Sunday, April 1, 2018

The 2018 Wyoming Election

 

Ready or not, here it comes.

Back in 2016 I ran a thread, well a series of threads, on the General Election. That election became so wild that one post couldn't contain it as I updated it.  Hopefully that won't occur here (truly).

This year, in terms of the mid term election, we have a few races that might upset that, however.  Particularly in the context of our turbulent times.  So, who knows, maybe this one will have lots and lots of additions.  I hope not.

Let's start with whose up.

The big race this year is for Governor.  Citing term limits, Matt Mead is stepping down. As term limits have already been declared unconstitutional for legislative offices in Wyoming, and the same logic surely applies for the Governor's office, he need not really do this, but if he did want to run he would have to take the matter to Court.  Frankly, I wish he would.

Wyoming has a long history of multiple term Governors and Mead has done a good job.  He'd be serving the state to do one more term.  But absent a "draft Matt Mead" movement, which isn't going to happen, he's not going to do that. A pity really.

So we'll see a contest for that race.  Two candidates have announced, one has more or less announced and has an organization going, at least three others are heavily pondering.  We'll add those soon.

And Liz Cheney's seat is up again, as it must be every two years.

Liz only got in as the two front runners took themselves out, Stalingrad style, in the primary. This would suggest that she might be vulnerable, but so far this race doesn't look to be heating up much.  There's no official opponent yet, but there are some sounds from a Jackson physician. We'll take a look at this soon as well.  While logic holds that Cheney should be vulnerable, Wyoming's strong tradition of reelecting incumbents operates against that.

And that also favors Senator John Barasso who is also up.

Senator Barasso has handily defeated any opponent that's run against him so far anyway and there's no reason at all to believe that he can be picked off.  Nonetheless some elements of the AltRight have been barking at him, so he'll probably face a GOP primary contest, but one that's unlikely to have much success.  No Democrats have really emerged yet.

And so the race begins.

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January 23, 2018

Well the Governor's race is officially kicked off.

Harriet Hageman, a far right Republican with Libertarian leanings has announced she's running.  Running against her is Rex Rammel, who is even further to the right and a Tea Party adherent whose self declared himself to be "Wyoming's Donald Trump".

Now, the Trump part of this is perhaps disturbing as readers here will recall that I was firmly convinced that there was no earthly way that Trump would win the presidency, and yet he did.  This shows my predictive powers aren't necessarily on the mark.  Be that as it may, I'll predict right now that Rammel, who is an Idahoan veterinarian who had a controversial elk ranch there, and who subsequently relocated to Rock Springs, will do not better than he did when he was in the early race against Liz Cheney.  Indeed, I'd regard Rammel as a bit of an extreme gadfly given his positions, which fit into a certain demographic category on public lands, that I'll deal with in another post.  He's so extreme he'd arrest Federal employees who resist his concept that the State doesn't own the Federal domain, which it does not.

Hageman is not a gadfly by any means, and is a well known practicing attorney in Cheyenne. Be that as it may, I think she's running far to the right of most Wyomingites as well and I doubt that her early race will do well all the way to the primary.  She's not as extreme as Rammel, but she make some hints of being fairly far in the Libertarian right field.

Knocked out of the race already is Ed Murray who was expected to make a run. Murray is a respected Republican conservative and the current serving Wyoming Secretary of State.  A month ago Murray was accused of sexual assault of a type by a woman who had once worked in a law office he had worked in many years prior.  I frankly doubted the claim and in recent weeks thought Murray would likely announce but yesterday a second woman came forth, the daughter of a former Democratic Wyoming Governor herself and married into another prominent Democratic Wyoming family, although she now lives in Virginia.  Both incidents were alleged to have occurred in the 1980s. As I somewhat know the second woman's family, it'd be hard for me to discount her story of being forcibly kissed by Murray in 1989. So, another politician would appear to have gone down, perhaps, as part of the "Me Too" revelations that made so much news in 2017.

There will be more Republicans to announce, and it's widely expected that Matt Gordon, a figure with positions similar to Murray's, will announce.  I'd guess that now he must be under a lot of pressure to do just that.

On the Democratic side Mary Throne, a lawyer in Cheyenne, has entered the race.  Throne is well known and respected and while she's been careful, and wise, not to stake out too many hard and fast positions right now, she does stand a chance in a state that doesn't favor Democrats.  Given the disarray in the GOP field she might be able to take a page out of Governor Sullivan's book in which he gained the state house in a late season campaign that had seen the Republicans in disarray early on.

The race for Congress has also kicked off.

Elizabeth Cheney is of course running, but she's likely concerned as she did not take a majority of votes in the GOP primary and you can still see a lot of "Cheney for Virginia" stickers around.  And she's already drawn one Republican contender, Rod Miller.

Miller is, by early appearances, eccentric, but he's certainly all Wyoming.  Miller is a former cowboy and rancher from Carbon County who lives now in Buford.  Wild looking with long hair and a longer beard, he's pro public lands, unlike Cheney whose positions are unclear.  In a normal year, Miller wouldn't stand a chance, but with Cheney not particularly liked by a lot of Wyomingites, he might have a better chance than normal.

And John Barasso is running to retain his seat in the Senate.  

Barasso looked to draw some Steve Bannon inspired non Wyomingites to contend against him in the GOP primary, but this looks increasingly unlikely.  Gary Trauner, who twice ran for the U.S. House and did very well, is running against him as a Democrat.  Trauner lost a 2006 bid for the House 47.8% to unpopular Barbara Cubin's 48.3%. In 2008 he came within 10% of much more popular Cynthia Lummis Given that, it's curious that he hasn't chosen to run against less than popular Cheney who is serving her first term and who Wyomingites haven't really warmed up to.  Barasso will be much more difficult for Trauner to unseat.

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January 24, 1918 

The Tribune's article today on Murray noted that he had been expected to be the front runner for the Gubernatorial race.

I don't know if that's true or not but it does seem clear that these two combined allegations have effectively ended his political career.

The first of the two accusations, it should be noted, was the much more serious and Murray has denied it unequivocally.  It would constitute a true species of sexual assault.  The second accusation is crass and crude and would constitute a species of assault, but in terms of it being a "sexual assault" it would not likely be in the legal context but might be in the current social context.  That one occurred in 1988 and Murray had married in the interim.  He hasn't admitted it, but instead has said that he has no recollection of the event, alleged to have occurred on New Years Eve when the second accuser was babysitting for Murray and his wife.  Having no recollection is a pretty weak denial.

This is interesting in the current political context for a couple of reasons.  One is that frankly at least I, and I suspect some others, would have been inclined to dismiss the first accusation but for the second.  The second, standing alone, would have been crass and inappropriate but probably could have been excused away due to New Years over indulging or something and the voters might have forgiven Murray.  Standing together they're enough, in my view, to wipe out is chance of obtaining any other elected or even appointed position.  The first one, if true and reported immediately, may have lead to criminal prosecution at the time.

