Sunday, September 24, 1922: The September 11, 1922 Revolution (Επανάσταση της 11ης Σεπτεμβρίου 1922)

The Greek Army rebelled in the 11 September 1922 Revolution (Επανάσταση της 11ης Σεπτεμβρίου 1922) so named as Greece remained on the Julian calendar at the time.

This confusing event followed in the wake of public upset at the loss of the Greek effort in Anatolia, proving if nothing else that defeated armies are dangerous to their own governments, if to nobody else.

The rebellion led to the abdication of the king, who was on his second reign, having suffered from military discontent during World War One as well.  He'd opposed entering the war.  The Greek monarchy would be restored a few days later and King George II would take over, who would also have two reigns, one ending in 1924, and a second running from 1935 to 1947.

Berryman cartoon for this day in 1922.

Monday, September 18, 1922. Canada throws the anchor out on Anatolian Intervention

Japanese Prince Kuni Kuniyoshi and his wife on this day in 1922.

The Turkish Army, or rather the army of the revolutionary Young Turks, which had replaced the Turkish parliament and brought about what would effectively be the modern era in Turkey, captured Artake and Pergaea, ending, completely defeating the Greeks.  On the same day, the Canadian government informed the British government that Parliament (the British one) would have to act before Canada would send troops to the Dardanelles.

Canada knew that Parliament would be reluctant to do this, and the Canadians were reluctant to form military units for an Anatolian expedition.  

Who could blame them?

Hungary was admitted into the League of Nations.

Just this week, FWIW, Turkey was declared by the EU to be essentially a post, or quasi, democratic state.  By its own admission, it's an Illiberal Democracy, but it nonetheless took offense.

The former Kasier Wilhelm II announced his engagement to Hermine Reuss of Greiz. His first wife, the Kaiserin August Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein had died in April 1921.  Hermine was a widow.

In spite of the fact that the German monarchy did not exist, the announcement was unpopular with German monarchists as well as with Wilhelm's sons, who deemed it too soon to the Kasierin's death.

She'd outlive the former Kaiser by six years and see the emergence of post-war Germany, passing in 1947.  Following her second husband's death in 1941, she moved to Nazi Germany and lived on his retained estate in Silesia.  She fled the advancing Red Army in 1945 and was arrested by the Soviet thereafter.  She died at age 59 in a small apartment she had secured in Frankfurt.

The Yankee's won the pennant, defeating the St. Louis Brown's

Navajo men at Lee's Ferry on this date in 1922.

King Charles III 1st address to Britain and the Commonwealth

King Charles III is the oldest person to ever assume the throne of the United Kingdom.

And yet, in spite of that, he's three years younger than Donald Trump and six years younger than Joe Biden.

Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom and Other Commonwealth Realms, April 21, 1926 to September 8, 2022.

 

From our post Queen Elizabeth in Canada.

My mother was born a mere five days later.

Queen Elizabeth II is the longest serving monarch in British history.  She grew up in a United Kingdom that was one of the most powerful nations in Europe and she came of age young, as many English did, due to the Second World War in which she served in the Auxiliary Territorial Services.  At the time of her birth to her parents, George and Elizabeth, the chances of her becoming monarch were remote.  The King at the time was King Edward VIII, who remained so until 1936 at which time he abdicated in order to marry Wallis Simpson.  Therefore, for the first ten years of her life, "Princess Lilybet" was on a different path in life.  Her name, therefore, was not intended to bring about a second Queen Elizabeth, recalling the controversial final Tudor monarch.

Princess Elizabeth in 1933.

She became Queen in 1952, following the death of her father, and remained Queen for seventy year, serving in that role with dignity, if occasionally with criticism, as the United Kingdom ceased to be an Empire and became a junior partner of the United States, then a member of the European Community and then Union, and then a country free of it.  She also went from being a young princess whose parents basically saved the monarchy, to seeing it threatened again as the media came to focus increasingly on their private lives, exposing conduct, which she did not participate in, which royals often had, but which had remained hidden from public eye.  In her final years, she delivered a speech regarding COVID 19 which many Americans lamented that their own leaders could not, making her appear to be so much more dignified than our own, that an American public that always somewhat regarded the British throne as their own, sort of, did more so.

