The WAFS were civilians by regulation, not military pilots, and operated under ninety day contracts. They had to be licensed pilots with 200 hours of experience when they hired on, and while they wore uniforms, they had to buy them, although that was required of Army officers as well. Unlike officers, however, they had to pay for their own room and board as well. There were only forty at the height of the program.
While they were required to have 200 hours of flight time, in reality the average for those signing on was 1,400 and a commercial pilots license. This made the WAFS not only quite experienced as pilots, in context, but unusual for female pilots.
Betty H. Gillies.
Betty H. Gillies was the first member, in that she was the first to report for training. She was an experienced pilot of fourteen years and married to the vice president of Grumman.
The very first Our Gang, an episode entitled One Terrible Day, was released.
I reported on this event earlier, but I apparently had the wrong event for the terrible occurrence.
As these photos show, the Red Cross reported to assist at the mine.
Greek Orthodox Bishop Chrysostomos of Smyrna was lynched by a mob after the Turks took the city. What exactly occurred is not known, but the Bishop, who was a Greek nationalist, refused to evacuate and reported to congratulate the Turks on their victory. He was horribly murdered and is regarded as a Saint by the Greek Orthodox.
Not sure how that happened, but the Bishop was murdered on this day.
The USGS expedition on the Colorado, which we featured yesterday, was still in progress.
The property owner, let's not pretend he's a rancher as that would imply that he makes his money from chiefly from agriculture, who owns the Elk Mountain Ranch has claimed that allowing corner crossing would devalue the property by $3,100,000 to $7,000,000, or so newspaper reports hold. The press further reports that it was shown this information by a "confidential" source.
More likely his legal representation claimed that.
Okay, let's break this down.
This is the story, as we'll recall, of three out-of-state hunters who hunted on the Elk Mountain Ranch's leased public lands, with Elk Mountain Ranch owned by Iron Bar Holdings, and ended up being tried for trespassing in Carbon County. According to the Wyoming Secretary of State's website, Iron Bar Holdings is a North Carolina limited liability company registered to do business in Wyoming.
North Carolina?
Well, yes, that's where Fred Eshelman lives.
Eshelman is a pharmacist by training who has done very well, economically, in that field. So well that North Carolina's school of pharmacy, which he donates to, has named that school after him. His bio appears on their site:
Fred Eshelman, PharmD
Fred Eshelman is the founder of Eshelman Ventures LLC, an investment company primarily interested in private health-care companies. Previously he founded and served as CEO and executive chairman of Pharmaceutical Product Development (PPDI, NASDAQ) prior to the sale of the company to private equity interests.
After PPD he served as the founding chairman and largest shareholder of Furiex Pharmaceuticals (FURX, NASDAQ), a company which licensed and rapidly developed new medicines. Furiex was sold to Forest Labs/Actavis in July, 2014.
His career has also included positions as senior vice president (development) and board member of the former Glaxo, Inc., as well as various management positions with Beecham Laboratories and Boehringer Mannheim Pharmaceuticals.
Eshelman has served on the executive committee of the Medical Foundation of North Carolina, was on the board of trustees for UNC-W and in 2011 was appointed by the NC General Assembly to serve on the Board of Governors for the state’s multicampus university system as well as the NC Biotechnology Center. In addition, he chairs the board of visitors for the UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, one of the top pharmacy programs in the United States. In May 2008 the School was named for Eshelman in recognition of his many contributions to the school and the profession.
Eshelman has received many awards including the Davie and Distinguished Service Awards from UNC and Outstanding Alumnus from both the UNC and University of Cincinnati schools of pharmacy, as well as the N.C. Entrepreneur Hall of Fame Award. He earned a B.S. in pharmacy from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, received his Doctor of Pharmacy from the University of Cincinnati, and completed a residency at Cincinnati General Hospital. He is a graduate of the Owner/President Management Program at Harvard Business School.
