The US landed on Wakde.
Today in World War II History—May 17, 1944: Allied Expeditionary Air Force approves black & white invasion stripes for aircraft for D-day to prevent friendly fire, not announced yet to maintain security.
Ostensibly exploring the practice of law before the internet. Heck, before good highways for that matter.
The US landed on Wakde.
Today in World War II History—May 17, 1944: Allied Expeditionary Air Force approves black & white invasion stripes for aircraft for D-day to prevent friendly fire, not announced yet to maintain security.
Chinese forces, while under assault elsewhere in China, crossed the Salween River near the Burmese border in an offensive.
The Japanese destroyer Karukaya was sunk in the South China Sea by the USS Silversides.
Soviet General Aleksandr Vasilevsky was wounded in the head at Sevastopol when his car drove over a mine. He recovered and later served again in high command, and went on to be Stalin's post-war Minister of War, a position he lost with Stalin's death. He died in 1977.
A series of Merchant Marine medals were established, recognizing their very dangerous service in various theaters.
Soemu Toyoda (豊田 副武) was made Commander in Chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy Combined Fleet.
Toyada became a full Admiral only shortly before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and was opposed to it from the onset, believing that a war with the United States was unwinnable. He figured in late war Imperial Conferences on finding an end to the war, which he was in favor of ending but he wished for better terms for Japan, even after the atomic strikes on the country. He was in favor of defending the home islands to the last man.
Arrested and charged with war crimes in 1948, he was acquitted in 1949, the only member of the Japanese armed forces to prevail in a war crimes trial. He died in 1957 at age 72.
The British 14th Army captured the heights above the Maungdaw-Buthindaung road in the Arakan.
The USS Donnell was heavily damaged by a strike by the U-473. Towed to Scotland, she became a total loss.
The U-852 was scuttled on the Somali coast.
Harvard scientists announce the ability to produce synthetic quinine.
The French Resistance burned 100,000 liters of acetone at the Lambiotte plant.
2nd Lt. John W. Garrett, age 19, was killed making an emergency landing of a B-24 at Rentschler Field, East Hartford, Connecticut.
Sarah Sundin has some interesting entries on her blog, Today in World War II History—May 3, 1944.
She reports, for instance, that Going My Way was released.
The movie is really from the golden age of the portrayal of Catholic clerics in American films. It interestingly came before the point at which Catholics had crossed over into the American cultural mainstream, and remained their own ethnicity to a strong degree. The era, which started in the 1930s and continued into the 1950s, basically ended after the American Catholic integration occured following John F. Kennedy's election to the White House.
It's interesting, in that there are an entire series of really sympathetic portrayals of Catholic priests and Catholicism in general from this era, including Boys Town (1938), The Song of Bernadette (1943), The Bells of Saint Mary's (1945), The Keys of the Kingdom (1944), The Quiet Man (1952) On The Waterfront (1954), and The Left Hand of God (1955). These were all major motion pictures, not niche pictures such as For Greater Glory (2012). They came on pretty strongly in the late 1930s and continued on into the mid 50s, but really disappeared after that. By the 1970's M*A*S*H the portrayal of priests had declined to the point where the portrayal was entirely satyric.
Sundin reports that meat rationing was temporarily relaxed, which brings up this post that we pondered the topic in from a few years back:
Last prior edition:
The Red Army took Odessa. 24,000 German and Romanian troops were evacuated, although many of them were wounded, along with 55,000 tons of supplies.
The RAF dropped 3,600 tons of bombs in a single raid that included Germany, France and Belgium. It was a record.
Gen. William Slim ordered an offensive to relieve Kohima and into Japanese territory.
The U-68 and U-515 were sunk in the Atlantic by U.S. aircraft flying from the USS Guadalcanal.
Last prior edition:
The Red Army commenced the First Jassy-Kishinev Offensive, the invasion of Romania.
Or maybe it did. This is asserted by historian David Glanz, but the Soviets themselves don't really acknowledge it, perhaps because the effort was botched, as will be seen.
It seems to me that Glanz is likely correct.
The Luftwaffe began cargo flights from Polish airfields to Manchuria, using Junkers Ju 290 A-9 aircraft. Or at least maybe they did. This is fairly consistently asserted, but the details are obscure and there are obvious problems with the assertion, as common as it is. For one thing, even at very high altitude, it would be surprising that the Red Army would not have shot at least one of the planes down. Sill, at least some experts on the Luftwaffe claim it occured. Others are skeptical.