God save the Queen.

September 7, 1822. Dom Pedro I declares Brazil independent of Portugal.

Dom Pedro I declared the independence of Brazil on this day in 1822.

I don't know this story well, nor do I know the history of Portugal well, which this event is tightly tied into.  Pedro was a Portuguese-born member of a noble family close to the thrown in Portugal.  Born with the full name of Pedro de Alcântara Francisco António João Carlos Xavier de Paula Miguel Rafael Joaquim José Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim, he not only became Emperor of Brazil, but bizarrely, due to revolution and family associations, was briefly later King of Portugal.

Something often missed in the United States is the fact that early independence movements in Latin America sometimes featured contests between propertied American located noblemen vs. their European opposites, and were not examples of common people rebelling against their colonial masters.  No matter how a person might tend to characterize the American Revolution, they were often not analogous to it and featured little input or concern for common people.  I'm not familiar, as noted, with the Brazilian episode, as noted, but it is interesting to note that this provides an example of a contest between societal monarchical elites.  The first revolutions in Mexico very much followed this pattern before they turned into true revolutions against the Spanish noble class.

Tuesday, August 8, 1922. An eventful Tuesday.

Here's more on the story involved in the photograph appearing above.

1922 - Into the Grand Canyon and Out Again by Airplane

Louis Armstrong made his first appearance with a major act, playing with King Oliver and his Creole Jazz Band in Chicago.

In Italy, Mussolini ordered Fascist Blackshirts to demobilize after recent strife.

Mussolini with the Blackshirts in October, 1922.

Irish Republicans raided the Western Union station at Valentia Island and severed the four remaining cables that linked the US and Ireland, although how that helped their cause or was intended to escapes me.

The HMS Raleigh ran aground on the Labrador coast and was lost, but without loss of life.

The vessel was almost new at the time.

A monarchist group in Vladivostok declared Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia to be the heir to murdered Czar Nicholas.  The rebel organization that convened the process to do so was headed by Gen. Mikhail Diterikhs. The Grand Duke was already living in exile and the fortunes of the remaining Whites were desperately poor.

Shogakukan, a Japanese magazine and comic publisher that is still in business, was founded.

Seventy Years.

A much earlier thread, once one of the most popular ones here, republished on the 70th anniversary of her coronation.

Lex Anteinternet: Queen Elizabeth II in Canada: 

Queen Elizabeth II in Canada

This is a young Queen Elizabeth II in Canada, but what else does it depict?  I frankly don't know.  Its a photo from my mother's collection, and unfortunately, I no longer know the story behind it.

Does anyone stopping in here know?

Saturday, April 25, 1942. Service, escape, internment and ANZAC Day.

Elizabeth Windsor, then also known as Princess Elizabeth, and now known as Queen Elizabeth II, registered for service.

The then Princess Elizabeth.

She would later, as we've addressed elsewhere, volunteer for service with the Auxiliary Territorial Service.

Also on this date the Germans announced a 100,000 Mark reward for the recapture of French general, Henri Giraud, who had escaped captivity.

Held in Germany after the French surrender, he meticulously planned his escape and made his way to Switzerland, and then into Vichy France, where the government refused to turn him over to the Germans.  The Germans ordered reprisals against his family and plotted to assassinate him.  Ultimately, he departed Vichy France at the start of Operation Torch to become a Free French figure.

US troops landed on New Caledonia to help defend it.

ANZAC Day was observed in Jerusalem.

The tragedy of Internment processing rolled on.

Saturday, April 1, 1922. Changing Seasons.

The Saturday magazines were out, and Judge poked fun, a bit, at an eternal theme.

The Literary Digest anticipated Easter, with a young woman looking less than thrilled by the probable contents of a box containing an Easter Bonnet.

And in Washington, D. C. apparently there were long lines to license automobiles.

At one time scenes like this were common locally when everyone had to obtain new plates at the county courthouse.

The United Mine Workers went on strike.