Indeed, the fact that Eshelman is very wealthy apparently was referenced by one of his employees in the initial confrontation with the Missouri hunters, which isn't a very wise thing to do as it looks bad. Indeed, it looks bad right away, and then again in court.
So, Iron Bar Holdings is Fred Eshelman, very wealthy pharmaceutical personality.
The Missouri hunters, by all accounts, went to great pains to avoid touching the ground on Elk Mountain. They brought ladders of some sort to step over the corners. They were detected by the ranch employees who called the authorities, who frankly weren't really sure what to do, and they declined to issue citations. Ultimately, this matter was somehow prosecuted in Carbon County, where the jury found there was no trespass.
During this time frame, a civil lawsuit was brought in the state's Second Judicial District. For reasons that aren't clear to me, as I wouldn't have filed it, the Missouri hunters had the case removed to Federal Court, no doubt on jurisdictional grounds. Also for reasons that aren't clear to me, as I would have thought Iron Bar would have preferred the case to be in Federal Court, Iron Bar sought to have that reversed, unsuccessfully, claiming the Federal Court lacked jurisdiction, a claim that seem pretty stretched given the pretty obvious diversity jurisdiction here.
I wonder if both sides regret their decisions now, given the results of the Carbon County jury trial. I have to think if the 2nd Judicial District in Rawlins had a jury that said "no trespass" once, they'd have that happen again.
Anyhow, it's in Federal Court. The docket sheet for the case reads as follows:
U.S. District Court District of Wyoming (Cheyenne) CIVIL DOCKET FOR CASE #: 2:22-cv-00067-SWS
Iron Bar Holdings LLC v. Cape et al Assigned to: Honorable Scott W Skavdahl Referred to: Honorable Kelly H Rankin
Case in other court:
Second Judicial District - Carbon County, Wyoming, Civil Act. No. 22-00034
Cause: 28:1441 Petition for Removal
Date Filed: 03/22/2022 Jury Demand: Both Nature of Suit: 890 Other Statutory Actions Jurisdiction: Federal Question
Plaintiff
Iron Bar Holdings LLC a North Carolina limited liability company registered to do business in Wyoming
represented by
M Gregory Weisz PENCE & MACMILLAN LLC 1720 Carey Avenue, Suite 600 PO Box 765 Cheyenne, WY 82003 307/638-0386 Fax: 307/634-0336 Email: gweisz@penceandmac.com LEAD ATTORNEY ATTORNEY TO BE NOTICED
Eric B Hanson KEKER, VAN NEST & PETERS 633 Battery St. San Francisco, CA 94111 415-676-2349 Email: ehanson@keker.com TERMINATED: 08/31/2022 LEAD ATTORNEY PRO HAC VICE
Patrick Lewallen CHAPMAN VALDEZ & LANSING 125 West 2nd Street PO Box 2710 Casper, WY 82601 307/237-1983 Email: plewallen@bslo.com TERMINATED: 08/31/2022 LEAD ATTORNEY
Trevor James Schenk CHAPMAN VALDEZ & LANSING 125 W. 2nd Street PO Box 2710 Casper, WY 82602 307-259-3797 Email: tschenk@bslo.com TERMINATED: 08/31/2022 LEAD ATTORNEY
V.
Defendant
Bradley H Cape
represented by
Ryan A Semerad THE FULLER LAW FIRM 242 South Grant Street Casper, WY 82609 307-265-3455 Fax: 307-265-2859 Email: semerad@thefullerlawyers.com ATTORNEY TO BE NOTICED
Defendant
Zachary M Smith
represented by
Ryan A Semerad (See above for address) ATTORNEY TO BE NOTICED
Defendant
Phillip G Yeomans
represented by
Ryan A Semerad (See above for address) ATTORNEY TO BE NOTICED
Defendant
John W Slowensky
represented by
Ryan A Semerad (See above for address) ATTORNEY TO BE NOTICED
Amicus
Wyoming Stockgrowers Association
represented by
Karen J Budd-Falen BUDD-FALEN LAW OFFICES 300 East 18th Street P O Box 346 Cheyenne, WY 82003 307/632-5105 Fax: 307/637-3891 Email: karen@buddfalen.com LEAD ATTORNEY ATTORNEY TO BE NOTICED
Amicus
Wyoming Wool Growers Association
represented by
Karen J Budd-Falen (See above for address) LEAD ATTORNEY ATTORNEY TO BE NOTICED
What does this tell us?
