Sunday, September 10, 1922. The Murder of Bishop Chrysostomos.

The very first Our Gang, an episode entitled One Terrible Day, was released.

I reported on this event earlier, but I apparently had the wrong event for the terrible occurrence.

As these photos show, the Red Cross reported to assist at the mine.

Greek Orthodox Bishop Chrysostomos of Smyrna was lynched by a mob after the Turks took the city.  What exactly occurred is not known, but the Bishop, who was a Greek nationalist, refused to evacuate and reported to congratulate the Turks on their victory.  He was horribly murdered and is regarded as a Saint by the Greek Orthodox.

Not sure how that happened, but the Bishop was murdered on this day.

The USGS expedition on the Colorado, which we featured yesterday, was still in progress.

Saturday, September 9, 1922. The Turks enter Smyrna.

On this day in 1922 the Turkish Army entered Smyrna, which would be renamed Izmir, ending hte military phase of the Greco Turkish War with a final Turkish victory.

By that afternoon, Turkish troops had started to riot.  Bad went to worse, and massacres of the Armenians then commenced, with it being cut off from entry by Turkish troops.  The Armenian Bishop Ghevont Tourian sought asylum in a Catholic institution.

It would get worse.

The third  Dáil Éireann, the parliament of the Irish Republic, convened after long delay to ratify the treaty with the United Kingdom, which was a foregone conclusion.

A United Stated Geological Survey expedition was exploring the area around Glen Canyon.

First camp, Colorado River opposite mouth of Escalante River

In the "Hole in the Wall" looking toward Colorado

"Hole in the Wall" on west side of Colorado River six miles above the San Juan.

"Hole in the Wall" on west side of Colorado River six miles above San Juan River.

Tuesday, January 10, 1922. Liquor Raids in Cheyenne, Bears in Arizona, Arthur Griffith in Ireland.

As we discusssed here on our companion site; Today In Wyoming's History: January 10: 1922  The Laramie County Sheriff conducted a series of raids on stills.  Attribution:  Wyoming State Historical Society.

 Southern Tariff Association at White House who visited White House on this day i 1922.

Arthur Griffith was elected President of Dáil Éireann.  Already overworked, he'd hold the post until his death at age 51 in August, effectively a casualty of the civil war in the country which had already broken out.

Ragtime Cowboy Joe

Ragtime Cowboy Joe has long been used by the University of Wyoming as its fight song.  The use isn't exclusive, as the University of Arizona also does, and many of the commercially recorded variants of the song make reference to Arizona, not Wyoming.

The tune was, of course, a popular song before being adopted by the University, which likely happened soon after it was recorded in 1912.

April 23, 1920. Mexican rebels issue the Plan De Agua Preita, Men Misbehave, Women visit the Supreme Court, Turkey becomes a republic, The House of David extends their thanks.

It stated:

