The Romanians reached an accord with the Central Powers on this day in 1918.
Maybe the Germans were winning?
The treaty had some odd results. Romania was left as a nation, but only a satellite nation of the Germans, giving up territory that it claimed, but gaining some too, resulting in a bigger Romania than there had been prior to its disastrous entry into the war, but one in which the Germans called the shots.
Romania's king refused to sign the treat it it was repudiated at the end of World War One.
Significant points were Romania returned Southern Dobruja and ceded part of the same territory in the north to Bulgaria with the remainder of the territory in Central Power's control. It ceded to Austria Hungaria passes in the Carpathians. I leased its oil to Germany for ninety years (oh, the Germans and that Romanian oil). The Central Powers recognized the union of Bessarabia with Romania, no skin off the Central Powers nose there however. Finally, German civil servants had veto power over all decisions by Romanian cabinet ministers and to even fire Romanian civil servants.
On this day in 1968 the Union Nationale des Étudiants de France, France's largest student union and the union of university teachers marched against police actions at the Sorbonne in numbers that were around 20,000 strong. At the Sorbonne the French police charged with batons. Some protestersbarricadedthemselves in defense at that point, and the police made use of tear gas. There were numerous arrests. But what was it all about?
Don Cossacks under Cossack leader Pyotr Nikolayevich Krasnov took Rostov on the Don with German assistance.
In the now hopelessly topsy turvy situation in Russia the Imperial Russian Lt. General through in with his former enemies, the German Empire, against the Reds, opening up the area to the Germans and to the declaration of a white independent government. When the Germans lost the Great War, he had to recognize the leadership of Allied aligned Whites, but of course he was on the losing side of the Russian Civil War and became an emigre to Europe.
And so the Germans occupied more ground in the fractured East, while their offensive in the West ground to a halt.
He threw in with the Germans again in World War Two and, after surrendering to the British at the end of the war, was handed over to the Soviets and executed on January 17, 1947.
Elsewhere, Nicaragua declared war on the Central Powers.
Boy Scouts in more muscular days. Examining a Browning M2 .50 BMG machinegun during World War Two.
In some circles, it's popular to speak about there being a "Masculinity Crisis" in our society, by which is meant Western Society. And I've started such threads a couple of times, and then determined not to post them or even complete them.
Although I have posted one on the decline and fall of the Boy Scouts before. Indeed, fairly recently, here:
or at least no officially sanctioned ones, anyway. There will still be
groups of boys organized without girls, probably largely self organized,
and that's a problem.
The Third Liberty Load was a World War One era liberty loan drive.
Nearly every single thing about this poster would be regarded as
abhorrent by our social guardians today.*
When I wrote that, it turned out I was actually a bit premature. But only a bit. Now the "Boy Scouts" have gone so far as to make sure there's no "boy" in scouting. . . at least not in the name. Now the organization is officially neutered. . . and I meant that just the way it sounds.
Lord General Baden Powell, once the British Army's Chief of Cavalry, reviewing the Boy Scouts in November 1918. These scouts look pretty young, so they'd be, I'd guess, the equivalent of Cub Scouts. He'd be pretty appalled by the modern Boy Scouts of America. . or rather Scouting BSA.
Before I go any further, I should note, I have no real personal connection with Scouting. I may have noted that earlier, but I was only very briefly a Boy Scout. So briefly that I usually just say I was never a Scout, which isn't quite true. I was a Cub Scout when I was a kid, as was probably every boy in my grade school. I can't say that experience left much of an impression on me. It made even less of one on my son who was a Cub Scout for a little over a year and then gave it up, the second year truly being a lame experience. I was never a Webelo, that intermediate mysterious stage in scouting. I joined the Boy Scouts at some point in late grade school and was only in it for a few months. I think I did as a good friend of mine who is still a good friend of mine did the same. It showed some promise but for some reason, perhaps a family trait of being non joiners, I didn't retain interest in it very long. Just, if I recall correctly, one late spring, the following summer, and a little bit of the fall. I obtained a couple of merit badges in that time and still have my red BSA beret around somewhere. Soon after that I was into junior high and joined the Civil Air Patrol, which I was in a little over three years, which I liked much better.
Badge of Better Boyhood or not, my stint in the BSA was short. Not as short as my father and his brother, however. They were never in the Scouts which was unusual for their time.
I'd note that this is oddly emblematic for some reason of my immediate family. Neither my father nor his brother were Scouts of any type. My father went to his final year in high school here when JrROTC was a requirement, but as he transferred into the school in his last year he was only required to take it for one semester, rather than three years. He later served in the USAF. His brother wasn't a Scout either, but did do three years in JrROTC as he had no choice. He later served in the Army. I didn't do JrROTC but did do CAP, as noted. I later served in the National Guard. Nobody has ever been successful in getting any of us to stay in any fraternal organization for long either. My father was only Knight of Columbus very briefly and probably because he didn't have much of a choice. His brother was, but probably not for a real long time. I never have been.
Guess we're not joiners unless it involves heavy weapons somehow.
Anyhow, I note this as I'm not in the personal nostalgia camp on the Scouts, having never really had much association with them.
Nonetheless, I think the decline of the Scouts from a Boys Organization into whatever it is now is pathetic and a reflection of a culture that's increasingly pathetic. So, yes, there is a bit of a masculinity crisis in Western Society.
And increasingly there's no legitimate place for boys and men.
Now, I didn't say there's no place. There always well be. Men will form such associations one way or another. The founders of organizations like the Scouts knew that and sought to direct it. And that's something that's important.
Like it or not, there are real differences between male and female in our society. Right now, the "progressives" amongst us really don't like that, and for that matter they don't even like the concept of gender much or the simple fact that gender is biologically determined.
Elsewhere, earlier in this blog, I went into the "muscular Christianity" movement of the early 20th Century and how that gave rise to Scouting. While I'll note that I'm pretty pessimistic about Scouting here, one thing I did there was to somewhat question whether youth organizations have declined as much as supposed. What can't be doubted, however, is that their character has significantly changed and to a degree, over time, and to a great degree in some organizations, they've become feminized in the dual sense of the word. I.e., they've become more feminine and they've become feministic to a degree.
Now this would vary by organization, but anyone who has looked at them much can't really dispute that and that's been part of a process that has also been a dual one. One part has been the fully legitimate expansion of the role of women in society in the modern age, a byproduct I've argued was largely due to the mechanization of the household. That development, while so often focused on, was much more natural in the organic sense than people are willing to even begin to acknowledge, and therefore much less radical no matter how it might appear to social historians. The other part has been, however, something truly radical in the form of the more radical feminist movement. Always a minority of women, it's been a progressive cause that's not so much sought to advance opportunities for women as to ultimately argue that men and women don't even exist.