So, what to make of all of this?

Well, for one thing, in our current political atmosphere the day does seem to have finally arrived in which old sins aren't forgiven by the electorate.  Those skeletons, or at least those sexual skeletons, are coming back out and will get you, if they're in that closet.  And even things that were once only minor examples of male brutish behavior (which the first of these allegations is much more than) are too much.

More immediately, if Murray was really the front runner, as the Tribune assumed, his fall is a huge gift to Hageman who is now the only real candidate running.  That has to be putting a lot of pressure on Gordon.
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January 29, 2018

What does the (possible) recovery of oil do to the Governor's Race?
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February 4, 2018

Taylor Haynes has now entered the race.

Apparently he actually did last month and its just being reported now, which might be because he's evolved, over time, from a surprise right wing candidate into a Tea Party candidate and now into what the Tribune calls a "perennial candidate".  Perennial candidates in Wyoming are mostly noted for repeatedly loosing, although there are exceptions.  One time Casper City councilman and legislator Keith Goodenough started off as a perennial candidate.

Haynes is running right with Rammel on the hardcore "take back the land" that we didn't own in the first place and bases his assertions on his reading of the U.S. Constitution, which he even maintains doesn't allow for the United States Supreme Court to interpret the Constitution, a radical, wrong, and frankly nutty idea.  In his case, further, it's rather sad as he's highly educated and didn't start off as a candidate whose ideas were nutty.  Indeed, Haynes comes across with some really surprising statements in this area.  For example, according to the Star Tribune:
Haynes claimed that the federal government is aware that they do not own any public lands in Wyoming and will readily turn them over if the state insists.
“You just enforce it,” he said. “The state has jurisdiction.”
Oh really?

All of this has to be serving Harriet Hageman well, right now.  Compared to Rammel and Haynes she's the voice of conservative reason even though she herself is in the extreme right.  Rammel and Haynes will likely vie for the same vote in the primary and destroy each other (they both announced, oddly, in Rock Springs).  Hageman would normally be competing for that vote too, but chances are good that far right voters who are not Tea Party adherents will go to her.

Of course the ultimate beneficiary is likely to be Mary Throne, the essentially uncontested Democratic candidate who now occupies the entire middle.  That will end once the GOP has some mainstream candidates announce, but whoever that candidate will have to fight off extremists from the right in the primary before turning to Throne.  Shades of Mike Sullivan?

On all of this, and subject to another thread here, we have the irony of the recent ENDOW study suggesting that the state needs to get into the air travel funding arena to boost our economy. The Federal government is doing that now, and the state is somewhat, but WYDOT recommended a greater role and the ENDOW study endorsed that.  We addressed that here:

ENDOW Study. Air Travel First

 
 Federal Express at the Natrona County International Airport.  An airport that can  handle a plane like this could sure easily handle intra state air travel.
We've posted a lot about Wyoming's Boom and Bust economy over the years, particularly the last few years as we've slid into a bust.  Supposedly we're coming out of that right now, although a report that the state issued last week stated the opposite.  Citing employment figures, the report felt we were still in a bust.  Perhaps note noted in that, although I've discussed it here, a revived petroleum economy is not likely to be quite as labor intensive as prior booms as technology has developed to the point where exploration and drilling are not as labor intensive as they once were.  This will not be true. . . yet, of the support infrastructure where more of the jobs actually are, but we note this as the oil industry as subject to the labor reducing aspects of technology just like everything else.  This should give economic planners in Wyoming pause.
Taylor Haynes is quoted rhetorically musing  on this, stating:
“We have a pretty good tax structure and a nice place to live, so why aren’t we overrun with companies wanting to come here?” Haynes said.
Even he, a libertarian (in essence) comes up with a government role here, noting;
Haynes said he wanted information technology taught to every public school student in the state in order to create a workforce that can serve the technology industry. He also wants high school students to be able to select a college or vocational track.
That's fine, I suppose, but at this part I can't help but note what seems to be a significant disconnect in the GOP from average folks, although less so for Hageman who shares my occupation and therefore its travel burdens.   In the Tea Party end of the GOP there seems to be an illusion that somehow, if the public lands, end up in state hands it magically cures all economic ills.  Now, what it would do is to dispossess average people, which is why average Wyomingites are dead set against this.  Haynes and Rammel, based upon what I know of them, are quite well off and may simply not see what things are like for average Wyomingites.  After all, they are both imports from elsewhere.

And they both occupied professions that don't put people on the road to go 200 miles or more in one day, and then turn around and come back, routinely.  Lots of Wyomingites do.  Taking t he public lands away from them, and that's what state ownership would end up doing, makes their lives worse and doesn't address the state's actual economic ills at all.

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February 6, 2018. 

It turns out that there's an additional Republican candidate running that I'd been unaware of, that being Bill Dahlin.

I don't know much about Dahlin and his campaign has been rather obviously fairly quiet to date.  He's a businessman from Sheridan, and that's about all I know about him personally, and that from his website.  According to that, he grew up in Sheridan, had a business career outside the state, and returned to Wyoming in 2000.

His positions would be characterized as conservative most places but would be regarded as moderate in the context of the current election.  He doesn't favor the transfer of public lands from the Federal Government to the state and believes that "public lands belong to the public".  He admits that in the past he's voted a split ticket.  He's for the legalization of industrial hemp (which would require Federal action, not state).

He was the first person to actually enter the race, which his a bit disturbing in some ways as he sure hasn't gotten much press for doing so.

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February 10, 2018 

Ed Murray resigned as Wyoming Secretary of State yesterday, February 9.


Former U.S. Congressional candidate Leland Christensen, who would be Congressman Christensen if Tim Stubson had dropped out of the race (or, conversely Tim Stubson would be Congressman if Christensen had dropped out) announced his candidacy for the office only hours prior.  Christiensen mounted an effective campaign for Congress, as did Stubson, and the splitting of the GOP vote between them effectively wiped each other out allowing Cheney to advance past the primary.  Christensen, in spite of doing well in that race, must have concluded that taking on an incumbent Cheney was unlikely to be successful.

The day prior well known Cheyenne Democrat Jim Byrd also announced for Murray's position.

Governor Mead will now have to appoint somebody to fill Murray's vacant office.  That individual is likely to be a candidate as well, as everyone well knows, and therefore it will be interesting to see who he appoints.

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February 16, 2018

Tom Forslund, former manager of the City of Casper (for 23 years) has indicated he's thinking of getting into the race.  He's currently the Director of Wyoming Departments of Health & Family Services.

Forslund appears to be testing the waters, and even admitting he's doing so, noting that he's balancing his desire to run, his desire to be effective and the costs of running.

If he gets in, he'll instantly be the GOP front runner.  He's not an extremist and he has actual real world experience in government, including that of managing the largest city in Wyoming to have the city manager form of government.  He was generally well liked as Casper's city manager and he certainly has experience with good and bad economic times.