PLAN DE AGUA PRIETA

Hermosillo, Sonora. 29 de abril de 1920.
CONSIDERANDO:
I. Que la Soberanía Nacional reside esencial y originariamente en el pueblo: que todo poder público dimana del pueblo y se instituye para su beneficio, y que la potestad de los mandatarios públicos es únicamente una delegación parcial de la soberanía popular, hecha por el mismo pueblo.
II. Que el actual Presidente de la República, C. Venustiano Carranza, se había constituído Jefe de un partido político, y persiguiendo el triunfo de ese partido ha burlado de una manera sistemática del voto popular; ha suspendido, de hecho las garantías individuales; ha atentado repetidas veces contra la soberanía de los Estados y ha desvirtuado radicalmente la organización de la República.
III. Que los actos y procedimientos someramente expuestos constituyen, al mismo tiempo, flagrantes violaciones a nuestra ley suprema, delitos graves del orden común y traición absoluta a las aspiraciones fundamentales de la Revolución Constitucionalista.
IV. Que habiendo agotado todos los medios pacíficos para encauzar los procedimientos del repetido Primer Mandatario de la Federación por las vías constitucionales, sin haberse logrado tal finalidad, ha llegado el momento de que el pueblo mexicano arma toda su soberanía, revocando el imperio absoluto de sus instituciones y de sus leyes. En tal virtud, los suscritos, ciudadanos mexicanos en pleno ejercicio de nuestros derechos políticos, hemos adoptado en todas sus partes y protestamos sostener con entereza, el siguiente:
Plan Orgánico del Movimiento Reivindicador de la Democracia y de la Ley.
Art. I. Cesa en el ejercicio del Poder Ejecutivo de la Federación el C. Venustiano Carranza.
Art. II. Se desconoce a los funcionarios públicos cuya investidura tenga origen en las últimas elecciones de Poderes Locales verificadas en los Estados de Guanajuato, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro, Nuevo León y Tamaulipas.
Art. III. Se desconoce asimismo el carácter de Consejales del Ayuntamiento de la ciudad de México a los CC. Declarados electos con motivo de los últimos comicios celebrados en dicha capital.
Art. IV. Se reconoce como Gobernador Constitucional del Estado de Nayarit al C. José Santos Godinez.
Art. V. Se reconoce también a todas las demás autoridades legítimas de la Federación y de los Estados. El Ejército Liberal Constitucionalista sostendrá a dichas autoridades siempre que no combatan ni hostilicen el presente movimiento.
Art. VI. Se reconoce expresamente como Ley Fundamental de la República a la Constitución Política del 5 de febrero de 1917.
Art. VII. Todos los generales, jefes, oficiales y soldados que secunden este Plan constituirán el Ejército Liberal Constitucionalista. El actual Gobernador Constitucional de Sonora, C. Adolfo de la Huerta, tendrá interinamente el carácter de Jefe Supremo del Ejército con todas las facultades necesarias para la organización política y administrativa de este movimiento.
Art. VIII. Los gobernadores constitucionales de los Estado que reconozcan y se adhieran a este movimiento en el término de 30 días, a contar de la fecha de la promulgación de este Plan, nombrarán cada uno de ellos un representante debidamente autorizado con objeto de que dichos delegados reunidos a los 60 días de la fecha del presente, en el sitio de que designe el Jefe Supremo Int,. procedan a nombrar en definitiva, por mayoría de votos, el Jefe Supremo del Ejército Liberal Constitucionalista.
Art. IX. Si, en virtud de las circunstancias originadas por la campaña, la Junta de Delegados de los Gobernadores Constitucionales a que se refiere el Art. Anterior no reúne mayoría en la fecha indicada, quedará definitivamente como Jefe Supremo del Ejército Liberal Constitucionalista el actual Gobernador Constitucional del Estado de Sonora, C. Adolfo de la Huerta.
Art. X. Tan luego como el presente Plan sea adoptado por la mayoría de la Nación y ocupada la ciudad de México por el Ejército Liberal Constitucionalista, se procederá a nombrar un Presidente Provisional de la República, en la forma prevista en los artículos siguientes.
Art. XI. Si el movimiento quedare consumado antes de que termine el actual período del Congreso Federal, el Jefe del Ejército Liberal Constitucionalista, convocará al Congreso de la Unión a sesiones extraordinarias, en el lugar en que pueda reunirse, y los miembros de ambas cámaras elegirán el Presidente Provisional, de conformidad con la Constitución vigente.
Art. XII. Si el caso previsto por el artículo X llegare a presentarse con posterioridad a la terminación del período constitucional de las Cámaras actuales, el Jefe Supremo del Ejército Liberal Constitucionalista asumirá la Presidencia Provisional de la República.
Art. XIII. El Presidente Provisional convocará a elecciones de Poderes Ejecutivo y Legislativo de la Federación inmediatamente que tome posesión de su cargo.
Art. XIV. El Jefe Supremo del Ejército Liberal Constitucionalista nombrará Gobernadores Provisionales de los Estados de Guanajuato, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro, Nuevo León y Tamaulipas, de los que no tengan Gobernador Constitucional y de todas las demás Entidades Federativas cuyos primeros mandatarios combatan o desconozcan este movimiento.
Art. XV. Consolidado el triunfo de este Plan, el Presidente Provisional autorizará a los Gobernadores Provisionales para que convoquen inmediatamente a elecciones de Poderes Locales de conformidad con las Leyes respectivas.
Art. XVI. El Ejército Liberal Constitucionalista se regirá por la Ordenanza General y Leyes Militares actualmente en vigor en la República.
Art. XVII. El Jefe Supremo del Ejército Liberal Constitucionalista, y todas las autoridades civiles y militares que secunden este Plan impartirán garantías a nacionales y extranjeros y protegerán muy especialmente el desarrollo de la industria, del comercio y de todos los negocios.
Sufragio Efectivo. No Reelección.
Agua Prieta, abril 23 de 1920.