Always a factor of the extreme left, that movement has combined with other social goals of the extreme left for an odd progressive stew. Indeed an interesting book, based on the author's interview (I haven't read it and am not going to) has been written by a former writer from Cosmopolitan who detailed how in that magazines radical heyday she and others in the magazines simply made stuff up to support the concept of the cause, with that concept being a radically libertine one. Indeed, she maintains that the magazine was even successful in co-opting some of the original feminist who were much more feminine than their followers and who were more in the category of the "Me Too" movement of today, and who even originally opposed abortion.
Such views, interestingly enough, have always been a feature of the really extreme left, which again makes it surprising to see how successful they've become in modern Western Society in our own day. The early Socialist radicals who would become Marxists took Marx very seriously and argued that "all wives should be held in common" as Marx had, by which they meant that they were opposed to marriage and any kind of sexual restraint at all. What Mrs. Marx thought of that I don't know, but if you look at the lives of their children it would seem that the concepts of the father of various types brought personal disaster upon the psychological well being of the children. Lenin, of course, had a wife and a mistress. Stalin had the the pre marriage moral behavior of an alley cat and is suspected in the death of his wife, but perhaps here is where the interesting aspect of the Marxist view starts. She wanted to work and Stalin, who had a string of paramours before he married her, wasn't keen on that at all.
Indeed, while Communist revolutionaries in the early days discouraged marriage and encouraged abortion and basically lived lives of pretty amoral abandon in this area (the life and writings of Whitaker Chambers provide some interesting insights into that) generally once they started to be successful they took the opposite approach to a radical degree, showing perhaps that the test of that area of Marxist thought failed pretty quickly. The Soviets in power were downright puritanical in Soviet culture and not tolerant at all of what they'd previously espoused and engaged in. That spread to the later Communist movements which likewise held that view. So much so, in fact, that the British were able to use that as propoganda against Malaysian Communist who had to live lives of strict conduct in these regards including obtaining permission to marry from their superiors. When it could be shown by the British that the superiors privately didn't behave that way, a door was open to disillusion the rank and file who naturally reacted with "hey?"
All of which is pointed out only because concepts put to the test in this area uniformly fail, none the less we're deep in the midst of them.
And one of the things we're deep in the midst of is an outright attack on masculinity and things male.
Now, that may seem like an exaggeration and it can indeed be grossly exaggerated. And it might not really be fully understood. But what can be fairly easily determined is that even a pool of average guys today, selected at random, contains a lot more effeminate men than a similar pool would have two or three decades ago.
Not that this hasn't happened before. It has. It's seemingly a cyclical sort of thing.
That takes me back to citing the Strauss Howe Generational Theory which always causes me to note that I'm not a proponent of it. I've cited it enough however to note that I do feel there's something to it, and here what I think there is to it is that feminization of men does seemingly occur on a repeated basis and I'd tend to agree that in part men tend to be what women want them to be. In eras when the wolf is at the door men tend to be, if you will, more manly.
But I also think that in our own era there's been a real attack on the basic nature, and the ingrained organic nature at that, of being male. And its an area where those who attack the media have some traction. I've heard some really sbsurd analysis, for example, on how Donald Trump is emblematic of old maleness that's passing, and this on one of the news shows.
Oh, bull.
But when you are in an era in which the most feminine of men are celebrated, and indeed men who are so confused on their gender that they wish to become women, are celebrated, you know things have become more than a little confused in terms of comporting with nature and biology.
Well, all things straighten out in the end. It's often said that nature abhors a vacuum but more than that nature simply squashes, on her own time, things that can't exist naturally. Nature will get you one way or another. And as such views are uniquely those of a narrow sector of the wealthy, European (which would include European American) Western Society, and not the globe at large, it's pretty arrogant to think that they views will last long
But while they do, some ridiculous and harmful things are made to occur. And the squashing of boys organizations are one of those things.
The Scouts, as detailed before in our earlier threads, were formed because Lord Baden Powell was distressed that British youth had lost its more rugged values. Coming up in the Protestant Muscular Christianity era and part of it, it sought to combine the lessons and virtues of the outdoor life with Christian values. It was not a religious organization per se, but it was a Christian one and that really cannot be doubted. For years and years, and even now, Scout Troops were primarily associated with churches. Nearly ever major church had one and that meant that Scouting Troops were all Christian as a rule and they were beyond that, sectarian by default if not by design. Lord Baden Powell himself noted in a book actually entitled Scouting & Christianity that;"Scouting is nothing less than applied Christianity". Upon the foundation of the movement he had stated:
You can't get much clearer that that. Scouting was specifically designed to instill manly virtues in boys in hopes that they'd retain Christian manly virtues as adults.**
This may seem odd to us benighted moderns, but one of the things that has often and periodically been complained about in regards to Christianity is that can become highly feminized. The reasons for this are often debated but it can be said that one of the reasons is that many of values of Christianity that are associated with compassion seem to lend themselves more naturally to women rather than men. This is so much the case with some that it is easy to forget that not all Christian virtues by a long-shot can be defined by compassion and reducing Christianity to that is grossly in error.
Anyhow, what this has done is to cause cycles in which women predominate in churches. These are cycle, not permanent evolutions, and they don't happen uniformly by any means. The expression of this in the Orthodox churches, for example has been in a different fashion than it has been other churches. This is true in the Catholic Churches as well, which as is often noted have all male clergy, which doesn't mean that they've been immune to it.*** It's most pronounced in the Protestant churches, some of which have reduced their theology nearly to the "it's nice to be nice to the nice" level.
The Muscular Christianity movement came as a reaction to that in the Protestant Churches in the late 19th Century. This phenomenon skipped the Orthodox and Catholic Churches, and the Jewish synagogues, at the time, so it was really a Protestant movement. It was a pretty successful movement however and at least some elements of it, including the Boy Scouts, spread into at least all aspects of the Christian churches in the West. And it was such a successful movement it proved to be a problem for anti Christian movements in various places. Nazi Germany, for example, banned the Boy Scouts.
In the spirit of dumping on the Baby Boomers once again, the decline and now the fall of the Scouts is yet another part of their legacy to a degree. Scouting started to take a hit in the 60s and 70s when the Boomers, who are now the same demographic that wants you to join the Rotarian's, the Elks or one of the two big political parties, didn't want to join anything that featured a uniform.
And the more radical edge of the Boomer movement of the time attacked standards in general and the Boy Scouts were an organization that had them. Indeed, this was so much the case that to call somebody a "Boy Scout" as a slander is well known. It's the same as calling somebody a Goody Two Shoes, a slander that absentmindedly recalls the story of an impossibly good maiden whose virtue is rewarded by foot-gear and a happy marriage.
The story upon which a diss is based, although few people probably realize the origin of the phrase.