Well, not much, really, other than that Back Country Hunters & Anglers tried to intervene in the action, no doubt in support of the Missouri hunters, but weren't allowed in. It also tells us that the Wyoming Stockgrowers Association and the Wyoming Wool Growers Association (which at one time were headed for a merger, but which must not have completed that process) are going to be allowed to file "friend of the court" briefs in this matter. Those briefs will no doubt be on the side of Iron Bar.1
Which presents our first historical observation.
The Wyoming Stockgrowers Association was instrumental in bringing about the Johnson County War and the assassination campaign that was associated with it. I'm not saying that they organized it, but they were pretty close to the large, and often foreign owned, cattleman part of the extra judicial war against the small ranchers of Natrona and Johnson Counties of the 1890s.
I'm also not saying that they're somehow involved in such efforts today.
I'm am noting that history rhymes, if not repeats, as they say.
So what did Iron Bar's lawsuit claim? Well, see for yourself:
In litigation, under a rule called FRCP 26, parties are required to disclose certain information, including their calculation of damages. Piecing the news stories together, and reading between the lines, what this probably means is that somehow a reporter got access to a FRCP "self executing" disclosure.
Normally, these aren't public, but they aren't secret either. I obviously don't know who this cat got out of the bag, but it was riding around with its head and front feet out of the bag anyhow, and at some point it was going to get out.
Further, what this really means is that Iron Bar is asserting that if corner crossing is allowed, it'll devalue the value of the property as he can't lock up the Federal domain.
Well, hopefully that's exactly what the court rules. I.e., you can cross the corners.
Before we go on, let's note that the argument here is deeply flawed. What's apparently being stated by the plaintiff is that if the court rules that corner crossing isn't illegal, the value of the land drops, as he can't lock people out and charge people for access.
But if it's illegal, he can't do that, and never could. Being wrong about the law doesn't entitle you to reimbursement.
You can't claim that you'll lose money as something is illegal. That's like arguing if I can't personally close the road and charge people tolls for using it, even though it isn't mine, I'll lose money. I had no right to do that in the first place. It doesn't matter if I thought I could.
On the other hand, if he's right, and he can close the corners, it's not like he's arguing that the value of crossing the corner is $3.1M to $7M.
You only get the actual reasonable trespassing fee, which traditionally has been the damage to the land.
Either way you look at it, the damages are pretty low.
This, by the way, is why I didn't vote for Rob Hendry, the ranching Natrona County Commissioner, in the last election.
A lot of other people didn't too, so he's on his way out, but my reason is probably unique. Some goons of his stopped my son and I and tossed us off public land, or more accuratley deterred us from going where we were going, claiming that if we trespassed there'd be a $10,000 fine.
That's bullshit.
Anyhow, we don't know what will come out of this litigation, and the results are far from guaranteed, but this gets into the topic of the Homestead Acts, the Taylor Grazing Act, and frankly Distributism and Localism.
What Iron Bar is doing here, shouldn't be allowed to do is to lock up public land that it doesn't own. That is what the hunters were accessing. How does that devalue the land? As noted, if there is no right, it doesn't. If the landowner does have that right, it doesn't devalue anything. The damages claimed here are out of whack.
Moreover, if the purpose of the original homestead acts and the Taylor Grazing Act are kept in mind, we shouldn't even be having this conversation.