In a lot of ways, Forslund would be a breath of fresh air in a campaign that, so far, has been dominated by some fairly extreme ideas on the GOP side of the race.

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February 22, 2018

Mark Gordon, who was widely expected to run this year, has announced he "intends" to run. That's not the same, for some reason, as actually announcing his campaign, but it's close.

Gordon is the State Treasurer and  is also a highly educated Johnson County rancher.  He's been universally popular in his various political efforts and this likely makes him the front runner.

With Gordon in, it'll be interesting to see if Forslund determines to stay out.  In the House race this lasts go around Christensen and Stubson split the rank and file GOP vote which allowed the far from universally popular Cheney to advance to the general election. Forslund will not command the support going into the race that that Gordon will but, if he manged to secure quite a bit of it, and if he in particular still retains a Natrona County base (which is far from certain) that could repeat allowing potentially Hageman to advance.  In that instance my prediction would be that Throne would win in the general election, a scenario we've also seen in the past, although not the recent past, which allowed two Democratic governors to serve in succession for a sixteen year period in spite of Wyoming being a heavily GOP state.

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February 23, 2018

Businessman David Dodson has declared as as "Reagan Republican" against John Barrasso, as of yesterday.

Except he's not.

Not a Republican that is.  Or at least not really running as one.  He's running as an independent.

That will assure that Dodson, who is a relocated Colorado businessman living in Jackson Hole, and a part time business lecturer at Stanford, will get to the general election, but it also means that he's basically running against the GOP.  Removing an incumbent has proven to be nearly impossible in Wyoming, so the odds are very much against him.

Having said that, Barrasso may be somewhat more exposed to a center conservative than we might at first suppose.  Barrasso is a relocated Pennsylvania orthopedic surgeon who  gained his appointment by way of an appointment from the GOP.  I.e., he didn't win the position in order to gain it.  He's steadily risen to prominence in the Republican Party and he makes a real effort to return to the state every week, but he always tends to come across a bit as an outsider.  Dodson will be an outsider as well, of course.  Barrasso, however, has sided with the people who believe that the Federal government basically shouldn't be controlling the public domain which is in opposition to what most Wyomingites believe and which puts him, almost without his knowing it, in a certain radical camp.  I've seen posts by individuals I know to be true Republican conservatives in the state really dissing Barrasso, without being specific as to why, but basically because of this issue.

Which does not mean that I think he's being replaced in the Fall is likely.  But Dodson's entry is interesting.

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February 28, 2018

Dodson is not only running, but it turns out that he's willing to invest some major advertising dollars in the effort this early.  That is unusual.

The day after I posted the item above, full page advertisements by Dodson, directed at Barasso, began to appear in the Star Tribune.  The last couple of days television advertisements, and highly aggressive ones at that, started appearing on television.  And it's only February.

This makes it pretty plain that Dodson is prepared to campaign right from the onset of his announcement through  the fall and invest some major cash in the effort.  His television advertisements proclaim he's a "Reagan Republican", but running as an independent, and that Barasso "has a fight on his hands".  He really might.

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March 13, 2018

The Dodson television blitz continues on.  A recent television ad featured his sister, if I caught that right, who apparently was the first member of the Dodson family to move to Wyoming and who made a plea for her brother on the basis that she doesn't want to see her sons have to move out of the state for work.

Dodson's campaign so far seems to be 100% economic.  That might be a good start to things but I wonder how far it will really take him.  He claims to be a Reagan Republican but what does that mean in this context?  It has to mean more than the economy I suspect or this campaign will run out of steam.

It's also going to be hard at some point for Dodson not to seem like another political carpetbagger in the state.  John Barasso isn't from Wyoming either, he's from Pennsylvania, but he did spend the entire significant part of his work life here.  Dodson was born in Greeley, which at least is a hardscrabble western work town, but most of his working life was spent elsewhere and his Wyoming residence is in Teton County, which equates with massive wealth which isn't something that he'll have in common with most Wyomingites.  His campaign, as noted, is 100% economic so far, but what does he believe on anything else?  He'll have to start letting people know, and soon.

Mark Gordon appears ready to officially announce his campaign on March 15 here in Casper, which would make him the second gubernatorial candidate to announce from Casper.  It's interesting that people seem to want to distance themselves from Cheyenne for their official announcements.  Anyhow, he's set to run.

Right now, I'm listening to an episode of the Right to Roam podcast in which Gordon is a guest.  Those podcast run about 45 minutes in length and I'm about 3/4s of the way through it and I have yet to hear the $65.00 question on what his views are about public land.  I think, based on what little I know about Gordon, that he opposed the attempt at a land grab by the state, but I'm hoping to hear that question asked.

I note that as both Barasso and Gordon have adopted a "stop the Federal land grab" and "stop the War on the West" banners in their early campaigns.  With Barasso, he's already on record supporting a state land grab and worked to have that inserted in the last GOP platform.  This is a massively unpopular view here in the state and no doubt Gary Trauner, the Democratic candidate, will be harping on that, as he seems tuned into local issues pretty well.  Whether Dodson will get off the "Wyoming has the worst economy in the US" drumbeat long enough to notice that is another matter.  If he doesn't, the Star Tribune columnist who mused that Dodson may mostly serve to open the door for Trauner might prove to be correct.


What that means with Gordon is another matter and I hope we will soon learn.  Liz Cheney has been busy with some bill that impacts Wyoming lands from a Federal prospective and it's quite clear that she's in the minority on this view and likely knows it. She also may very well know where her bread is buttered, politically, and so far benefits from the fact that her only GOP challenger is quite eccentric.  It seems pretty clear that Cheney could be bumped out of her seat fairly easily if a popular Republican, say Matt Mead, ran for it, of if a popular Democrat for that matter, ran for it.  So far, that's not happening.


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March 16, 2018

Mark Gordon officially announced yesterday.

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March 21, 2018 

Cheyenne businessman Sam Galeotos announced that he would announce for the Governor's office today.  Galeotos has been an active figure in business and community in Cheyenne, but he's otherwise a political newcomer.

The race on the Republican side is beginning to become a bit crowded.

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March 25, 2018

Leland Christensen came out this past week and announced that he was a candidate for State Treasurer. Earlier Christensen had been announced to be a candidate for Secretary of State, a race he is now implicitly abandoning.

The Teton County native and former sheriff's deputy has been a long time Teton County legislature and was a candidate for the U.S. House in 2016.  Indeed, he'd likely be Wyoming's Congressman but for Tim Stubson, with whom he split the vote opposing Cheney.  Of course, by the same token, Stubson would now be Wyoming's Congressman but for Christensen.

Running for the Treasurer office being left by Scott Gordon is a good move for Christensen who is likely positioning himself for a future run at Congress or the Governorship. As he did well in the Congressional race, he's likely to do well in the race for Treasurer.