That in and of itself is interesting as to slam somebody for their virtue is essentially to confess being enraptured by the "glamour of evil". Nonetheless, the Boy Scouts have slowly succumbed to the pressure of a decline of values and standards. Even by the 1970s the organization wasn't what it was in the 1950s and certainly wasn't what it was in the 1930s. Hit by some scandals in the late 20th Century and early 21st Century it failed to really urge for a societal examination of the source of those scandals as has every other organization that was hit by the same set of them (and it should be noted that schools, uniquely, continue to be beset by the same phenomenon unabated and were always were they were most expressed, and yet this remains unaddressed and unnoticed). As homosexual advocates gained ground in their advocacy for the normalization of their attractions in the early 21st Century the Boy Scouts prohibition on homosexual leaders and openly homosexual members came under attack and while the Scouts initially leaned back on the organizations Christian underpinnings it soon yielded. Whether it should have or not can be debated, but the fact that the organization basically first relied upon its Christian underpinnings and then rapidly changed course signaled pretty clearly that it was drifting rapidly away from its original organic purpose.
This is an older church located in West Laramie, Wyoming. The sign on the church identifies it as the Emmanuel Apostolic Temple. Given the appearance of the church, and its location, it was almost certainly built for some other Protestant congregation many years ago, but I otherwise know nothing about it.
Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls Awareness Day
CHEYENNE, Wyo. –A proclamation
recognizing May 5, 2018 as Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls
Awareness Day was signed by Chairman Clint Wagon of the Eastern Shoshone
Business Council and Roy Brown of the Northern Arapaho Business Council. The
proclamation was distributed across the State. Governor Matt Mead joins the
Chairmen of the Tribes recognizing the importance of raising public awareness
of this critical issue.
BNSF rail tunnels on left, Wyoming Highway Department tunnels on the right.
Wind River Canyon, Wyoming.
What I didn't note is how emblematic of modern local transportation this is. The rail line on the left, running from Thermopolis to Riverton Wyoming, is spectacular in this stretch, but it carries only freight, like every other Wyoming rail line. At one time, that wasn't true. It carried passengers as well. But that was decades ago.
The highway on the right is also spectacular, one of Wyoming's best in my views. The replacement for the means of conveyance on the left, although in fairness I'm sure the road is quite old. I don't know when the highway tunnels were put in.
1918, the anniversary of a the Battle of Peubla, an event which has become widely celebrated in the US under the mistaken belief that it's Mexico's independence day, the Cheyenne State Leader was reporting that Germans were "flocking to Mexico" to "stir up population".
So even in the midst of the Spring Offensive of 1918, concerns over Mexico managed to get back on the front page.
The sign reads "Community Hall, Restored 1976, Gillette FFA".
Between Wright and Edgerton.
There are a fair number of these.
Little halls for isolated rural communities. Communities that were really too far from town to go to town's regularly. Even as late as the 1970s, when this one was restored, I can recall one in northern rural Carbon County that received a fair amount of use.
I don't point these papers out today for the war news, although there was plenty of it. No, I'm pointing them out for the local goings on in Cheyenne and Casper.
Let's look at Cheyenne:
This issue is remarkably similar to an issue of this Cheyenne paper that ran a year ago. We learn here that, once again, a bevy of Cheyenne high school beauties were the "sponsors" of the Annual Cadet Show, an even that no doubt took on more meaning in 1917 and 1918 than it ever had before.
And once again, oil prospects near Cheyenne were in the news. Those prospects were real, but it wasn't until the 2010s that they'd be developed. New technology made that possible.
A school nurse was recommending something that was fairly radical at the time. . . but as this came at the tail end of the Progressive Era, it was a somewhat radical age.
Around the state 167 men were called to the colors. Elsewhere, a terrible military balloon tragedy had occurred.
And in Casper:
Casper's newspapers, now larger with a larger reading audience, continued to improve and at least this issue of the Casper Daily Press was real news. . . not all optimistic petroleum boosterism.
A real city improvement, sanitary and storm sewers were being put in. And that was big news.
William Ross, who would become governor. . . as would his wife, was rising in the Democratic ranks.
And the balloon tragedy also made the front page news in Casper.
I've put up posts on the Presidential election before, but I've never put one up on the national mid terms. I just tend to focus on the local races on the off terms.
This year I'm not at the point where I can't ignore the mid terms however, as they have the real chance of being a politically seismic event. The announcement of Paul Ryan that he's calling it quits is just too big to ignore.
There is, quite frankly, a tidal wave of GOP Congressional retirements going on right now that threatens to become a resignation tsunami. It's amazing. Something is very clearly going on, and that something is Donald Trump.
Depending upon where a person is in the GOP, a member of the GOP could be crying or rejoicing, but for one thing. Democrats clearly are moving into position and whether or not a person is a Tea Party rebel or an "Establishment" Republican, the Democrats who appear to be positioning are mostly, but not exclusively, at least moderate "Progressives".
But for the Democrats, those on the hardhat end of the GOP would feel that at last they had an America First President that was going to remold the country in a political fashion that recalls the GOP rhetoric of a much earlier era, and in fact it might actually occur. In contrast to that, an Establishment GOP, which was only moderately conservative in reality in spit of its rhetoric, would feel itself grasping to hold on. But, faced with a big Democratic reaction, and frankly a traditional moderate GOP reaction, to a President who comes across as vulgar and perhaps even aimless and slightly unhinged, what both branches risk is a massive revival of Democratic fortunes this Fall. Establishment Republicans are jumping ship in anticipation or discouragement.
We should make no mistake in our analysis. If the Democrats take the House, they'll impeach Donald Trump. Probably not successfully, but it'll be Constitutional Crisis. Republicans who will lament it should, at the same time, lament having made this same foolish choice with Bill Clinton, and thereby having set the stage for the use of the Impeachment clause for attempted coups.
It's unlikely that attempt will be successful, but it will mean that the government will effectively quit doing anything until at least 2020.
Having said that, some careful analysis says that even with all the Republican resignations over the past few weeks the Democrats actually taking the House is unlikely. It's possible, but not likely. Yet.
What would operate in part to hold that off would be the Presidency appearing to be competent. Perhaps all the recent firings are an attempt to do that, as people speculate that Trump is now surrounding himself with individuals whom he actually can trust, but the method by which he's accomplishing it is crude at best. It does appear that he is going back to his base, which at this point may be as good of strategy as any.
At any rate, after a really wild 2016 Presidential Election we now appear set for a really wild 2018 mid term.
May 2, 2018
One of the weekend news shows had a panel interviewed by a pollster this past weekend which served to demonstrate how extremely polarized the nation has become. That it is unusually polarized right now isn't really news, and it isn't getting any better.
One of the things everyone agreed with was a comment that the nation "needed to consider replacing the two party system".
We don't have a "two party system" in that fashion. It's amazing that people think we do.
The system isn't systemic, it's habitual, although in fairness, it's gone on so long that there are elements of it that have in fact become institutionalized.
All that really needs to occur to shake this system up is for people to join parties that actually reflect their beliefs, to the extent they can find them. If that was the case, chances are very high that the Democratic Party and the Republican Party would split into about four or five parties very shortly, and be joined by at least three more that already actually exist.
And that would be a good thing.
There's no earthly way that the two parties we have represent the views of most people in the United States, or even who are members of the parties themselves. No wonder there are so many independents. And yet people won't go for third parties.