GRAL. DE DIVISIÓN, P. ELÍAS CALLES
Generales de Brigada: Ángel Flores, Francisco R. Manzo, Juan Cruz, Lino Morales, Francisco R. Serrano. Generales Brigadieres: Miguel Piña H., J. M. Padilla, Fructuoso Méndez, Carlos Plank, Roberto Cruz, Alejandro Mange, Luis Matys, Ramón Gómez, Luis Espinosa, Ignacio Mori, Macario Gaxiola y José María Ochoa. Capitán de Navío J. de la Llave. Capitán de Navío El Olivier. Coroneles: Abelardo L. Rodríguez. J. M. Aguirre, Fausto Topete, Enrique León, Guillermo M. Palma, Lorenzo Muñoz, E. C. García, Anatolio B. Ortega, A.A. Ancheta, Guillermo Nelson, Eduardo Andalon, Julio García, Z. Jiménez Ponce, Francisco G. Manríquez, Camilo Gastélum Jr., Mateo de la Rocha, Rosendo Quezada, Pablo C. Macías, Juan G. Amaya y Antonio Guerrero. Tenientes Coroneles: Mariano Valtiérrez, Ángel Camargo, Pero Sosa, Anselmo Armenta, Antonio Cruz, J. Jesús Arvizu, A. Campoell, Jesús M. Palma, G.R. Limón, Jesús O. Cota, Rafael Villagrán, Alberto G. Montaño, Manuel Bacilio, Francisco Ochoa, Juan B. Izaguirre, Antonio Armenta, Pedro Quintero, Pedro C. Figueroa, Manuel García, Ignacio Otero, Rodolfo Ibarra Vega, Manuel Limón, Jesús Otero, Manuel Escobar, Gumersindo López, Eligio Samaniego, Benito Bernal, Alberto Zuno Hernández, Santos R. Flores y Jesús Bórquez. Mayores: Luis Palomares, Rodolfo M. Reyna, Isaac M. Rocha, Guadalupe Cruz, Canuto Ortega, Máximo Othón, Patricio García, Manuel Meza, Manuel I. Medina, J. M. Burrota, J. J. Pérez, Ricardo Legaspi, B. González, Luis R. Flores, Manuel O. Lugo, Ángel Gaxiola Jr., Victoriano Tabárez, F. Polanco, Leopoldo Robles, Alfredo Delgado, José Ma. Hernández, Victoriano Díaz, Manuel Martínez, José S. Obregón y José A. Araiza. Capitanes Primeros: S. Amézquita Liceaga, Pantaleón Pineda, José Ma. Tapia, Francisco Herrera. Subteniente Manuel H. Lira. Señores: Francisco S. Elías, Luis L. León, H. Gavilondo, Antonio G. Rivera. Administrador Aduana de Agua Prieta, Julián S. González; Pdte. Mpal. De Cananea, J. R. Estrada; Alfonso Vázquez, Agente Comercial en Douglas, Arizona; Ricardo C. López, Jefe de Oficina Telegráfica en Nogales, Son.; Teniente Coronel Abraham Fraijo, Presidente Mpal. De Agua Prieta; Arturo M. Escandón, Director de El Tiempo, F. Alfonso Pesqueira. Constituyentes de Querétaro: Luis G. Monzón y Froilán C. Manjarrez. Constituyentes de Sonora: Antonio R. Romo, Rosendo L. Galaz., José Ma. V. Lizárraga, Gabriel Corella, Adalberto Trujillo y Clodoveno Valenzuela; Ramón M. Bernal, Oficial Mayor del Congreso del Estado; A. M. Sánchez, Oficial 1° de la Secretaría de Gobierno; S. M. Moreno, Jefe de la Sección de Gobernación; A.B. Sobrazo, Encargado de la Sección del Registro Civil; Amos B. Casas, Oficial 2° de la Secretaría de Gobierno; S.A. Campoy, Oficial 3° de la Secretaría de Gobierno; Carlos Díaz, Jefe del Departamento de Compras; Miguel Vázquez, Jefe del Departamento de Archivo; Ángel Avilez, Oficial del Depto. De Archivo; Guillermo de la Rosa, Director General de Educación Pública; Miguel Yépez Solórzano, director General del Catastro; Aurelio S. Larios, Dibujante del Catastro; Manuel Larios, Ingeniero de la Dirección del Catastro; Raúl Salazar, Procurador General de Justicia en el Estado; B. Cabrera, Jefe de Defensores de Oficio; Ángel Amante, Oficial 1° de la Secretaría del Congreso; Plutarco Padilla, Oficial 2° de la Secretaría del Congreso; Heliodoro Pérez Mendoza, Jefe de la Sección de Glosa de la Inspección de Telégrafos; Eloy García S., Jefe de la Oficina Telegráfica de Hermosillo; F.R. Pesqueira, Administrador Principal del Timbre; Rafael Manzo, Tesorero General del Estado; Lic. Pedro González Rubalcava, Juez de Instrucción Militar; Lic. José Guzmán V., Agente del Ministerio Público Militar; Lic. Zenón García, Asesor de Guerra; José S. Healy, periodista; Alberto S. Díaz, Carlos Genda Jr., Mario Hernández Machain, Secretario Particular del Jefe Supremo del Ejército Liberal Constitucionalista; A.R. Guzmán, Agente General de Agricultura y Fomento; Diputados al Congreso del Estado: Lic. Gilberto Valenzuela, Emiliano Corella M., Ing. Joaquín C. Bustamente, Miguel C. López, Alejo Bay, Luis F. Vhávez, Felizardo Frías, Ramón D. Cruz, Alfonso Almada, Ignacio G. Soto, Florencio Robles, Leoncio J. Ortiz, Julio C. Salazar, Rafael F.L. Paredes y Emilio Mendívil. Magistrados del Supremo Tribunal de Justicia: Lic. Luis N. Rubalcava, Espiridión S. Ruíz y Lic. Manuel Zezati; Alberto C. Loustaunau, Secretario del Tribunal de Justicia; Diputados al Congreso de la Unión: Alejandro Velázquez López, Damián Alarcón, Ezequiel Ríos Landeros. Señores: Fernando Torreblanca, Lic. Rafael Díaz de León, Alfonso Guerra y Rodolfo Torreblanca. Senadores por Estado de Sonora: Flavio A. Bohórquez y Carlos Plank.