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March 26, 2018 

The Casper Star Tribune ran an interesting column today on the "branding" by the various candidates for Governor. That is, their logos and whatnot.  

I'm not commenting on that, but rather on a comment that was included in the article, that being that the two best funded campaigns were those of Scott Gordon and Sam Galeotos.  I don't know much about Galeotos, a political newcomer, so that surprised me.  Given that, Galeotos may prove to be a pretty major contender, or at least a pretty active one.

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March 28, 2018

Jillian Balow announced that she was running for re-election as Superintendent of Public Instruction.  Balow took office following the chaotic administration of Cindy Hill which had resulted in a contest between the legislature and the Superintendent which ended up in court.  In her announcement she emphasized that she had desired to bring some stability into the office.  To date she is the only person to have announced for the office.

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March 31, 2018

Dodson's television campaign has expanded out beyond its solitary economic theme.  For awhile, I wondered if that's all it was going to focus on, but a new ad with Dodson speaking, in his now typical somewhat angry tone, claims that during Barasso's entire tenure as a U.S. Senator he's only introduced one bill that passed and that was for a new Federal courthouse in Teton County.  Dodson then dismisses that as being for Barasso's rich friends and donors.

I don't know.  I think that might oversimplify the American Congressional method of drafting legislation but I truly don't know what Barasso's legislative record is.  I am sure he's going to have to answer to Dodson soon.  FWIW, however, I doubt that Republican wealthy in Teton County care much about Federal courthouses.  Indeed, I'd think of that being more of a Democratic thing quite frankly.

Both Dodson and Barasso made an appearance at an event I went to in Natrona County recently.  Dodson had a table one day, while I was there, and Barasso toured through the day prior.  I avoided Dodson's table as I'm shy and don't like to engage much in conversation with folks I don't know, but I soon regretted it as quite frankly there were a series of questions I'd like to have asked him.

Gary Trauner toured through the county this past week, so Natrona County is getting a lot of attention.  I didn't happen to run across him however.

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April 1, 2018

The Star Tribune proclaimed that the Governor's race was "Gordon's To Lose", meaning that in their opinion he'll be the next governor of the state unless he blows it.

Well, perhaps, but some of the things noted in the article would hint that he might be blowing it already.  Principal amongst them is the fact that nobody really knows what his views actually are on anything, although maybe that's an advantage early on.

The CST pointed to his website which simply notes a series of vague things without saying much of anything at all.  Specifically, if you go to his website, you'll find under issues the following:

Building a Bright Future
Mark understands that here in Wyoming, we’re an open book. You can write your own chapter and shape your own destiny.
Growing up on the ranch in Kaycee, when his family or neighbors had a problem, they didn’t look to the government to solve it. They rolled up their sleeves, banded together and got the job done. As Governor, Mark will fight to get government out of the way and allow the people of Wyoming to prosper.
Wyoming remains the best state in the nation to live, raise a family or start a business. With some of the lowest taxes in the country, favorable regulatory policies, access to private and public-sector resources, Wyoming is the place to be for self-starters, entrepreneurs and anyone who wants to chart their own course.
Mark understands what it takes to retain and foster Wyoming’s youth and talent while attracting the best and brightest to advance current industries in our state and grow new ones. He has a broad range of experience in the fields most important to Wyoming, from running a family ranch, owning and operating Main Street businesses, and working in the energy industry. Mark recognizes that Wyoming is ready to be a leader in these fields and many more – from technology and computer science to advanced manufacturing and engineering.
Reducing the Size of Government and Decreasing Spending
Ensuring Wyoming has a balanced budget and that our government is living within its means is absolutely essential. This means prioritizing needs versus wants. Wyoming’s revenues are down significantly and while recent economic forecasts have been promising, we are not out of the woods yet. We must rein in our spending today to ensure fiscal stability tomorrow.
Mark’s track record in the Treasurer’s office demonstrates his ability to do more with less while safeguarding taxpayer dollars. A fiscal conservative all his life, Mark has the private and public-sector experience to chart this new course Wyoming.
The boom times over the last decade have resulted in rising spending rates that Wyoming simply cannot keep up with. During this time, Mark has successfully managed the state’s second largest
contributor to general fund income – investment income. He has delivered the funds best performance in the past decade and has set procedures in place that ultimately position Wyoming to benefit further from investment income in the years to come. He has firsthand knowledge of the state’s fiscal position and knows how to best protect taxpayer’s money while making it work efficiently and effectively for our citizens.
As Governor, Mark will conservatively manage spending levels without growing government, while still providing the essential services the people of Wyoming depend on.

Ensuring the Future of Wyoming’s Natural Resources
Wyoming’s natural resources are second to none. Be it oil, gas, coal, uranium or wind – Wyoming has it all. And there are no greater stewards of these energy and natural resources than the people of Wyoming.
Throughout his career, Mark has worked to push back against federal overreach and cut through bureaucratic red-tape that has kept much of our natural resources under lock and key.
As Governor, Mark will ensure responsible development of our state’s vast natural resources while protecting open space and access to public lands. He will work to position Wyoming as the leader in advanced energy technologies including Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) and new carbon-to-product markets.

Defending Our Conservative Values
A lifelong conservative, Mark works to defend the Wyoming values of limited government, low taxes and personal responsibility. He understands the importance of local control and has fought to keep Washington out of Wyoming. Mark is a staunch protector of the Constitution. He believes in putting families first and is pro-life.
Mark is a lifelong member of the NRA and believes the right to bear arms is fundamental. Growing up on a ranch, owning guns is part of his way of life. Mark hunts, taught all his kids how to shoot and owns a firearm for personal protection. Mark will continue to be a relentless defender of the Second Amendment.
I guess we can very vaguely, maybe, take a few things away from this.  He's a fiscal conservative. . . we get that.  He's a conservative in general.  More specifically; 
  • Like everyone, seemingly, in Wyoming, he believes there's a lot of Federal overreach.
  • "As Governor, Mark will ensure responsible development of our state’s vast natural resources while protecting open space and access to public lands." which presumably means he's not party of the "grab them and sell them" wing of the GOP on public lands, although his exact position on that issue remains unknown."He will work to position Wyoming as the leader in advanced energy technologies including Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) and new carbon-to-product markets" which puts him in the GOP camp that oddly maintains that there Federal government spends too much while urging it to spend in this area."He believes in putting families first and is pro-life."" Mark will continue to be a relentless defender of the Second Amendment."
So we know something, if not enough.  At some point, I think that needs to get fleshed out.
Harriet Hageman is, on the other hand, making her views known including one that would propose to have the Federal Government transfer 1,000,000 acres to an already cash strapped State of Wyoming as an administrative experiment. That's a precursor to a push for a full transfer no matter what a person may otherwise maintain.  At least when this went up on her Facebook page it was going over like a lead balloon. This is a massively unpopular idea with most Wyoming citizens.
The Tribune thinks that Hageman is relying too much on rural voters which I think assumes a lot about rural voters.  Anymore I'm not hearing any support amongst most rural voters for transferring the public lands to the states.  Indeed, I don't hear ranchers talk about it at all with any support and the only group of people I hear support it are on a certain radical wing of the GOP that is in the Tea Party camp.  
While I'm very much opposed to that position, I'll give Hageman credit for setting out her views on a lot of issues, which may reveal an internet based effort to get her views out in front of Gordon.  It's pretty clear that she's trying to run as a conservative and not a Tea Party candidate while tossing some Morning Blend their way at the same time.
Galeotos seems to be tanking more the Gordon approach, only more so.  He has a list of things he supports but they're all one liners that most Wyomingites support.  Galeotos is apparently the first or second best funded campaign but he's not doing much on his website information wise.
Again, maybe that's intentional.  Gordon is out in front, everyone believes, so by getting very specific he can only be attacked.  Galeotos has a lot of money for a big push when the time comes and might not want to get into a fight now.  Hageman is the least well funded so perhaps an internet based campaign that's surprisingly specific and less radical than we might expect, if still notably to the right of Galeotos and Gordon is her strategy.
That leaves out several other GOP candidates, of course, but a couple are simply being dismissed by the Tribune and I think they're right to do so.  The one that  has been surprisingly quiet and remains an unknown is Bill Dahlin.  Given the lack of name recognition, if Dahlin hopes to have a chance, he probably better get active in the GOP field fairly soon.