The Provisional Government of Ireland took over governing 26 out of 32 Irish counties.  On the same day police officers in Belfast murdered five men and a seven-year-old boy in retaliation for a sniper killing of a policeman.

Sir Hugh Trenchard became the first British Air Chief Marshal.

Emperor Charles I of Austria, who had failed in an effort to regain his Hungarian crown, and then fell ill in early March, died at age 34.  His last words to his wife and nine year old son were "I love you so much".  His death took place in Portugal, where he was living in exile.

Tuesday, March 28, 1922. Transferred Intent.

Mrs. Bertha Shelton, March 28, 1922.  No, I don't know who she was, or why she was photographed.

To would be Korean assassins attempted to kill the former Japanese Minister of War Tanaka Giichi as he disembarked a ship in Shanghai, but missed and instead killed an American woman.

In Berlin a would be assassin attempted to kill former Russian Foreign Minister Pavel Milyukov at a gathering of Russian exiles.  He missed and killed Vladimier D. Nabakov, the father of the author by that name who is famous for the novel Lolita, which I've never read.  The assassin, Sergey Vladimirovich Taboritsky, was a Russian untranationalist and monarchist who would go on to be a Nazi during in the Third Reich. He survived the war and died in 1980 at age 83.

Thursday, March 16, 1922. Trendsetters.

Walcott Rouse, March 16, 1922

 

On the same day that young Mr. Rouse was roller-skating with his dog in Washington, D.C., Ahmed Fuad Pasha was proclaimed King Fuad I of Egypt, making him one of only two kings in the country's mondern history.

He is mostly remembered for his son, who had a flamboyant if rocky and odd history.  Faud himself had an unhappy relationship with Farouk's mother, and indeed with both of his queens.  His first wife, Shivakiar Khanum Effendi, was his first cousin once removed.  They divorced in 1898, but Faud was shot in the throat by her brother during a dispute with her.  He survived that.  In 1919 he married Nazli Sabri, who was the maternal great-granddaughter of Suleiman Pasha, a French Napoleonic officer who converted to Islam.  She outlived Fuad but immigrated to the United States, reversing her great-grandfather's act, and converting to Catholicism.   She possessed the largest jewelry collection in the world.  Her youngest daughter Fathia also converted to Catholicism.

Louis "Lepke" Buchalter was released from Sing Sing and would go on in his criminal career, fairly shortly becoming the head of what was called "Murder Inc".  The latter was an organization in which the Mafia could arrange for contract killings through non Mafia members, thereby insulating them from implication in them.  Buchalter was executed for his crimes in 1944.

Wednesday, February 4, 1942. Men of miscalculation.

In North Africa, an odd event known as the Abdeen Palace Incident occurred, as was reported by Sarah Sundin in her blog:

February 4, 1942: In North Africa, British retreat ends at Gazala, Libya. Japanese take Ambon, Netherlands East Indies, from a small Australian garrison. British troops surround Egyptian palace in Cairo to force King Farouk to abdicate.

I'd note, FWIW, that I disagree with that date for the Japanese taking Ambon, I think it was February 3.  But the date for the British coup in regard to King Farouk is quite correct, although he did not abdicate.  Rather, he was forced to accede to a new government.  He remained the king for another decade.

King Farouk in 1946.  He as a member of the Turco-Circassian elite in the country, which owned 3/4s of the land at the time.

Farouk was, suffice it to say, an interesting figure who was the king over an interesting country.  He was of Circassian, Turkish, French, Albanian and Greek descent, meaning he lacked Arab or Egyptian genetic heritage.  His bodyguards were Albanians, the only people he trusted in that role.  His actual heritage was more Circassian than anything else, due to the presence of various Circassian slave girls in his heritage.  He became king at age 16 and never got along with the country's British representative, Miles Lampson.  He strongly favored Italians over the British.

Egypt had technically been an Ottoman possession until World War One, and after that was technically independent but was in fact a quasi British satellite with various treaty obligations to the British.  It was not a declared combatant in the war, but treaty rights in which the British had the right to station troops there to defend it meant that it was in fact a combat theater.  Beset by a complicated domestic travails, including the lack of a male heir, he lived a lavish lifestyle which, early in the war, caused him to lose favor with the Egyptian people who were aware that the British royals were sacrificing during the war.  His palace did not adhere to blackout provisions in Cairo.

