, 1911, boats and ships, U.S. Navy