Well, consider this. In many instances there's nothing that prevents a person from registering as a Republican or Democrat and still actually being a member of another party.
And if people are serious about that complaint. . . well they ought to do something about it.
A Utah girl is receiving criticism for wearing a traditional Chinese style dress to prom. Self appointed guardians of Chinese culture have found that in appropriate.
Which is absurd.
I'd go further, but I'll simply note instead that a society that debates a topic such as this seriously has either solved all of its real problems, or is so far beyond even attempting to solve them that it chooses instead to deal with the trivial.
The headline was correct, actually. The Germans were stalling out massively in the second stage of the 1918 spring offensive. And they were making a massive effort, commencing on May 1, to move large numbers of troops to the West.
Not that this didn't pose its challenges. Only yesterday the Germans had help Ukraine take Sevastopol from the putative Crimean soviet republic. This was accompanied by the Ukrainian navy moving its ships out of harms way for the time being, although the Germans occupied those that were left. Lenin ordered their commander to scuttle them, and he refused, showing a Ukrainian navy that proved more loyal to Ukraine in 1918 than it did a couple of years back when it basically defected to Russia. And the Germans were fighting in Finland against the Red Finns for the White Finns.
Nonetheless, they were moving troops west now, which they should have done months ago. Having taken massive casualties in the spring offensive, they had little choice.
Eddie Rickenbacker, who really was a race car driver, made his appearance in the paper as a fighter pilot on this day, at least in the local paper, for the first time, thereby achieving the role for which he is remembered.
And now enough time has passed so that this lesson has been lost, and the city is replacing its three part time contract judges with a full time judge. The advertisement for the position is running currently.
The logic behind this is that a full time municipal judge, not having a private practice, has no conflicts. That logic is highly flawed and completely in error, actually the opposite is true.
Municipal judges are not part of an independent judiciary the way that circuit court, or district court, judges are. Indeed, under the law they need not even be be lawyers, although the city's advertisement requires one. Others judges aren't hired by the the jurisdictions they serve, they're nominated by a special state committee that exists for that purpose and then chosen by the Governor. They aren't hired by a city council, in other words. And other judges stand for election every few years, with the question being whether or not they are retained. City judges don't do that either.
So in the case of municipal judges their client is the city.
A contract lawyer, having an existing clientele, isn't beholden to a city council for his rice bowl. He or she is actually more independent than a full time municipal judge. And if a conflict arises, we had three judges. Any conflicts could easily have been handled.
And then there's the matter of pay.
Judicial salaries always tend to be in sort of a catch up cycle with private practice. They never match the higher ends of private practice but they are high enough, in the case of non municipal positions, that a lawyer can made a good middle class living on them. That's important because most of the applicants for judicial positions are taking a pay cut and desire to do the work for other reasons, but at the same time they always are fairly experienced and several years along in their careers at a bare minimum. That in turn means that most of them are married, have families, etc. That makes a difference to most people. That will in turn narrow the list of applicants to a municipal position that pays well below what the other judicial positions pay and frankly below what the pay for most established lawyers is. This means that the applicants will fit into a narrow group of people for whom the pay is less of an issue, for whatever reason, but that in turn means that the wider range of people we'd like to apply won't.
Indeed, I've been surprised to learn over the years how many people have occupied the part time judge position, with many being very experienced and respected lawyers. The key is that they held it part time.
Oh yeah. . . what happened to our full time municipal judges?
Well, in at least one case one angered the police department by not giving out sufficiently large fines. They went to the city councilmen and he was fired.
Not the way that a court is supposed to work.
And speaking of contractors, it's now the case that one of the city councilmen wants to quit hiring outside engineers for engineering work and do it all in house.
Frankly, my view is that more should be contracted out.
It's almost always the case that any entity hiring professionals is better off contracting out the work. Very few entities of any kind really need to employ the type of staff that is really required to do things like engineering, legal work, accounting, and the like on a really active basis. Usually the in house professional simply monitors the work done by the outside professional. There are exceptions to be sure. And plenty of them. But I don't see that as being one.
Indeed, I'm not sure of the logic behind it, unless it was felt that it was a cost savings approach as the city already employed engineers. But my guess is that it doesn't employ enough or specialized ones to make that work really well.
And I'm not optimistic about the changes at the city court.
on this day in 1918, British Empire forces commenced the Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt in an effort to take control of the Jordan Valley.
Ottoman prisoners of war caught as part of this operation.
While the operation, which lasted several days, met with some initial success, Ottoman and German counterattacks would render it a tactical defeat with the captured ground being yielded.
Australian Light Horse following the retreat.
At least casualties were light, unless of course you were one of them.
And in the former domain of Imperial Russia, the Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic in Crimea came to an abrupt end when Ukraine invaded it with German backing. A person would think the Germans too distracted to undertake something like that, but then as it was a Ukrainian enterprise and they were there already, perhaps not.
The territory today is officially part of the Ukraine but is occupied by Russia.
Sioux Trial leaders at Ft. Laramie during the negotiation of the Treaty of 1868.
An event that's getting a fair amount of press, although some inaccurate press at that, is the 150th anniversary of the commencement of the signing of The Treaty of 1868, sometimes called the Ft. Laramie Treaty. This event, which is indeed very important, is of course noted on our companion blog, Today In Wyoming's History, here:
Today In Wyoming's History: April 29: 1868 The Treaty of 1868 was signed creating the Great Sioux Reservation. The U.S. Army agreed to abandon forts on the Bozeman Trail.
Our entry, along with the current press, is a bit deceptive and misleading in that it isn't the case that everyone signed on April 29, 1868. Not by a long shot. But enough had occurred that this is the commonly accepted anniversary of the treaty. In reality the Brule Sioux and the U.S. Commissioners signed on this day, and following signatures would throughout the summer and fall such that by November 6, 1868, there were 156 Sioux, and 25 Arapaho, signatures. The executed document reads as follows:
ARTICLES OF A TREATY MADE AND CONCLUDED BY AND BETWEEN
Lieutenant General William T. Sherman, General William S. Harney,
General Alfred H. Terry, General O. O. Augur, J. B. Henderson, Nathaniel
G. Taylor, John G. Sanborn, and Samuel F. Tappan, duly appointed
commissioners on the part of the United States, and the different bands
of the Sioux Nation of Indians, by their chiefs and headmen, whose names
are hereto subscribed, they being duly authorized to act in the
premises.
ARTICLE I.
From this day forward all war between the parties to this agreement
shall for ever cease. The government of the United States desires peace,
and its honor is hereby pledged to keep it. The Indians desire peace,
and they now pledge their honor to maintain it.
If bad men among the whites, or among other people subject to the
authority of the United States, shall commit any wrong upon the person
or property of the Indians, the United States will, upon proof made to
the agent, and forwarded to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs at
Washington city, proceed at once to cause the offender to be arrested
and punished according to the laws of the United States, and also
reimburse the injured person for the loss sustained.