Company "C." 115th U.S. Infantry - Camp McClellan, Anniston, Ala. - April 1, 1918


Saturday, March 31, 2018

Best Posts of the Week of March 25, 2018.

So its Easter Sunday, March 31, 1918.


 
 

So its Easter Sunday, March 31, 1918.


 Church of the Ascension in Hudson Wyoming.  I don't live in Hudson, but this Catholic Church in the small town is just about the same size as the original St. Anthony of Padua Catholic Church where I would have attended, everything else being equal, in 1918.  Because of the huge boom that occurred in my home town during World War One, that original church was taken down and the current church built during the late teens with the new church being completed in 1920.

Which, if you read this on a timely basis, means that you are reading it on Holy Saturday, 2018.

Let's look back on your Easter Sunday of that year, assuming of course that you are somebody situated like me, not assuming by extension that you are a young man in an Army camp somewhere that's being ravaged by the flu, or in France fighting against the German onslaught.

One thing you'd have to endure is the very first occurance of Daylight Savings Time, on this day in 1918.

So the US endured the ravages of false time for the first time on this day in 1918.

 

Oh, the humanity.

 

A sleepy nation "sprang forward".  And on Easter Sunday, no less.

So let's assume that you are in fact somebody like me living in the region I do.

If that were the case, you'd be living in what was still a small town, but an enormously expanding one due to a tremendous oil boom (something I've experienced at least twice, in fact, in my own life).  You  have an office job, but maybe you have an interest in cattle too, or perhaps farming, somehow, although mixing professions would have been much, much, more difficult in 1918 than in 2018, although it did actually occur.  If you had a military age son, as I do, you'd almost certainly have seen him off at the local train station, or in our case one of the two local train stations, last year.

And you'd be worried.

So how would the day go?

Well then, like now, most people would have attended a Church service on this Easter morning.  There's a really common widespread belief that religious adherence was universal in the first part of the 20th Century and has sadly declined markedly now but  that is in fact mostly a myth on both scores.  And part of that is based upon the region of the country you live in, and it was then as well.  But Easter Sunday, like Christmas, is always a big event and many people who don't attend a service otherwise, do on those days.  Others, like me, go every Sunday and of course adherent Catholics and Orthodox go every Sunday and Holy Day.

Now, one feature of the times that has changed is that by and large people tended to marry outside of their faith much less often and people's adherence to a certain faith was notably greater.  Currently, we often tend to hear of "Protestants and Catholics", but at the time not only would you have heard that, but people were much more likely to be distinctly aware of the difference between the various Protestant faiths.  And this often tended to follow a strongly economic and demographic base as well.  People of Scottish background, for example, tended to be Presbyterians.  The richest church at the time was the Episcopal Church and if people moved within Protestant denominations it tended to be in that direction.  I know to people here in town, for example, who made a move in that direction in their pre World War Two marriages, although one of those individuals, who married prior to World War One, went from the Catholic Church to the Episcopal Church, which was quite unusual.  In the other the individual went from the Presbyterian Church to the Episcopal Church, which was not unusual.  In both of the instances I'm aware of the men adopted the faiths of their brides to be in order to marry them.

People of "mixed marriages", i.e., where the couple were of different faiths, did of course exist so this can be taken much too far.  Even then it wasn't terribly uncommon for Catholics to be married to Protestants, although it was much less common than it is now, with the couple attending the Catholic Church.  Marriages involving Christians and Jews were much less common but also did occur, with at least the anecdotal evidence being that this also tended to be something in which the Jewish person married (it seems) a Catholic and they attended the Catholic Church.  I'm sure that this also occurred between Protestants and Jews but it's harder to find immediate examples.  In the area we're talking about, however, the Jewish demographic was so small that it would have been practically unnoticeable, although it was sufficiently large in Cheyenne such that a synagogue had gone in there in 1915 and it was about to be absorbed, in 1919, by a new Orthodox Jewish community.  I don't know if Jewish people even had a place that they could attend services of their own in this era, here in this town.  I doubt it. But I don't doubt that there were Jewish residents of the town by 1918.

What was hugely uncommon at the time were "mixed marriages" in terms of two different "races".  As I've noted here before, however, the concept of "race" is a purely human construct and what this means is not the same in any one era.  Because of the oil boom in Casper, Casper was starting to have a black and Hispanic community, and both of those groups have "race" status in the United States today, and then did then as well.  Mix marriages between blacks and whites, while not illegal in Wyoming as they were in some areas of the country, would have been completely socially unacceptable at that time.

Marriages between Hispanics and "whites" were certainly uncommon at that time, but that barrier was never as stout.  For one thing Hispanics were co-religious with various other groups that had "race" status earlier and that caused the boundaries to break down pretty quickly in some regions.  The Irish, Italians, Slavs and Greeks all had "race" status at the start of the 20th Century but by even World War One that had basically disappeared in the case of the Irish and it was disappearing for the other groups as well.  It had not, and still has not, for Hispanics but the "no mixed marriages" social taboo was not as strong.  It was oddly not as strong in regards to men marrying Indian women either.

All of which is only introductory to noting that on this Easter Sunday, March 31, 1918, you'd likely have gone to church with your family in the morning, assuming all of your family was in town, which if you had a young male in your household, wouldn't have been true.

Before you did that, however, you likely would have picked up a newspaper from your front step.

Now, I've been running newspapers here really regularly for a couple of years and that may have created a bit of a mis-impression.  Quite frequently, when I run newspapers, I run the Cheyenne paper or the Laramie paper.  I don't run the Casper paper nearly as often although I do occasionally.  I hardly ever run a paper like the Douglas paper, and Douglas is just fifty miles from Casper and much closer to Casper than Cheyenne.