The basic gist of the plan was an accusation that Carranza had betrayed the values of the revolution and that Obergon was to lead the military until a new government could be put in place.

Agua Prieta is a border town that joins Douglas, Arizona.

Douglas Arizona, 1904.

Troops were being rushed to that border, including specifically the one between Douglas and Agua Prieta, out of concern where the Mexican Revolution was heading.  The Navy, meanwhile, was deploying in the Gulf.  1920 was beginning to look a lot like 1916.

Across that border and into custody came one newly appointed Carranzist Governor of Sonora, Ignacio Pesqueria, who had lately been the Chief Justice of Mexico. 

Pesqueria was a wealthy man whom Carranza felt was suited to replace the De La Huerta, whom he still presumed to be the Governor, apparently not realizing that De La Huerta had resigned to take up arms against Carranza alongside Obregon.  Pesqueria, who was almost certainly related to a Mexican revolutionary of that name from earlier times, may not have thought his appointment likely to last long as he entered Douglas with one Maria Rodriguez, whom the press informed to be 23 years of old and "beautiful", the broad hint being that the relationship between the two may not have been fully proper.  Justice Pesqueria was married to someone else and had nine children.  He was ostensibly arrested for bringing Senorita Rodriguez across the border, but that may have well been a pretext.  Of course, the relationship could have been fully innocent.