The original homestead acts, which is likely how this ranch was started at some point, were intended to induce agriculturalists into lands that were regarded as poor prospects. The United States at that time, and indeed American culture at that time, regarded development as a good thing and had the concept that development only occurred where agriculture first entered. The very first homestead act was designed for farmers, and farmers alone, and had that express goal. As homesteaders moved into the West, however, livestock grazing became the common agricultural pursuit and the homestead act were modified to accommodate that. By this point, a different sort of development, much less intense than that East of the Mississippi was envisioned, which was cattle centric.
But the law always allowed for other uses of land. Miners actually had the superior use, their use being so extensive that they could come on land where the agriculturalist owned the surface, and the Federal Government the subsurface, and mine it anyway.
And on the Federal lands, what the agricultural user got was the right to use it, and nothing else whatsoever.
You could also buy Federal lands, of course, and you could simply run cattle on the public domain, free of charge until 1934. That fact came to be hugely significant and led directly to the Johnson County War. By that time a fairly formal, and extralegal, system of controlling the public lands had developed which favored large landowners, and which was administered by the Wyoming Stock Growers Association. Indeed, the WSGA did it partially under color of law.
And, as we know, it ultimately came to war, if private war. The large cattlemen felt the small ones were all rustler and thieves, and more than that, they were trespassing on an implied right of the large interests to control the land, title or not. The small cattlemen, on the other hand, were largely compliant with the law, had a right to homestead, and were trying just to get by.
The small cattlemen won the Johnson County War on the field, but weren't able to put the offenders behind bars, for reasons we'll deal with elsewhere. Their defense of their ground, however, did put an end to the threat of the large cattlemen snuffing out homesteading. It didn't completely end the violence, however, which went on, including in evolved forms with evolved causes, into the 20th Century. In southwestern Wyoming it effectively came to an end with the hanging of Tom Horn for the crime of killing Willie Nickell, and in central Wyoming it came to an end in 1909 with the prosecution of the killers of the Spring Creek Raid.
But some portions of the old contest remain, with all the questions that existed in some form still remaining. Some of them are existential.
To note a few, to what extent are the uberwealthy entitled to use ground at all, when their vast resources mean that the ranching aspect of ranch land is a mere incidental to their ownership?
To what extent is any human being entitled to keep others off land they aren't directly using at the time, or aren't using in a means that's contrary to the non owning entrants use?
Is it just that land that was acquired by a government agricultural land distribution program, a sort of social welfare for agriculturalist, is now owned by people who are not in that category in some fashion?
Isn't hunting more elemental than anything else, with accordingly superior rights in every existential and environmental fashion.
If you aren't touching the ground, are you really trespassing?
I'll note that I'm not saying that Fred Eschelman is a bad person. According to what little I've read on him, he's donated major conservation easements on lands he's held in Wyoming, which is a very good thing to do. Some of his statements make him appear to be a conservationist of the Nature Conservancy type. An argument can be made that, in 2022, but for people like Eschelman, large blocks of land would bet all chopped up.
An argument can also be made, however, that agricultural land ought not to be owned by people who do not have some sort of direct role, participation, or interest in agriculture, or at least in the community, which at Eschelman's economic level is pretty difficult to do. Having vast, vast amounts of money, more than the regular rich, so to speak, puts a person in a category all of its own and it's a problematic one. The fact that levels of wealth like that are allowed to even occur suggest a certain deficiency in our economy. And that deficiency allows a person to view people like the Missouri hunters differently than a regular rancher can, or even a regular wealthy local landowner can.
I'm also not saying that rich people shouldn't own land either. But there is the question of what is "rich", and what is super rich. It's one thing making money in your community and then entering agriculture, a story that's fairly common and has been for a long time. It's another making money far, far away, and then coming into the country you are not from, are not part of, and are not of, and buying that land up.
Indeed, an argument could be made that's a sort of colonialism.