Why do I do that?

Well, because there was a huge difference in Wyoming newspapers at the time.

Cheyenne and Laramie had excellent newspapers.  I think the Laramie Boomerang, which still exists, was a better paper then than it is now, which is not to say it's bad now.  But a feature of those papers is that they were all on the Union Pacific rail line and they were Associated Press papers.

Casper's newspapers had never been really bad, but they were much more isolated going into the early teens.  They only became contenders, sort of, in terms of quality in 1917 when the big oil boom caused buyouts in the local newspaper market and the quality really started to improve.  Immediate global news became more common in the papers.  Unfortunately, at the same time, a sort of massive economic myopic boosterism also set in and on some days, many days, there was nothing but oil news in them.

Some other local papers, like Sheridan's, were pretty good, but others were strictly local news.  So if you got the Douglas paper in Douglas, it was just all local happenings. Hardly any global news at all.

And that really matters.

There was no other source of news, other than letters, in 1918.

In the entire United States there were just a handful of commercial radio stations. In fact, those stations were;  KQW in San Jose California, WGY in Schenectady New York, KGFX in Pierre South Dakota, and KDKA in Pittsburgh, absent some university experimental stations and a couple that did Morse Code transmissions only.  Early radio, moreover, until the 1920s, was practically a hobby type of deal and a person depending upon radio, where there was radio, for the news would have been a rather optimistic person.

So, no radio, not television, no Internet.  The newspaper was it.

So if you relied upon a paper like the early ones in Douglas, you'd know that the State Fair was doing well, how local events were going, and that Miss. Barbara Jean Romperoom visited her aunt Tille for three days before returning to Chicago.

You wouldn't have been aware that the Germans were knocking on the door of Paris.

You'd be doing better if you read the Casper paper, after wading through the Oil!, Oil! Oil! hysteria, but not as well as you would have been if you were reading the Cheyenne paper.

Which maybe you were.

 No really cheerful news on the cover of this Easter addition of the Cheyenne State Leader.

Newspapers being so important at the time, traveled. Indeed they did well into the 1980s.  When I was a kid you could buy the Cheyenne Tribune Eagle, the Denver Post and the Rocky Mountain News, every day, from newsstands, in Casper.  Now you sure can't.  Indeed the Rocky Mountain News doesn't even exist, having been bought out by the less impressive Denver Post.

Now, in 1918, they couldn't have trucked the paper up from Denver and Cheyenne every day early in the morning, but they could have put them on the train and I suspect they did, at least with the Cheyenne paper. That is, I suspect that sometime that day, or the next day, a reader in Casper was able to pick up the Cheyenne papers.  I didn't know that for sure, but that was the general practice of the day.  It's no accident that the really major newspapers in Wyoming were all on the Union Pacific.  So I'd guess that perhaps the Cheyenne papers, if they didn't come overnight (and they may have) arrived late that day or the next and were available at newsstands, which did exist at the time.  Indeed, one such stand existed in the "lobby" of my office building, which had gone up in 1917, at a stand that also sold cigars. Don't they all?



  The office.  It had a newsstand and cigar shop in the small lobby originally.  Another cigar shop that sold papers for many years was just on the corner.

So my guess is that if you lived on a rail line, you were probably able to pick up the Cheyenne papers, and maybe the Denver papers, if perhaps on a day late basis.

So, let's get back to the day.

Chances are that you picked up the daily paper (there were two different ones, maybe you picked up both) from your front step about 5:00 a.m., assuming the local paper published on Sunday, which not all of them did.   You likely read it as you waited to go to Church.  If you are Catholic or Orthodox, you didn't eat anything as you couldn't break the Sunday morning fast.  Indeed, if you were Orthodox, and there were some Greek Orthodox in this region at the time, you were in an interesting situation as your faith had no church and, at that time, no pastor.  As a rule, you went to the Catholic Church instead, although perhaps a traveling Priest would come up next weekend for Orthodox Easter, which was a week behind that year.  If so, he'd use the Catholic Church for his Easter service.

Of course if you were Catholic or Orthodox, and you had a resident pastor, you could have gone the night prior to the Easter Vigil and you may have well done so. Given as that's the preference for my family, I'll assume that would have also been the case in 1918.  If that was the case, I'd be firing up the cook stove for coffee.  If you are a President, and had no pre service fast, you likely would have done that anyhow.

So, I'd fire up the cook stove and boil coffee, probably before anyone was up, put out the dog, and wait for other people to get up. I know that I'd have to wake my wife up, as she has a long standing tradition of Easter morning minor gifts that have replaced hidden eggs as the kids have grown older.  This year, that is 1918, it'd be sad and worrisome of course, as it'd be unlikely that our son would be here.

If I felt energetic, maybe I'd start breakfast.  I don't see us going out for breakfast in 1918, although that was just as much of an option in most places as it is in 2018. Frankly, I've never liked eating out after Church on Sunday mornings as I feel that it sort of occupies a lot of time involving sitting around eating a lot more then I normally would.  I'd have likely felt that way then.  My wife and my late mother, I'd note, feel very much differently so who knows.

So, at some point, I'd have read the local news.  Me being who I am, if the Cheyenne papers came in by train in the morning, at some point in the morning I'd have likely fired up the Model T, which would likely have acquired, and driven downtown to the station to buy one.

 A 1910 manufacture Ford Model T in Salt Lake City, Utah.  Model Ts had been out for fifteen years by this time and were becoming quite common.

And so, as a newspaper reading person, what would we have learned and have known that Easter of 1918?

Well, what we would have known is that the Allies were in serious trouble.  We'd have been constantly reading this pat week of a massive German offensive that was throwing the British, against whom it seemed primarily aimed, back.   We'd have also know that the Germans had resorted to the shocking measure of shelling Parish with some new huge long range artillery.  Every recent issue of the newspapers would have asserted that the Germans were slowing down and would soon be thrown back, but it sure hadn't happened yet.

We would have also seen it claimed (and not terribly accurately, we'll note) that the Americans were taking a role in the fighting, although we would also have seen that just a couple of days ago Pershing volunteered to deploy US troops to the fighting, which wouldn't have made a lot of sense if they were actually fighting already.

And that might have caused us a lot of concern if we had a relative in the Army, let alone if we had a son in the Army.

And if we were in that position, we might know more about the status of the Army in March 1918 than the average paper reader who was reading about our "Sammies", as the press oddly called them.

If you were in that position, your son (or other relatives) would have ended up in the Army one of three ways.  They could have been 1) drafted; or 2) joined the Army prior to the draft taking over everything; or 3) they could have been in the National Guard.

Indeed, they could have been in the National Guard even if they hadn't been until after war was declared.