I'm pretty skeptical.
For one reason, Imperial Japan was at peace with the Soviet Union, and I don't imagine that it would have wanted to risk that in 1944 when it was already losing in the Pacific. It was doing okay in China and in Southeast Asia, but it didn't have the manpower to add the USSR to its list of enemies, particularly over something of such doubtful utility.
Secondly, flying clean over the USSR and not getting shot down would be tough. Even if we assume, and we probably can, that for much of the flight it would not have encountered any opposition, early on it certainly might, and then again nearer its destination.
Finally, the Germans kept records on everything they did, and such records seem to be lacking here.
The Red Army began a determined assault into Crimea through its land bridge with Ukraine.
The Battle of the Tennis Court happened within the Battle of Kohima. It was a pitched, hand to hand, battle that went on for several days. It has been referred to as one of the greatest battles in history, and a British/Indian Thermopylae
The German submarine U-2 hit the German trawler Helmi Söhle and sank off of Pilau.
The U-962 was sunk off of Cape Finisterre by the Royal Navy.
Last prior edition:
The British Parliament voted to give female teachers the same pay as men.
The Italian Communist Party declared cooperation with "bourgeois" parties.
The Red Army took Nikolaev.
Fighting carried on in the CBI.
"Infantrymen of the 66th Regt, 2nd Bn, 22nd Chinese Division advancing upon a group of tanks upon which a Jap Magnetic anti tank mine has been set off by remote control ordnance Intelligence purposes.
These tanks had burnt out. They belong to the First Provisional Tank Group and maintenance men of that outfit will salvage the salvageable parts left on these tanks. They met action against the Japs in the area a few miles north of the village of Shadeazup, Northern Burma. This photo demonstrated though, how the Chinese troops had actually fought with the tank group. This tank group is an American trained Chinese outfit, they having received their training at Ramgarh, India from U.S. Army Armoured Corps instructors. These infantrymen are also American trained. 28 March, 1944."
Ships were inspected:
For distinguished conduct in battle, engagements of Vera Cruz, 21 and 22 April 1914. Lt. Wainwright was eminent and conspicuous in command of his battalion; was in the fighting of both days, and exhibited courage and skill in leading his men through action. In seizing the customhouse, he encountered for many hours the heaviest and most pernicious concealed fire of the entire day, but his courage and coolness under trying conditions were marked.
Last prior edition:
The Red Army crossed the Bug.
US troops held off a Japanese assault on the American beachhead at Bougainville.
Additional cavalry landed on Manus Island in the Admiralities.
The Japanese crossed the Chindwwin River in Burma.
The U-653 was sunk in the North Atlantic by the Royal Navy. The British submarine Stonehenge was lost in the Indian Ocean.
The State Anthem of the Soviet Union replaced The Internationale as the anthem of the USSR.
Last prior:
US troops regained most of the ground lost on Bougainville in a counterattack.
U.S. forces overrun the small Japanese garrison at Hauwei.
In northwest Indian, the 17th and 20th Indian Divisions were authorized to pull back to Imphal. Mountbatten requested American aircraft to supply the Chinese and to redeploy the 5th Indian Division from the Arakan.
Japanese aircraft attacked the Broadway airfield being used to supply the Chindits.
The Kingdom of Italy and the Soviet Union restored diplomatic relations with each other.
The Red Army took Kherson.
The U-575 was sunk in the Atlantic. The Japanese cruiser Tatsuta was sunk off Hachijō-jima by the American submarine Sand Lance.
Last Prior:
Rittmeister Eberhard von Breitenbuch, an aid to Generalfeldmarschall Ernst Busch, accompanied the latter who had been summoned to brief Adolf Hitler to a briefing. Part of what would become the July 20 Plot, he carried a Browning pocket pistol with him in order to assassinate the German Führer, something he had worked out with senior plotter Henning von Tresckow as he was opposed to what others preferred, a suicide bomb. He as allowed into the Berghof but wasn't allowed into the conference rooms by the SS, which had determined not to allow in aides.
Unlike many involved in the various German military efforts to assassinate Hitler, Von Breitenbuch was not a career officer. A forester before the war, and again after, he was part of the cavalry branch, a typical branch for those involved in forestry.
A member of the Order of St. John, the Protestant branch of the Knights Hospitallers, he survived the war and died in 1980 at age 70.
British forces took Buthidaung in Burma.
Reconnaissance forces land on Manus Island and Butjo Luo in the Admiralty Islands and meet Japanese resistance.