I.e, if I had lots of money (I don't) and bought ranchland in my home state, well, I'm from there and have to live there and people can and will give me an earful at the gas station or cafe, or whatever. But if I made piles of money and then bought up farm ground in North Carolina, and hired people to run it for me, and stopped in from time to time, I wouldn't really have any signficant connection with the community where my ground was at all. Indeed, I don't know what people in North Carolina think, and by and large, on most days, I don't care all that much about it either. They aren't going to give me an earful at the gas station.
No wonder, therefore, the jury reacted the way it did in Carbon County. That jury didn't want to be told that they had to bow to somebody in North Carolina.
Footnotes:
1. This is a classic case of finding yourself in a fight in a time and place not of your choosing. This legal issue has been around for years, and has come up at least once before, but now its back in a major way, with the standard bearor for the agricultural organizations being an out of stater. The Stockgrowers and the Woolgrowers have to enter the contest or feel comfortable with no voice at all, but they sure wouldn't have wanted it to come up this way.
It was parked there, all alone. My wife took it to work, as I drove the 1997 Dodge 1500 to the shop for an exhaust repair.
A Haliburton driver drove into the lot, apparently one of the numerous misdirected truck drivers that take the exit, wrongly, and need to turn around in the parking lot. He had plenty of room, but he hit my 3500 anyway.
He was driving a tractor trailer combo.
He was from Nigeria.2.
I have nothing against Nigerians. I've had one friend from Nigeria. But I have to ask the question.
Are there any American truck drivers anymore?3.
I work on trucking accidents quite a bit. The last one I worked on featured a Polish driver.
In one I'm working on now, the drivers were Somalian. I had a prior one where a driver was a central African who died driving a pickup truck in the first snowstorm he ever experienced.
Some time ago I worked on one where one of the drivers was Ukrainian.
I see them all the time where the drivers are Russian.
I used to see them where the drivers were from Mexico. No more, however. Mexican drivers made sense, given NAFTA, which makes me wonder who is now driving the trucks in Mexico.
What's going on here?
Supposedly the US has a truck driver shortage to the tune of 80,000 drivers. By the end of the decade that figure is expected to be 130,000.
Maybe the drivers just are paid so little, in context, that Americans have other options and won't do the job.
Indeed, I think the entire concept of a labor shortage in a country of 300,000,000+, which isn't gaining any more land, is a complete crock. Truly, at that level of human settlement, if there are jobs going wanting, it makes sense that they be exported overseas.
But you can't, of course, export trucking jobs.
Supposedly the percentage of immigrant truck drivers is around 18.6%, just a little higher than the percentage of immigrants in the workforce, which is 17%. That demonstrates its own oddities, again, for a country that now is likely exceeding its carrying capacity for human habitation, or at least the capacity at which it doesn't become extremely limiting and overall unpleasant for the inhabitants. But just considering that, 18% is a lot.
So, might we note, is 17%. That figure we'd also note resulted in one of Chuck Todd's accidental points against the point he was trying to make in a fairly recent post COVID Meet The Press in which he blamed inflation on the Trump era reduction in immigration, the logic being that the price of labor was going up as we weren't taking in as many immigrants. And, indeed, that may be a factor, but the point would be that we're artificially keeping wages low by depressing wages by taking in those who are willing to undercut those already here. It's like shipping jobs overseas, but by importing the overseas workforce instead, with the express intent of keeping wages in the country low.4
Which brings us to this point in the current inflation finger pointing. Part of this is just wages being readjusted to the level they should have been at long ago. And part of that, although probably not all that much, can be offset by reducing the obscene wages the upper management at a lot of large American corporations receive.
That aside, the 18.6% doesn't reflect what we're seeing in accidents.
Well, I don't know what you make of that other than that truck drivers are, on average, not paid that great. That probably explains why people don't want to do it. Living away from home, for wages that aren't as high as you could get doing something else, why would you want to do it?