That's actually an oddity that can still occur, and it was quite common in 1917.  For that matter, while a little different, quite a few men joined the National Guard in 1940 after it had been mobilized for the emergency.  There were strong incentives to do so as it allowed you to serve with people you knew, where you were from.  And in 1917, when the Guard was called back up, after having been demobilized from the Punitive Expedition's border service, the tradition that carried over from the Civil War of mustering state units was still sufficient strong that the states were raising Guard units as state units that were larger than their peacetime establishment.  Indeed, Wyoming not only called back up the infantrymen who had recently been on the Mexican border, but added new infantrymen to them, and planned on trying to raise an entire regiment of cavalry.  It didn't get that far with the cavalry, however.

Men who had been drafted after war was declared and also men who had volunteered were still in training all over the United States. But many prewar regulars and some National Guardsmen were already in France, undergoing training there.  Those infantrymen had gone to Camp Greene, North Carolina as the 3d Infantry Regiment, Wyoming National Guard.  At Camp Greene, however, they were soon converted into part of the 148th Field Artillery, as artillery, and the 116th Ammunition Train of the 41st Division.  The 41st had been established just five days before the declaration of war and it as an all National Guard division.  The 148th Field Artillery was an artillery unit made up of National Guardsmen from the Rocky Mountain region, only some of whom had been artillerymen before the war.  Conversion of the Wyoming infantrymen into artillerymen spoke highly of them, as artillery was a considerably more complicated role than infantry.  Conversion of the remainder into the 116th Ammunition Train spoke to their experience with horses and freighting, both of which were a necessary element of that role.

The 41st had already gone to France and it had been one of the five U.S. Divisions sent over by this time.  However, it met with bad luck when the SS Tuscania was sunk on February 5, as the men on it were of the 41st.  We earlier dealt with that disaster here:

SS Tuscania Sunk, February 5, 1918.

SS Tuscania
The first US troops ship to be sunk during World War One, the SS Tuscania, went down due to German torpedos launched by the UB-77.  210 lives were lost.
It was only briefly dealt with in the local papers, and no doubt not much was known at the time, but some of the passengers on the Tuscania were Wyoming Guardsmen.  I don't know if any of them went down with her.  By March 31, anyone with relatives who died when the ship sank knew it.  Wyoming Guardsmen definitely witnessed the sinking from a nearby vantage.

Gen. Pershing only had five divisions of men in France, all trained, but he needed a source of immediate replacements.  The 41st Division became that source.  Units of unique value, like artillery, were taken out of it wholesale.  The 148th was equipped there with French 155mm guns, large artillery pieces, and also equipped with French artillery tractors.  They thereby became highly mobile, highly modern, heavy field artillery and were soon to be split out of the 41st in that role, if they hadn't been already.  The 116th Ammunition Train, however, went to Tours with the rest of the 41st and waited there to be pieced out as replacements, a sad end to the division.

French 155 GPF gun. This is the same type of artillery piece used by the Wyoming National Guard during World War One. They had not yet fired their first shot in anger.  A version of this gun would serve alongside a more modern 155 all the way through 1945.
You'd be unlikely to know much about that, however, unless you had letters home that might raise the question.  And they might.  If your son or loved one was an artilleryman, you might have had a hint about the fate of the Tuscania and that the unit was training with French artillery pieces.  If your son was in the 116th Ammunition train you might have received a disappointing letter from Tours.

You'd be worried either way as the papers were full of reports about Americans going into action, which wasn't happening much yet.

Well all that would be pretty grim to think about for Easter, wouldn't have it been?

Well, sometime mid day we'd likely gather for an Easter Dinner with relatives. Chances are really good that it'd feature ham, but that ham would likely be boiled ham.

You've likely never had boiled ham.  I never have.  But I recall my father speaking about it and he wasn't a huge fan. Boiling drove off the salt that was part of the curative brine and it took quite awhile.  Of course there's be other good foods as well, including likely pie.

My guess is that there's be beer too.  Maybe wine. And perhaps some whiskey.

The day would likely wrap up about 5:00 p.m. or so, and then back home. Back home would probably entail some reading, and some worrying as well.  If you are like me, that would entail worrying about the next days work, but it surely would have entailed worrying about what was going on over in France.

Friday, March 30, 2018

Lex Anteinternet: The Kaiserschlacht Commences. Operation Michael. The First Battle of Villers-Bretonneux and the Battle of Moreuil Wood

Lex Anteinternet: The Kaiserschlacht Commences. Operation Michael



 The First Battle of Villers-Bretonneux and the Battle of Moreuil Wood

On March 30 the Germans none the less tried again, launching an assault south of the new Somme salient towards Amiens resulting in two significant battles, one of which is very well recalled today.  The Germans gained some ground but it was slight, and German troops lost discipline when they hit Allied supply depots.



The resumed German offensive opened up near the town of Le Hamel but was turned back, although the Germans took ground near the Hangard Wood.  This resulted in a five day pause in the German effort in this location until they resumed their attack towards the town of Villers-Bretonneux.  The French fell back upon the German resumed attack but British and Australian troops generally held well but were ultimately forced to retire due to a two stage retreat by the 14th (Light) Division. which ultimately fell back some 3500 yards to a new position.  Australian troops restored the line and counterattacked, pushing the Germans back out of the town.  This was followed up by flanking advances by British cavalry and Australian infantry which consolidated the line for the time being.

This phase of the German offensive also saw the remarkable Canadian cavalry charge in the Battle of Moreuil Wood in which the Canadian Cavalry Brigade conducted a mounted assault near the village of Moreuil, taking the wood against the prediction of failure of a nearby French unit, receiving assistance from the RFC in the assault.  The Germans retook the wood the following day, March 31, but the Canadians then took it back. The Germans ultimately retook the wood, showing the intense nature of the fighting, but the overall offensive was called off shortly after that.

 The charge at Moreuil Wood.

Operation Michael had gained a lot of ground, but it had ground to a halt.  By April 5 the Germans were exhausted and an effort to resume the offensive against the British failed.  Moreover, German casualties had been massive, and many of those casualties came from their very best units.

Thursday, March 29, 2018

What was that big gun?

It was a railroad gun.


And a really big one at that.

Or rather, they were really big ones.  There were several.

Details on the giant long range guns are surprisingly sketchy.  They, or it, or whatever, never fell into Allied hands and the Germans took what was left of the guns, whatever that was (and it was likely most of it, or them), back into Germany as they retreated towards the end of the war.  What they couldn't take, they destroyed.

The guns were apparently 211mm guns, a little over 8in.  That would remain a large gun today, but not so large as to not be deployable then or now as field artillery. The M110 Self  Propelled Howitzer, for example, featured an 8" gun.
 

The Paris guns weren't howitzers, however.  They were rifles.  Extremely large rifles with very long barrels.  And over time, likely due to barrel wear, they were bored out to 236mm, 9in.

 They were transported by rail, and indeed they featured a rail turntable as part of their emplacement.  