The U-380 and U-410 were sunk in their pens at Toulon in an American air raid. Former Italian submarine UIT-22, now in the service of the German's, was sunk off of the Cape of Good Hope by a Royal Air Force PBY.
A conscientious objector from Laramie was sent to a detention center. Attribution: Wyoming History Calendar.
People have a widespread idea that conscientious objectors simply didn't serve during World War Two. In reality, their fate was much more difficult, quite frequently. 70,000 American men applied for conscientious objector status during World War Two, and about half of them received it, with most of them receiving some sort of alternative service.
Last Prior:
The Red Army began the Uman–Botoșani Offensive in Ukraine. It would become one of hte most successful Soviet offensives of the war. On this day they took Iziaslav and Yampil.
The 77th Indian Infantry Brigade, the Chindits, was inserted in Burma by glider.
Flight Officer Chuck Yeager was shot down by Unteroffizier Irmfried Klotz, east of Bordeaux, France, on his eighth combat mission. Russ Spicer, who would, like Yeager, remain in the Air Force after the war, was also shot down. Unlike Yeager, Spicer did not live a long life, dying at age 59 just after he retired from the Air Force as a Maj. Gen.
Irmfried Klotz did not survive the war. He was actually a fairly green pilot, and the FW190 he was flying was shot down by another P51 in the same dogfight. He bailed out, but his parachute did not open.
Yeager would escape to Spain by March 30, and then return to action. Spicer spent the rest of the war in a POW camp.
The First Anglo Burmese War commenced with a British declaration of war against the Burmese Empire over competing claims to Northeast India.
The Battle of Admin Box, so named as it was in a rectangular shaped area of the Indian Army's 7th Division administrative area, began, with the British Indian Army defending its position against a Japanese offensive in Burma which was calculated to draw off British troops from a larger Japanese offensive.
The Chindit 16th Long Range Penetration Brigade left Ledo and marched south toward the "Aberdeen" area in Burma.
The Red Army took Lutsk and Rovno in the Ukrainian sector.
The Germans withdrew to a smaller perimeter within the Korsun Pocket, which the Germans were able to resupply by air.
The Japanese launched Operation Ha-Go in the Arakan, a major offensive against British forces in Burma. As was typical for Japanese offensive operations, it featured a strict timetable.
Stemming from the same region, the Swiss passed on a protest from Thailand, stating:
The Swiss Minister (Bruggmann) to the Secretary of State
Th. 1 Thailand
The Minister of Switzerland presents his compliments to The Honorable, The Secretary of State, and has the honor to submit a communication from the Government of Thailand which has been received from the Federal Political Department in Berne, with the request that it be transmitted to the Government of the United States:
“In air raids about the end of 1943 and January 1944 Anglo-American aeroplanes dropped bombs on Chulalongkon Hospital, Saowapha, on the Pasteur Institute of the Red Cross Bangrak Hospital and two mental disease hospitals. Such humanitarian establishments cannot be said in any way to be military objectives and the indiscriminate bombing thereof is not only a violation of the Geneva Convention [Page 1322]of 192925 but also of the principles of humanity. His Majesty’s Government therefore enters a strong protest against the unjustifiable act of destruction above mentioned.”
The Minister would be grateful to The Honorable, The Secretary of State, for an acknowledgment of this communication.26
Washington , February 4, 1944.
All Japanese organized resistance on Kwajalein ceased. Of 8,700 defenders, 265, many of them Korean laborers, survive. The American forces sustained 370 KIA and 1,500 WIA.
The Germans attacked the British 1st Division at Anzio, forcing it to fall back. The US 5th Army gained ground further south.
The Soviet 42nd Army took Gdov. Hitler ordered the 24th panzer Division to assist in the relief of the Korsun Pocket. Relieving forces are spearheaded by the Heavy Panzer Regiment Bake.
The U-854 struck a mine in the Baltic and sank.
President Roosevelt established the Bronze Star.
Executive Order 9419—Bronze Star Medal
February 04, 1944
By virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States and as Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, it is hereby ordered as follows:
There is hereby established the Bronze Star Medal, with accompanying ribbons and appurtenances, for award to any person who, while serving in any capacity in or with the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, or Coast Guard of the United States on or after December 7, 1941, distinguishes, or has distinguished, himself by heroic or meritorious achievement or service, not involving participation in aerial flight, in connection with military or naval operations against an enemy of the United States.