Twenty mule team.
Which likely explains why we see as many immigrant truck drivers as we do. Whatever they're making here is more than they'd make where they are from. We noted some of this earlier here, before it really applied directly to us in the form of collision:
That is, they've all become more comfortable to drive.
Semi's too.
Early semi tractors were pretty hard to drive. Transmissions were not synchronized, and the drivers had to be able to double clutch and work two transmission levers simultaneously, while also driving something that had manual steering. I've actually seen this done, FWIW, on 1950s era 6x6 trucks, although it took somebody who really knew them well to do it. Early truck drivers did, often shifting with both hands while hooking an arm through the steering wheel, something that sound frighteningly dangerous. By the time I was young, however, big rigs had evolved considerably. Nonetheless, they still required the ability to really work a manual transmission.
As I haven't kept up on this, it was only fairly recently, due to an item of litigation, that I learned manual transmission trucks are on their way out. Indeed, almost all of the big rigs you seen on Interstate highways have automatic transmissions. Trucks coming in and out of oilfield locations, if owned by contractors, are probably manuals, but they're also older as a rule. If you see new trucks, even there, coming in or out of one, its an automatic.
And frankly, anyone, with just a little driving experience, can drive an automatic transmission semi. Maybe not well, but you could drive it.
And hence the problem.
By the time I was a college student the romance of truck driving, and yes it was once regarded as romantic, had gone. Locals started disliking the heavy trucks and the people who drove them, as they were regarded as dangerous. I recall that coming up, oddly,in a geology class once during which the professor, from rural Montana, noted that he thought the decline in truck drivers was sad, as he had an uncle who was a truck driver when he, the prof, was young, and he was such a good driver.
And he probably was. This conversation would have occurred around 1983. The uncle probably drove trucks in the 40s and 50s, when they remained pretty hard to drive. People working skilled equipment are, well, skilled, and skill develops professionalism as a rule.
Now the trucks have become so easy to drive the real skill has faded, and with that, I suspect, the job has become dull in the way that skillless jobs become. It doesn't pay well, and people don't want to do it, save for those who almost have to in some circumstances.
Footnotes:
*. The name teamsters refer to men who used horses and wagons. I.e., they drove a team. That shows us, really, how old the term is, and how old the Teamsters Union is. Having said that, horse-drawn teams were still in use for some things as late as the 1940s.
1. See footnote above.
A relative of my wife's, I'd note, was a teamster driving 20 mule teams locally when the oilfield still used them and when the refinery required them for heavy construction. All a thing of the past, but something also requiring vast skill, which is relevant to this discussion.
2. "He doesn't speak English" was a text I received right away from my wife. "Russian?" was my reply, suspecting this must be the case. "Nigerian" came the reply back.
In fact, she knew that right away. We are friends with a Nigerian Catholic Priest and their accent is very distinct. She just didn't want to embarrass the man by assuming his nationality, but he volunteered it. Nigerian accents can be quite difficult to understand, as compared to other African accidents.
3. I should note that it was clear that truck driving was probably only part of this individuals job. He was dressed appropriately in FRs and likely was driving to a frac location. Indeed, he noted he had to get to Shoshoni.
But this raises its own interesting questions. His "day boss" came to the location, driving in from Gillette, and taking a lot longer than he estimated it would take him. The day boss was from Oklahoma or Texas, as his soft southern accent made clear. The Haliburton trailer was licensed in Oklahoma. Haliburton used to have a yard here, but it no longer does.
I've encountered a lot of Mexican immigrants in oilfield service jobs, but up until recently I didn't encounter any African ones. This is only the second time that I have, but here too, it's an interesting phenomenon. For years, it's been a bedrock belief of Wyomingites that the oilfield provides good, high paying, jobs, and that certainly has in fact been true. But for some time now, quite a few companies are actually staffed by out-of-state crews in some instances. Locals still work on a lot of crews. But now we're starting to see, at a very low level, I think, small numbers of immigrants who have come from overseas to work in these industries.