And they were weapons of terror.

Say what you like about the Germans prior to World War Two, but at the end of the day, the fact of the matter is that the German military seems to have been uniquely prone to acts of terrorism as early as the Franco Prussian War.  And during World War One they undertook several strategies and weapons that were frankly terroristic, of which the giant railway guns were merely one example.  Their only purpose was to silently shell Paris at extreme long range, some 75 miles, and with accuracy that was no better than to simply hit the city, which the guns did at least twenty-one times on March 21, the first day they were used.  They kept up that rate of fire for a considerable time thereafter until the end of the Kaiserschlacht in August and the ultimate reversal of German fortunes mandated their dismantling and removal.  They were never captured by the Allies.  It's telling that while the Versailles Treaty required them to be turned over to the Allies, the Germans did not do it.

250 Parisians were killed by the giant guns and another 620 were wounded.  On this day, Good Friday, 1918, a projectile from one of the giant guns went through the roof of St-Gervais-et-St-Protais Church, killing 91 and wounding 68.

The aftermath of the March 29, terror shelling.

There is no excuse for their use.  There wasn't then, and there still isn't.

Super artillery, into which these guns class these fit, went on to see some use during World War Two by the Germans again, but the advent of aircraft meant that they had become too vulnerable for much use, although they never saw all that much use to start with.  The Germans would deploy some super artillery in the East during World War Two, but the manpower required was so vast that the use of the guns has been calculated to be a net detriment to the German war effort during World War Two.  They didn't achieve much during World Ware One either, as the Parisians grew blase about the big guns which, as destructive as they were, were unlikely to actually get any one person in a city of millions.  In modern times super long range artillery has not seen use although it has been studied with at least Baathist Iraq having taken an interest in them, and having studied a gun that would have been capable of hitting Israel while being fired from Iraq.

Seems if a nation uses these its cause is dishonorable by definition.

Wyoming State Tribune, March 29, 1918. The Germans in control of the breweries?


Lots of grim war news.

And a report that the Germans were in control of the breweries to the tune of, a fellow from the Anti Saloon League claimed, 75%. That is, he said, 75% of all the stock owned in breweries was owned in Germany.

Hmmm. . . . .

And a draft evader was shot in the Seminoes after fighting to contest his arrest.  As this shows, there was opposition to the draft during the Great War and it was sometimes pretty determined, even if most people accepted it readily.

Today In Wyoming's History: Halfway House Stage Stop, Park County, Wyoming

Today In Wyoming's History: Halfway House Stage Stop, Park County, Wyoming

Today In Wyoming's History: March 29, 1973

Today In Wyoming's History: March 29: 1973  The United States completes it's withdrawal from Vietnam.

By odd coincidence, this is also the day that Lt. William Calley was sentenced in 1971 in a courts martial for his role in the My Lai Massacre, although his prison sentence ended up not being a long one.

Today In Wyoming's History: Updates for March, 2018

Today In Wyoming's History: Updates for March, 2018: March 4:  Photograph added for the outbreak of 1918 Flu at Camp Funston, Kansas . March 7:  Newspapers added for 1918 .  Students walko...

Wednesday, March 28, 2018

The Easter Riots Commence in Quebec City, March 28, 1918.

Several days of rioting, which would run through April 1, commenced on this day in Quebec City in 1918.

 
An example of a Canadian recruiting poster directed at the residents of Montreal (with which my family has a connection). Such efforts were not entirely successful.  This unit sought to recruit members of the fairly large Irish Canadian community of Quebec.

The underlying cause of the riots was conscription, which was deeply unpopular in Canada in general and hugely unpopular in Quebec, which saw the war as a European affair that they had very little stake or interest in.  404,385 Canadian men became liable for military service under the Military Service Act, which became law on January 1. 385,510 sought exemption and, given the vague nature of the statute, most succeeded.

The immediate cause of the rioting was the arrest of a French Canadian man who failed to present his exemption papers.  He was released, but things soon were totally out of control.  Soldiers had to be called into the city under the War Measures Act of 1914.  The deeply unpopular act and the riots lead to the proposed Francœur Motion under which Quebec was proposed to declare that it would be happy to leave the Canadian union if the rest of the then very English country found Quebec to be "an obstacle to the union, progress and development of Canada".  The motion was not introduced in the end out of a fear of what it would lead to.

In some ways the rioting strongly recalls the reaction that the Irish had to conscription which lead to the Easter Rebellion of 1916. England itself had no tradition of conscription for land service (it did for sea service) and conscription was actually more strongly established in the United States which had required militia service by state in all states up until after the Civil War, with there being outright conscription during the Civil War.  The English accepted it however.  None of the Dominions took well to it and Ireland, part of the United Kingdom of England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland, was massively opposed to it.  Originally the Irish were exempted from English conscription but when that was repealed in 1916 it lead to the Easter Rebellion and ultimately to the Anglo Irish War and Irish independence.  Australia rejected attempts to impose conscription in that Dominion in a national plebiscite, while New Zealand on the other hand adopted it.  Canada too adopted it after a prior failed attempt, but as can be seen, it was not a success and it fueled early thoughts of Quebec separation.

The irony of this is that while this was occurring, Ireland, Australia and Canada all contributed large bodies of men to the war voluntarily.  So,in the end, efforts to impose conscription in those localities were at best a waste of time and effort and at worst a cause of net manpower loss.

It's worth noting that conscription remained unpopular in Australia and Canada during World War Two and while both nations imposed it, only late in the war were conscripts required to serve overseas.  In Australia's case disgruntled conscripts were a source of poor units that otherwise stand apart from the really notable fighting qualities of the Australian Army.  Canadian conscripts seem to have accepted their late war fate and generally have worked out well when they were finally required to go overseas.  Ireland was of course independent , although a dominion, by World War Two, and it refused to declare war but once again supplied a large number of troops to the British forces.  Surprisingly Australia twice imposed conscription post World War Two, once during the Korean War and again during the Vietnam War.  Canada briefly followed the British example of Cold War conscription but phased it out very quickly and has never resumed it.

Wyoming State Tribune, March 28, 1918. Muleless Days?


The big news was on the war, of course, but a frightening item about a shortage of mules appeared on the front cover as well.

At that time, that was no minor matter.  Mules and horses remained the prime movers of short hauling and agriculture in the United States in 1918.  And the US was also a major supplier of both to the Allies.

Unlike automobiles, a demand for equines couldn't simply be supplied overnight.  A natural product had to develop naturally.  By this point in 1918 horses and mules that were born in the first year of the war were just getting to the point where they were trainable.  Horses and mules of older age, and usable for anything, had been pressed into the demand long ago.

Soldier's Farewell Parade, Indianaopolis Indiana, March 18, 1918.


Bulgarian authorities block travel to Czechoslovakia. March 28, 1968.

Bulgarian authorities blocked travel to Czechoslovakia on this day due to the civil unrest that was heating up in the Prague Spring.