The British exerted heavy pressure over who would hold office in the Egyptian government and Farouk generally yielded to them, but on this day their displeasure over the makeup of the government boiled over.  Farouk asked his military leaders how long they could hold out against the British if they refused British demands, and were informed that they could only do so for two hours.  On this night, the British presented Farouk with an ultimatum and troops surrounded his place.  Ultimately, they stormed it.  Farouk capitulated and a new Egyptian government was formed.  The British representative, unbeknownst to him, was lucky to leave with his life, as Farouk's body guards were hidden in the room, ready to open fire if he was touched.

Ironically, the event caused the Egyptian people to rally behind Farouk, who resented the obvious British termination of their chosen government in favor of one that would do the British bidding. Farouk did not rise to the occasion, however, and the event marked part of his slide into increased gross personal excess in every imaginable fashion.  It also marked a turning point in Egyptian politics as Egyptian military leaders became opponents of ongoing British presence, something that would ultimately lead them to depose Farouk and take over the country, with their rule effectively continuing on to the present day.

Farouk's popularity with Egyptians did not last, and he was deposed in 1952 as noted, spending the rest of his life in Italy.  The entire matter ultimately proved to be a British disaster.

As an aside, his sister, Princess Fawzia Faud, would be Queen of Iran in an arranged political marriage with the Shah of Iran from 1941 to 1948. The marriage brought Iran added status, not Egypt, as the latter was the more important state. That marriage ended in divorce.  She remarried an Egyptian army officer/diplomat and lived the rest of her life in Egypt, dying in 2013.

Also on this Wednesday, February 4, 1942, Hermann Goering met with Benito Mussolini regarding the invasion of Malta.  Mussolini wasn't impressed.

Suffice it to say, the day for German invasions had really passed.  The Germans had essentially concluded that it was incapable of invading Great Britain and had turned its eyes East, oddly partially, at least, for that reasons.  That of course brought about the invasion of the Soviet Union, which was not going well.  

The Germans and Italians were not going to invade Malta.

In North Africa, however, the Germans and Italians were doing fairly well, which perhaps gave rise to the delusion that they'd be in the position for a Maltese offensive.  On this day they took Dema, Libya.  British lines, however, were forming.

Lord Beaverbrook was appointed head of the Ministry of War Production, which had been created on this day.  He resigned after occupying the office for two weeks.  The Ontario native clashed with another figure in the administration and determined to depart the agency.

Friday, November 25, 1921. Horses in town.

President Harding and his secretary, George Christian went horseback riding in Washington D. C.

I'm not a big Harding fan, to say the least, but the thought that he did this, raises him up a little bit in my esteem.

Harding, fwiw, was 55 years old at the time these photos were taken, giving us an insight into how people of that era frequently looked considerably older to us than those at the same age today.  He was just two years away from dying at age 47 at this time.

Negotiations between Irish representatives and English ones broke down over "the oath", i.e., the British requirement that Ireland be made a dominion and that members of its parliament take an oath of allegiance accordingly.

The United States began the withdrawal of its occupation forces in Germany.

Crown Prince Hirohito became the Regent of Japan, occupying the position in light of his ailing father's inability to do so.

Arnold Genthe, well known portrait photographer, who also frequently tended to photograph portraits of young women wearing little in the way of clothing, took a nice portrait of Miss Elanor Clack.

Saturday, November 5, 1921. Star in the ring.

On this day in 1921, Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (DMG) applies for a trademark for its "star in a ring" logo.  In Bavaria, the funeral of King Ludwig III was held without incident, in spite of fears that it might result in a pro monarchy demonstration.  It didn't occur in part as Prince Rupprecht, who did hold aspirations of regaining the thrown would nonetheless not allow his father's funeral to be used for that purpose.

 

Tuesday, October 25, 1921. Comings and Goings.

Bat Masterson in 1911.

On this day in 1921, Bartholemew William Barclay "Bat" Masterson, of OK Corral fame, died at age 67.  He'd been working as a columnist there since 1902.