If bad men among the Indians shall commit a wrong or depredation upon
the person or property of nay one, white, black, or Indian, subject to
the authority of the United States, and at peace therewith, the Indians
herein named solemnly agree that they will, upon proof made to their
agent, and notice by him, deliver up the wrongdoer to the United States,
to be tried and punished according to its laws, and, in case they
willfully refuse so to do, the person injured shall be reimbursed for
his loss from the annuities, or other moneys due or to become due to
them under this or other treaties made with the United States; and the
President, on advising with the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, shall
prescribe such rules and regulations for ascertaining damages under the
provisions of this article as in his judgment may be proper, but no one
sustaining loss while violating the provisions of this treaty, or the
laws of the United States, shall be reimbursed therefor.
ARTICLE II.
The United States agrees that the following district of country, to
wit, viz: commencing on the east bank of the Missouri river where the
46th parallel of north latitude crosses the same, thence along low-water
mark down said east bank to a point opposite where the northern line of
the State of Nebraska strikes the river, thence west across said river,
and along the northern line of Nebraska to the 104th degree of
longitude west from Greenwich, thence north on said meridian to a point
where the 46th parallel of north latitude intercepts the same, thence
due east along said parallel to the place of beginning; and in addition
thereto, all existing reservations of the east back of said river, shall
be and the same is, set apart for the absolute and undisturbed use and
occupation of the Indians herein named, and for such other friendly
tribes or individual Indians as from time to time they may be willing,
with the consent of the United States, to admit amongst them; and the
United States now solemnly agrees that no persons, except those herein
designated and authorized so to do, and except such officers, agents,
and employees of the government as may be authorized to enter upon
Indian reservations in discharge of duties enjoined by law, shall ever
be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in the territory
described in this article, or in such territory as may be added to this
reservation for the use of said Indians, and henceforth they will and do
hereby relinquish all claims or right in and to any portion of the
United States or Territories, except such as is embraced within the
limits aforesaid, and except as hereinafter provided.
ARTICLE III.
If it should appear from actual survey or other satisfactory
examination of said tract of land that it contains less than 160 acres
of tillable land for each person who, at the time, may be authorized to
reside on it under the provisions of this treaty, and a very
considerable number of such persons hsall be disposed to comence
cultivating the soil as farmers, the United States agrees to set apart,
for the use of said Indians, as herein provided, such additional
quantity of arable land, adjoining to said reservation, or as near to
the same as it can be obtained, as may be required to provide the
necessary amount.
ARTICLE IV.
The United States agrees, at its own proper expense, to construct,
at some place on the Missouri river, near the centre of said reservation
where timber and water may be convenient, the following buildings, to
wit, a warehouse, a store-room for the use of the agent in storing goods
belonging to the Indians, to cost not less than $2,500; an agency
building, for the residence of the agent, to cost not exceeding $3,000; a
residence for the physician, to cost not more than $3,000; and five
other buildings, for a carpenter, farmer, blacksmith, miller, and
engineer-each to cost not exceeding $2,000; also, a school-house, or
mission building, so soon as a sufficient number of children can be
induced by the agent to attend school, which shall not cost exceeding
$5,000.
The United States agrees further to cause to be erected on said
reservation, near the other buildings herein authorized, a good steam
circular saw-mill, with a grist-mill and shingle machine attached to the
same, to cost not exceeding $8,000.
ARTICLE V.
The United States agrees that the agent for said Indians shall in
the future make his home at the agency building; that he shall reside
among them, and keep an office open at all times for the purpose of
prompt and diligent inquiry into such matters of complaint by and
against the Indians as may be presented for investigation under the
provisions of their treaty stipulations, as also for the faithful
discharge of other duties enjoined on him by law. In all cases of
depredation on person or property he shall cause the evidence to be
taken in writing and forwarded, together with his findings, to the
Commissioner of Indian Affairs, whose decision, subject to the revision
of the Secretary of the Interior, shall be binding on the parties to
this treaty.
ARTICLE VI.
If any individual belonging to said tribes of Indians, or legally
incorporated with them, being the head of a family, shall desire to
commence farming, he shall have the privilege to select, in the presence
and with the assistance of the agent then in charge, a tract of land
within said reservation, not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres in
extent, which tract, when so selected, certified, and recorded in the
"Land Book" as herein directed, shall cease to be held in common, but
the same may be occupied and held in the exclusive possession of the
person selecting it, and of his family, so long as he or they may
continue to cultivate it.
Any person over eighteen years of age, not being the head of a
family, may in like manner select and cause to be certified to him or
her, for purposes of cultivation, a quantity of land, not exceeding
eighty acres in extent, and thereupon be entitled to the exclusive
possession of the same as above directed.
For each tract of land so selected a certificate, containing a
description thereof and the name of the person selecting it, with a
certificate endorsed thereon that the same has been recorded, shall be
delivered to the party entitled to it, by the agent, after the same
shall have been recorded by him in a book to be kept in his office,
subject to inspection, which said book shall be known as the "Sioux Land
Book."
The President may, at any time, order a survey of the reservation,
and, when so surveyed, Congress shall provide for protecting the rights
of said settlers in their improvements, and may fix the character of the
title held by each. The United States may pass such laws on the subject
of alienation and descent of property between the Indians and their
descendants as may be thought proper. And it is further stipulated that
any male Indians over eighteen years of age, of any band or tribe that
is or shall hereafter become a party to this treaty, who now is or who
shall hereafter become a resident or occupant of any reservation or
territory not included in the tract of country designated and described
in this treaty for the permanent home of the Indians, which is not
mineral land, nor reserved by the United States for special purposes
other than Indian occupation, and who shall have made improvements
thereon of the value of two hundred dollars or more, and continuously
occupied the same as a homestead for the term of three years, shall be
entitled to receive from the United States a patent for one hundred and
sixty acres of land including his said improvements, the same to be in
the form of the legal subdivisions of the surveys of the public lands.
Upon application in writing, sustained by the proof of two disinterested
witnesses, made to the register of the local land office when the land
sought to be entered is within a land district, and when the tract
sought to be entered is not in any land district, then upon said
application and proof being made to the Commissioner of the General Land
Office, and the right of such Indian or Indians to enter such tract or
tracts of land shall accrue and be perfect from the date of his first
improvements thereon, and shall continue as long as be continues his
residence and improvements and no longer. And any Indian or Indians
receiving a patent for land under the foregoing provisions shall thereby
and from thenceforth become and be a citizen of the United States and
be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of such citizens, and
shall, at the same time, retain all his rights to benefits accruing to
Indians under this treaty.
ARTICLE VII.
In order to insure the civilization of the Indians entering into
this treaty, the necessity of education is admitted, especially of such
of them as are or may be settled on said agricultural reservations, and
they, therefore, pledge themselves to compel their children, male and
female, between the ages of six and sixteen years, to attend school, and
it is hereby made the duty of the agent for said Indians to see that
this stipulation is strictly complied with; and the United States agrees
that for every thirty children between said ages, who can be induced or
compelled to attend school, a house shall be provided, and a teacher
competent to teach the elementary branches of an English education shall
be furnished, who will reside among said Indians and faithfully
discharge his or her duties as a teacher. The provisions of this article
to continue for not less than twenty years.