The Bronze Star Medal and appurtenances thereto shall be of appropriate design approved by the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy, and may be awarded by the Secretary of War, or the Secretary of the Navy, or by such commanding officers of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, or Coast Guard as the said Secretaries may respectively designate. Awards shall be made under such regulations as the said Secretaries shall severally prescribe, and such regulations shall, so far as practicable, be of uniform application.
No more than one Bronze Star Medal shall be awarded to any one person, but for each succeeding heroic or meritorious achievement or service justifying such an award a suitable device may be awarded to be worn with the medal as prescribed by appropriate regulations. The Bronze Star Medal or device may be awarded posthumously, and, when so awarded, may be presented to such representative of the deceased as may be designated in the award.
Signature of Franklin D. Roosevelt
FRANKLIN D ROOSEVELT
The White House,
February 4, 1944.
It's a surprise, really, to realize that Bronze Star was created this late, but like the Silver Star, it was created to reflect combat conditions that the US had not experienced since the Civil War.
The Red Army took Polonne and Kamianets-Podilskyi.
Polonne had been within Poland until the Russo Polish War, when it went to the Soviets in 1920. It had a major Jewish population before World War Two. Kamianets-Podilskyi had also been part of the post World War One Polish state until 1920.
The U-81 was sunk at Pola Italy by American aircraft.
The US 2nd Corps attacked Cervaro and Monte Trochio in Italy.
The US constructed a second airfield on Bougainville.
Allied forces took Maungdaw in Burma.
Jimmy Page of Led Zeppelin fame was born on this day in 1944.
The German surface raider Michel was torpedoed and sunk off of Japan by the USS Tarpon. On the same day the German's lost the U-540, U-631 and U-841 in the Atlantic.
The Burma Railway, constructed with Asian slave labor and Allied POWs, was completed.
The Battle of Hill 609 commenced, in which the U.S. II Corps took on and defeated the Afrika Korps in the first clear-cut US victory against the European Axis of World War Two. The II Corps in Tunisia by that time was commanded by Omar Bradley.
Bradley entered the military only due to the education opportunity West Point afforded, having originally intending to go to the University of Missouri to study law. Born into poverty, with his father dying when he was 15, he was employed as a boilermaker prior to entering West Point. Taking the admittance examination was suggested by a Sunday School teacher. An excellent athlete, he was offered positions in professional baseball while in West Point.
Heinrich Himmler directed concentration camps to cease murdering inmates capable of working in order to use them for labor. The mentally ill incapable of working were moved to priority execution status.
Sarah Sundin notes on her blog:
Today in World War II History—April 27, 1943: Radar-jamming devices become operational in eastern England. British & Indian Chindits cross the Chindwin River in return to India from raids in Burma.
The Chindits were a special long range penetration unit made up of British, Gurkha and Burmese soldiers. They were officially the 3d Indian Infantry Division. They were named after lions, using a corruption of the Burmese name for lions, Chinthe (Burmese: ခြင်္သေ့). Lions are a popular symbol in Burma. Asiatic Lions do still exist, although we do not tend to think of lions in Africa, but in fact they once had a much wider range.
US B-24s bombed a Japanese convoy off the coast of Burma and sank the Nichimei Maru, which was, unbeknownst to them, carrying 1,000 Dutch and Australian POWs. Most survived, but over 50 lost their lives.
Eric Knight, author of the Lassie books, died in a C-54 air crash in Dutch Guiana. He was serving as a Major in the U.S. Army and assigned to Special Services at the time.
Knight had been born in 1897 in the United Kingdom. His family moved to the US in 1912, but he'd only been an American citizen since 1942.
FBI agents Harold D. Haberfeld and Percy E. Foxworth were killed in an aviation accident in Suriname. The were flying to North Africa at the request of Gen. Eisenhower in a role seconded to the military at the time.
The Pentagon was dedicated. Construction had only commenced on September 11, 1941, which says something about. . . well something.
The British launch a new offensive against the Afrika Korps at Beurat, Libya. Tunisia saw a lot of air action on this day, and Tripoli, Libya was bombed by US and RAF B-24s.
Belgian resistance worker and member of the nobility, Andrée de Jongh, organizer and leader of the Comet Line that assisted downed Allied aircrewmen to escape the Germans, was arrested in southern France. She survived the war and went on to work in leper hospitals all over the world thereafter. She was decorated by the United States and United Kingdom after the war, and made a Belgian Countess.
The XP-54 flew for the first time.
The airplane was a pusher, and performed below expectations and therefore did not enter service.