Again, who can blame them? Nobody. But what is the overall impact on wages and employment? Right now, probably not much, but some evolution seems to be going on.
4. This is one of the things that gave rise to Donald Trump and the populist right. A large number of Trump supporters came out of the Rust Belt Democrats who simply grew tired of having their traditionally well paying manual labor and skilled labor jobs erode economically due to intentionally bringing in an immigrant population that would work for lower wages. This lead to a strong anti-immigrant feeling amongst them which mirrors a less virulent overall feeling in the country, save amongst liberals, that immigration into the country is at far too high of a rate.
This sense dates back all the way to the 1970s, but repeated generations of Democratic and Republican politicians have flat out ignored it, with the Democrats erroneously believing that every immigrant is a future Democratic voter and the Republicans cynically believing that this serves the interest of industry by keeping wages depressed. With Trump's express adoption of this long suppressed view, many Rust Belt Democrats bolted their party and became Trump Republicans.
There is a lesson there about ignoring a long held concern of a large section of the country. Not only has this now come into one of the two parties in force, it's become malignant in certain ways as well.
A Yokosuka E14Y launched from the Japanese submarine I25 near Cape Blanco, Oregon dropped incendiary bombs on Mount Emily, Oregon, in an attempt to start a forest fire.
Pilot Nobuo Fujita who bombed Mt. Emily.
The effort did in fact result in a small fire, but the rain drenched bush wasn't conducive to a conflagration. One small fire was put out by the Forest Service.
No damage was done, but Franklin Roosevelt ordered a news blackout of the event.
It was the first areal bombing of the continental United States.
The pilot, Nobuo Fujita, survived the war and later visited nearby Brookings. He donated his family's 400-year-old samurai sword to the city. He died in 1997 at age 85.
Hitler relieved Wilhelm List of command of Army Group A and took over command of it personally. List never returned to service. He was charged with war crimes after the war and sentenced to life imprisonment. However, he was released in 1952. He died in 1971 at the age of 91.
The British landed at Majunga in western Madagascar in order to end remaining Vichy French resistance on the island.
On this day in 1922 the Turkish Army entered Smyrna, which would be renamed Izmir, ending hte military phase of the Greco Turkish War with a final Turkish victory.
By that afternoon, Turkish troops had started to riot. Bad went to worse, and massacres of the Armenians then commenced, with it being cut off from entry by Turkish troops. The Armenian Bishop Ghevont Tourian sought asylum in a Catholic institution.
It would get worse.
The third Dáil Éireann, the parliament of the Irish Republic, convened after long delay to ratify the treaty with the United Kingdom, which was a foregone conclusion.
A United Stated Geological Survey expedition was exploring the area around Glen Canyon.
First camp, Colorado River opposite mouth of Escalante River
In the "Hole in the Wall" looking toward Colorado
"Hole in the Wall" on west side of Colorado River six miles above the San Juan.
"Hole in the Wall" on west side of Colorado River six miles above San Juan River.
Donkeys transformed human history as essential beasts of burden for long-distance movement, especially across semi-arid and upland environments. They remain insufficiently studied despite globally expanding and providing key support to low- to middle-income communities. To elucidate their domestication history, we constructed a comprehensive genome panel of 207 modern and 31 ancient donkeys, as well as 15 wild equids. We found a strong phylogeographic structure in modern donkeys that supports a single domestication in Africa ~5000 BCE, followed by further expansions in this continent and Eurasia and ultimately returning to Africa. We uncover a previously unknown genetic lineage in the Levant ~200 BCE, which contributed increasing ancestry toward Asia. Donkey management involved inbreeding and the production of giant bloodlines at a time when mules were essential to the Roman economy and military.
Abstract, The genomic history and global expansion of domestic donkeys.
.jpg)
.jpg)