ARTICLE VIII.
When the head of a family or lodge shall have selected lands and
received his certificate as above directed, and the agent shall be
satisfied that he intends in good faith to commence cultivating the soil
for a living, he shall be entitled to receive seeds and agricultural
implements for the first year, not exceeding in value one hundred
dollars, and for each succeeding year he shall continue to farm, for a
period of three years more, he shall be entitled to receive seeds and
implements as aforesaid, not exceeding in value twenty-five dollars. And
it is further stipulated that such persons as commence farming shall
receive instruction from the farmer herein provided for, and whenever
more than one hundred persons shall enter upon the cultivation of the
soil, a second blacksmith shall be provided, with such iron, steel, and
other material as may be needed.
ARTICLE IX.
At any time after ten years fro the making of this treaty, the
United States shall have the privilege of withdrawing the physician,
farmer, blacksmith, carpenter, engineer, and miller herein provided for,
but in case of such withdrawal, an additional sum thereafter of ten
thousand dollars per annum shall be devoted to the education of said
Indians, and the Commissioner of Indian Affairs shall, upon careful
inquiry into their condition, make such rules and regulations for the
expenditure of said sums as will best promote the education and moral
improvement of said tribes.
ARTICLE X.
In lieu of all sums of money or other annuities provided to be paid
to the Indians herein named under any treaty or treaties heretofore
made, the United States agrees to deliver at the agency house on the
reservation herein named, on or before the first day of August of each
year, for thirty years, the following articles, to wit:
For each male person over 14 years of age, a suit of good substantial
woollen clothing, consisting of coat, pantaloons, flannel shirt, hat,
and a pair of home-made socks.
For each female over 12 years of age, a flannel shirt, or the goods
necessary to make it, a pair of woollen hose, 12 yards of calico, and 12
yards of cotton domestics.
For the boys and girls under the ages named, such flannel and cotton
goods as may be needed to make each a suit as aforesaid, together with a
pair of woollen hose for each.
And in order that the Commissioner of Indian Affairs may be able to
estimate properly for the articles herein named, it shall be the duty of
the agent each year to forward to him a full and exact census of the
Indians, on which the estimate from year to year can be based.
And in addition to the clothing herein named, the sum of $10 for each
person entitled to the beneficial effects of this treaty shall be
annually appropriated for a period of 30 years, while such persons roam
and hunt, and $20 for each person who engages in farming, to be used by
the Secretary of the Interior in the purchase of such articles as from
time to time the condition and necessities of the Indians may indicate
to be proper. And if within the 30 years, at any time, it shall appear
that the amount of money needed for clothing, under this article, can be
appropriated to better uses for the Indians named herein, Congress may,
by law, change the appropriation to other purposes, but in no event
shall the amount of the appropriation be withdrawn or discontinued for
the period named. And the President shall annually detail an officer of
the army to be present and attest the delivery of all the goods herein
named, to the Indians, and he shall inspect and report on the quantity
and quality of the goods and the manner of their delivery. And it is
hereby expressly stipulated that each Indian over the age of four years,
who shall have removed to and settled permanently upon said
reservation, one pound of meat and one pound of flour per day, provided
the Indians cannot furnish their own subsistence at an earlier date. And
it is further stipulated that the United States will furnish and
deliver to each lodge of Indians or family of persons legally
incorporated with the, who shall remove to the reservation herein
described and commence farming, one good American cow, and one good
well-broken pair of American oxen within 60 days after such lodge or
family shall have so settled upon said reservation.
ARTICLE XI.
In consideration of the advantages and benefits conferred by this
treaty and the many pledges of friendship by the United States, the
tribes who are parties to this agreement hereby stipulate that they will
relinquish all right to occupy permanently the territory outside
their reservations as herein defined, but yet reserve the right to
hunt on any lands north of North Platte, and on the Republican Fork of
the Smoky Hill river, so long as the buffalo may range thereon in such
numbers as to justify the chase. And they, the said Indians, further
expressly agree:
1st. That they will withdraw all opposition to the construction of the railroads now being built on the plains.
2d. That they will permit the peaceful construction of any railroad not passing over their reservation as herein defined.
3d. That they will not attack any persons at home, or travelling, nor
molest or disturb any wagon trains, coaches, mules, or cattle belonging
to the people of the United S
tates, or to persons friendly therewith.
4th. They will never capture, or carry off from the settlements, white women or children.
5th. They will never kill or scalp white men, nor attempt to do them harm.
6th. They withdraw all pretence of opposition to the construction of
the railroad now being built along the Platte river and westward to the
Pacific ocean, and they will not in future object to the construction of
railroads, wagon roads, mail stations, or other works of utility or
necessity, which may be ordered or permitted by the laws of the United
States. But should such roads or other works be constructed on the lands
of their reservation, the government will pay the tribe whatever amount
of damage may be assessed by three disinterested commissioners to be
appointed by the President for that purpose, one of the said
commissioners to be a chief or headman of the tribe.
7th. They agree to withdraw all opposition to the military posts or
roads now established south of the North Platte river, or that may be
established, not in violation of treaties heretofore made or hereafter
to be made with any of the Indian tribes.
ARTICLE XII.
No treaty for the cession of any portion or part of the reservation
herein described which may be held in common, shall be of any validity
or force as against the said Indians unless executed and signed by at
least three-fourths of all the adult male Indians occupying or
interested in the same, and no cession by the tribe shall be understood
or construed in such manner as to deprive, without his consent, any
individual member of the tribe of his rights to any tract of land
selected by him as provided in Article VI of this treaty.
ARTICLE XIII.
The United States hereby agrees to furnish annually to the Indians
the physician, teachers, carpenter, miller, engineer, farmer, and
blacksmiths, as herein contemplated, and that such appropriations shall
be made from time to time, on the estimate of the Secretary of the
Interior, as will be sufficient to employ such persons.
ARTICLE XIV.
It is agreed that the sum of five hundred dollars annually for three
years from date shall be expended in presents to the ten persons of
said tribe who in the judgment of the agent may grow the most valuable
crops for the respective year.
ARTICLE XV.
The Indians herein named agree that when the agency house and other
buildings shall be constructed on the reservation named, they will
regard said reservation their permanent home, and they will make no
permanent settlement elsewhere; but they shall have the right, subject
to the conditions and modifications of this treaty, to hunt, as
stipulated in Article XI hereof.
ARTICLE XVI.
The United States hereby agrees and stipulates that the country
north of the North Platte river and east of the summits of the Big Horn
mountains shall be held and considered to be unceded. Indian territory,
and also stipulates and agrees that no white person or persons shall be
permitted to settle upon or occupy any portion of the same; or without
the consent of the Indians, first had and obtained, to pass through the
same; and it is further agreed by the United States, that within ninety
days after the conclusion of peace with all the bands of the Sioux
nation, the military posts now established in the territory in this
article named shall be abandoned, and that the road leading to them and
by them to the settlements in the Territory of Montana shall be closed.