Like a lot of frontier lawmen, Masterson had a few run-ins with the law as well as enforcing it.  He was born in Quebec to an Irish Canadian family and had served in most of the classic frontier roles in the West before becoming well known due to the events in Tombstone.   His family moved to the United States while he was a child, and he grew up on a series of farms before becoming a buffalo hunter and Army scout.  He was at the famous battle of Adobe Walls in 1874.  He became a lawman in 1876 and after his famous career in Arizona he occupied that position in Colorado.  He  moved to Denver in 1882 where he was involved in various scrapes and then to New York in 1902.

Masterson was an acknowledged expert on boxing and became a columnist in New York, a position he occupied for the remainder of his life.

Masterson provides an interesting example of how we tend to compartmentalize figures by their historical period.  He was a classic Frontier figure, but lived well beyond the Frontier's close and, no doubt to himself, seemed to always be living in the present even while depictions of the gunfight would continue to be famous all through his own life.  He was outlived, FWIW, by Wyatt Earp, who died in 1929.

King Michael I of Romania was born.  He was Romania's last king, having became a king as a child due to his father abdicating following his inability to reconcile an illicit relationship with his status as king and renouncing his rights upon his own father's death in 1925.  He lost that title in 1930 when parties dissatisfied with the regency reestablished his father as monarch, but he became king again in  September 1940 when a military coup led by Ion Antonescue returned him to the position of king and removed his father.  He was 18 at the time.

He would be king when Romania declared war on the Soviet Union in 1941, but would lead the coup against the military government in 1944, combining with pro Allied officers who also no doubt saw the handwriting of the results of the war on the wall.  He was removed from power in 1948 and died in 2017, by which time he was once again allowed to live part of the year in Romania.

A terrible Categroy Six hurricane hit Tampa Florida. The storm had previously hit Cuba with minimal damage, but Florida was not so lucky.

The government issued a report on the work of government hunters/trappers.

While I know the current thing is to think, "oh, how awful that the Federal Government did that", if I'd been alive then, the life of a government hunter would have appealed to me.  Having said that, you could still homestead in 1921, and likely that would have appealed to me more.

Mrs. Ed Chambers and Mrs. Sid Hatchfield on this day in 1921.

Hatchfield had been the sheriff of Matewan County, West Viriginia and was murdered on August 1, 1921, along with his friend Chambers.  The killings were probably connected with labor problems in the mining industry.  Mrs. Chambers and Mrs. Hatchfield must have been in Washington on this date in some capacity connected with the murders of their husbands.

Tuesday September 16, 1941. The fall of Reza Shah.

Reza Shah, the Shah of Iran, his country invaded and occupied by the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union in their interests, and what they deemed, ultimately correctly, the greater interests of humanity resigned in favor of his son, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi. 

A victim, essentially, of World War Two.

The Shah had lived in an Iran that was marked by the post Communist variant of the Great Game.  Following the Russian Revolution, the British had intervened, unfortunately unsuccessfully, in the Russian Civil War through Iran, and in turn the early Soviet Union occupied parts of the country. Things had declined to such a state that the Red Army was making plans to advance on Tehran in January 1921, which caused the British commander in the country to elevate Reza, a half Georgian Persian Cossack commander, who soon used that elevation to effect a coup, although he held the position of minister of war in the new administration.

By 1925 he was in a position to overthrow that government, with the intent to create a republic on the new Turkish model.  Upon obtaining control of the country, however, he was dissuaded from that, to history's regret, by both the British and local Muslim clerics.  He curiously ruled thereafter in a Napoleonic fashion, being a liberalizing dictator.  He was a supporter of women's rights within the country.

An autocratic ruler who had come to power through the British and the Persian military, he could not endure the humiliating defeat by the British Army and the Red Army, and on this day resigned.  He lived the rest of his life in exile, dying in South Africa in 1944. His son would rule, of course, until Iran's Islamic Revolution.

On the same day, Iran broke diplomatic relations with Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy and Romania, all nations within German control, or within its orbit.

The Germans decreed that they'd murder 50 to 100 Communists as a reprisal for every German shot on occupied territory