ARTICLE XVII.
It is hereby expressly understood and agreed by and between the
respective parties to this treaty that the execution of this treaty and
its ratification by the United States Senate shall have the effect, and
shall be construed as abrogating and annulling all treaties and
agreements heretofore entered into between the respective parties
hereto, so far as such treaties and agreements obligate the United
States to furnish and provide money, clothing, or other articles of
property to such Indians and bands of Indians as become parties to this
treaty, but no further.
In testimony of all which, we, the said commissioners, and we, the
chiefs and headmen of the Brule band of the Sioux nation, have hereunto
set our hands and seals at Fort Laramie, Dakota Territory, this
twenty-ninth day of April, in the year one thousand eight hundred and
sixty-eight.
N. G. TAYLOR,
W. T. SHERMAN,
Lieutenant General
WM. S. HARNEY,
Brevet Major General U.S.A.
JOHN B. SANBORN,
S. F. TAPPAN,
C. C. AUGUR,
Brevet Major General
ALFRED H. TERRY,
Brevet Major General U.S.A.
Attest:
A. S. H. WHITE, Secretary.
Executed on the part of the Brule band of Sioux by the chiefs and
headman whose names are hereto annexed, they being thereunto duly
authorized, at Fort Laramie, D. T., the twenty-ninth day of April, in
the year A. D. 1868.
MA-ZA-PON-KASKA, his X mark, Iron Shell.
WAH-PAT-SHAH, his X mark, Red Leaf.
HAH-SAH-PAH, his X mark, Black Horn.
ZIN-TAH-GAH-LAT-WAH, his X mark, Spotted Tail.
ZIN-TAH-GKAH, his X mark, White Tail.
ME-WAH-TAH-NE-HO-SKAH, his X mark, Tall Man.
SHE-CHA-CHAT-KAH, his X mark, Bad Left Hand.
NO-MAH-NO-PAH, his X mark, Two and Two.
TAH-TONKA-SKAH, his X mark, White Bull.
CON-RA-WASHTA, his X mark, Pretty Coon.
HA-CAH-CAH-SHE-CHAH, his X mark, Bad Elk.
WA-HA-KA-ZAH-ISH-TAH, his X mark, Eye Lance.
MA-TO-HA-KE-TAH, his X mark, Bear that looks behind.
BELLA-TONKA-TONKA, his X mark, Big Partisan.
MAH-TO-HO-HONKA, his X mark, Swift Bear.
TO-WIS-NE, his X mark, Cold Place.
ISH-TAH-SKAH, his X mark, White Eye.
MA-TA-LOO-ZAH, his X mark, Fast Bear.
AS-HAH-HAH-NAH-SHE, his X mark, Standing Elk.
CAN-TE-TE-KI-YA, his X mark, The Brave Heart.
SHUNKA-SHATON, his X mark, Day Hawk.
TATANKA-WAKON, his X mark, Sacred Bull.
MAPIA SHATON, his X mark, Hawk Cloud.
MA-SHA-A-OW, his X mark, Stands and Comes.
SHON-KA-TON-KA, his X mark, Big Dog.
Attest:
ASHTON S. H. WHITE, Secretary of Commission.
GEORGE B. WITHS, Phonographer to Commission.
GEO. H. HOLTZMAN.
JOHN D. HOWLAND.
JAMES C. O'CONNOR.
CHAR. E. GUERN, Interpreter.
LEON T. PALLARDY, Interpreter.
NICHOLAS JANIS, Interpreter.
Executed on the part of the Ogallalla band of Sioux by the chiefs and
headmen whose names are hereto subscribed, they being thereunto duly
authorized, at Fort Laramie, the 25th day of May, in the year A. D.
1868.
TAH-SHUN-KA-CO-QUI-PAH, his mark, Man-afraid-of-his-horses.
SHA-TON-SKAH, his X mark, White Hawk.
SHA-TON-SAPAH, his X mark, Black Hawk.
EGA-MON-TON-KA-SAPAH, his X mark, Black Tiger
OH-WAH-SHE-CHA, his X mark, Bad Wound.
PAH-GEE, his X mark, Grass.
WAH-NON SAH-CHE-GEH, his X mark, Ghost Heart.
COMECH, his X mark, Crow.
OH-HE-TE-KAH, his X mark, The Brave.
TAH-TON-KAH-HE-YO-TA-KAH, his X mark, Sitting Bull.
SHON-KA-OH-WAH-MEN-YE, his X mark, Whirlwind Dog.
HA-KAH-KAH-TAH-MIECH, his X mark, Poor Elk.
WAM-BU-LEE-WAH-KON, his X mark, Medicine Eagle.
CHON-GAH-MA-HE-TO-HANS-KA, his X mark, High Wolf.
WAH-SECHUN-TA-SHUN-KAH, his X mark, American Horse.
MAH-KAH-MAH-HA-MAK-NEAR, his X mark, Man that walks under the ground.
MAH-TO-TOW-PAH, his X mark, Four Bears.
MA-TO-WEE-SHA-KTA, his X mark, One that kills the bear.
OH-TAH-KEE-TOKA-WEE-CHAKTA, his X mark, One that kills in a hard place.
TAH-TON-KAH-TA-MIECH, his X mark, The Poor Bull.
OH-HUNS-EE-GA-NON-SKEN, his X mark, Mad Shade.
SHAH-TON-OH-NAH-OM-MINNE-NE-OH-MINNE, his X mark, Whirling hawk.
MAH-TO-CHUN-KA-OH, his X mark, Bear's Back.
CHE-TON-WEE-KOH, his X mark, Fool Hawk.
WAH-HOH-KE-ZA-AH-HAH, his X mark,
EH-TON-KAH, his X mark, Big Mouth.
MA-PAH-CHE-TAH, his X mark, Bad Hand.
WAH-KE-YUN-SHAH, his X mark, Red Thunder.
WAK-SAH, his X mark, One that Cuts Off.
CHAH-NOM-QUI-YAH, his X mark, One that Presents the Pipe.
WAH-KE-KE-YAN-PUH-TAH, his X mark, Fire Thunder.
MAH-TO-NONK-PAH-ZE, his X mark, Bear with Yellow Ears.
CON-REE-TEH-KA, his X mark, The Little Crow.
HE-HUP-PAH-TOH, his X mark, The Blue War Club.
SHON-KEE-TOH, his X mark, The Blue Horse.
WAM-BALLA-OH-CONQUO, his X mark, Quick Eagle.
TA-TONKA-SUPPA, his X mark, Black Bull.
MOH-TOH-HA-SHE-NA, his X mark, The Bear Hide.
Attest:
S. E. WARD.
JAS. C. O'CONNOR.
J. M. SHERWOOD.
W. C. SLICER.
SAM DEON.
H. M. MATHEWS.
JOSEPH BISS
NICHOLAS JANIS, Interpreter.
LEFROY JOTT, Interpreter.
ANTOINE JANIS, Interpreter.
Executed on the part of the Minneconjou band of Sioux by the chiefs
and headmen whose names are hereunto subscribed, they being thereunto
duly authorized.
HEH-WON-GE-CHAT, his X mark, One Horn.
OH-PON-AH-TAH-E-MANNE, his X mark, The Elk that Bellows Walking.
HEH-HO-LAH-ZEH-CHA-SKAH, his X mark, Young White Bull.
WAH-CHAH-CHUM-KAH-COH-KEEPAH, his X mark, One that is Afraid of Shield.
HE-HON-NE-SHAKTA, his X mark, The Old Owl.
MOC-PE-A-TOH, his X mark, Blue Cloud.
OH-PONG-GE-LE-SKAH, his X mark, Spotted Elk.
TAH-TONK-KA-HON-KE-SCHUE, his X mark, Slow bull.
SHONK-A-NEE-SHAH-SHAH-ATAH-PE, his X mark, The Dog Chief.
MA-TO-TAH-TA-TONK-KA, his X mark, Bull Bear.
WOM-BEH-LE-TON-KAH, his X mark, The Big Eagle.
MATOH, EH-SCHNE-LAH, his X mark, The Lone Bear.
MA-TOH-OH-HE-TO-KEH, his X mark, The Brave Bear.
EH-CHE-MA-KEH, his X mark, The Runner.
TI-KI-YA, his X mark, The Hard.
HE-MA-ZA, his X mark, Iron Horn.
Attest:
JAS. C O'CONNOR,
WM. D. BROWN,
NICHOLAS JANIS,
ANTOINE JANIS,
Interpreters.
Executed on the part of the Yanctonais band of Sioux by the chiefs
and headmen whose names are hereto subscribed, they being thereunto duly
authorized:
MAH-TO-NON-PAH, his X mark, Two Bears.
MA-TO-HNA-SKIN-YA, his X mark, Mad Bear.
HE-O-PU-ZA, his X mark, Louzy.
AH-KE-CHE-TAH-CHE-KA-DAN, his X mark, Little Soldier.
MAH-TO-E-TAN-CHAN, his X mark, Chief Bear.
CU-WI-TO-WIA, his X mark, Rotten Stomach.
SKUN-KA-WE-TKO, his X mark, Fool Dog.
ISH-TA-SAP-PAH, his X mark, Black Eye.
IH-TAN-CHAN, his X mark, The Chief.
I-A-WI-CA-KA, his X mark, The One who Tells the Truth.
AH-KE-CHE-TAH, his X mark, The Soldier.
TA-SHI-NA-GI, his X mark, Yellow Robe.
NAH-PE-TON-KA, his X mark, Big Hand.
CHAN-TEE-WE-KTO, his X mark, Fool Heart.
HOH-GAN-SAH-PA, his X mark, Black Catfish.
MAH-TO-WAH-KAN, his X mark, Medicine Bear.
SHUN-KA-KAN-SHA, his X mark, Red Horse.
WAN-RODE, his X mark, The Eagle.
CAN-HPI-SA-PA, his X mark, Black Tomahawk.
WAR-HE-LE-RE, his X mark, Yellow Eagle.
CHA-TON-CHE-CA, his X mark, Small Hawk, or Long Fare.
SHU-GER-MON-E-TOO-HA-SKA, his X mark, Fall Wolf.
MA-TO-U-TAH-KAH, his X mark, Sitting Bear.
HI-HA-CAH-GE-NA-SKENE, his X mark, Mad Elk.
Arapahoes.
LITTLE CHIEF, his X mark.
TALL BEAR, his X mark.
TOP MAN, his X mark.
NEVA, his X mark.
THE WOUNDED BEAR, his X mark.
WHIRLWIND, his X mark.
THE FOX, his X mark.
THE DOG BIG MOUTH, his X mark.
SPOTTED WOLF, his X mark.
SORREL HORSE, his X mark.
BLACK COAL, his X mark.
BIG WOLF, his X mark.
KNOCK-KNEE, his X mark.
BLACK CROW, his X mark.
THE LONE OLD MAN, his X mark.
PAUL, his X mark.
BLACK BULL, his X mark.
BIG TRACK, his X mark.
THE FOOT, his X mark.
BLACK WHITE, his X mark.
YELLOW HAIR, his X mark.
LITTLE SHIELD, his X mark.
BLACK BEAR, his X mark.
WOLF MOCASSIN, his X mark.
BIG ROBE, his X mark.
WOLF CHIEF, his X mark.
Witnesses:
ROBERT P. MCKIBBIN,
Captain 4th Infantry, and Bvt. Lieut. Col. U. S. A.,
Commanding Fort Laramie.
WM. H. POWELL,
Brevet Major, Captain 4th Infantry.
HENRY W. PATTERSON,
Captain 4th Infantry.
THEO E. TRUE,
Second Lieutenant 4th Infantry.
W. G. BULLOCK.
FORT LARAMIE, WYOMING TERRITORY
November 6, 1868.
MAH-PI-AH-LU-TAH, his X mark, Red Cloud.
WA-KI-AH-WE-CHA-SHAH, his X mark, Thunder Man.
MA-ZAH-ZAH-GEH, his X mark, Iron Cane.
WA-UMBLE-WHY-WA-KA-TUYAH, his X mark, High Eagle.
KO-KE-PAH, his X mark, Man Afraid.
WA-KI-AH-WA-KOU-AH, his X mark, Thunder Flying Running.
Witnessess:
W. MCE. DYE,
Brevet Colonel U. S. Army,
Commanding.
A. B. CAIN,
Captain 4th Infantry, Brevet Major U. S. Army.
ROBT. P. MCKIBBIN,
Captain 4th Infantry, Bvt. Lieut. Col. U. S. Army.
JNO. MILLER,
Captain 4th Infantry.
G. L. LUHN,
First Lieutenant 4th Infantry, Bvt. Capt. U. S. Army.
H. C. SLOAN,
Second Lieutenant 4th Infantry.
Suffice it to say, subsequent views of the Treaty and its breach by the United States have left lasting impacts and bitter feelings among those Indian Nations that executed it. The Treaty marked a conclusion, in some ways, of the result of Red Cloud's War, the only successful Indian War against the United States and the US would commence abandoning posts that it promised to. But the lasting land commitments were rapidly forgotten by the United States which in very short order began to seek to find ways to renegotiate them. In less than ten years, the United States, the Sioux and the Arapaho would be back at war.
The treaty, and its breach, is being recalled this weekend at Ft. Laramie with there being a large gathering of Sioux to recall the same.
These are terrible photographs, but they sort of demonstrate a current trend in American life. This is a very large church, just off of Interstate 25, near Centerra Colorado.
Centerra is an area north of Denver that's being developed heavily, and which features shopping just off the Interstate. This church must serve the local community, and I don't know anything else about it.