Clearly not innocent were the attentions being paid to a bank cashier's wife by a banker, which was resulting in a scandal in Buffalo.

The attentions of prominent men may have been drawn in an improper fashion to women in Sonora and Wyoming, but in Washington D. C. prominent women were seeking the attention of the United States Supreme Court.

Leaders of the Women's National Party were in town to attend a session of the court which was to hear a case pertaining to an Ohio referendum which potentially stood to push women's suffrage over the top and into the Constitution.

And a group of men came to thank the President for allowing them to grow their hair and beards while in the service of the United States during World War One.

Members of the House of David religion, about which I know next to nothing, their tenants preclude the cutting of hair and favor the growing of beards.  The President had intervened on their behalf during the Great War, for which they came to offer their appreciation.

The religion, which still exists, is often recalled today for fielding a barnstorming baseball team early in the 20th Century.

In Turkey the Turkish Grand National Assembly convened in Ankara in a move that was on its way towards the establishment of the modern Turkish republic.  On the same day an Allied conference announced its intent to recognize Armenian sovereignty and allow Greece to administer a Turkish Smyrna.

And ice hockey premiered on this day as an Olympic sport.

Raid on Ruby Arizona, February 27, 1920

A small raid, which may have been simply a raid by bandits, but which is sometimes associated with Villistas, took place near Ruby Arizona.  Three Americans died in the raid, which had the attributes of a robbery.

The raid was actually on a store in Ruby which had just sold to John and Alexander Frazer.  They wer both shot and killed by the raiders.  The raiders also destroyed the telephone wires for the town's only telephone and that horses had been stolen from a local ranch.  A posse lead by Sheriff Raymond Earhart tracked the raiders, determined to be two in number, but failed to catch them.  By means that are unclear to me, they were later identified and one of them was killed in October in a gunfight in Pima County, Arizona and the other ultimately jailed for crimes in Mexico.

Grand Canyon Storm, October 25, 1919.

Grand Canyon Storm, October 25, 1919.

July 3, 1919. But wait, what about Battery F? Battery F, 148th FA, returns home and Bisbee Riots.

One of the purposes of this blog is to correct errors and misconceptions, and we find that here we're victim of one.

Indeed, careful observers here will note that we've reported the 148th as basically mustering out twice. . . once in New York, and once at Ft. D. A. Russell outside of Cheyenne.  We think we figured out the origin of that confusion, however.  The Camp Mills event was the one that released the unit from the Army's rolls, and the Cheyenne one was the one in which the artillerymen were discharged.

That latter date was taken from a source we were relying on, but contained an error.

Battery F of the 148th wasn't home until this day.

For some reason Battery F had been delayed in returning home and just made it on July 3, something I hadn't run across before.  And upon arriving the men of Battery F were the subject of a big July 3 celebration welcoming their return to the state in Cheyenne.

Company F was entirely from the northern part of the state.  So not only were they the seeming last of the National Guardsmen to return home, they had further to go to get all the way home as well.

While celebrations were going on in Wyoming, riots were going on in Bisbee Arizona.

The riot started off as a confrontation between a while military policeman of the U.S. Army and black cavalrymen of the 10th Cavalry.  The town already had a marked racially tense atmosphere in which strong racial prejudices against Hispanics and Asians were highly exhibited.  In spite of this, black cavalrymen from the 10th Cavalry from nearby Ft. Huachuca did frequent the town. 

As with many towns near Army posts, the town had military policemen in it on frequent occasion and it was just such a confrontation that escalated into a riot.  What exactly occurred is not clear, but the main participants in the event seem to have been white policemen and black cavalrymen.

While there were serious injuries they did not prevent the 10th Cavalry from participating in the Independence Day march the following day.

The Battle of Ambos Nogales hits the Papers

The battle was fought yesterday, August 27, late in the afternoon.  It was on the front page the next day:

The reporting was, of course, initial, and not entirely accurate.

And in the case of the Cheyenne paper, racist epitaphs were used as well.

Of course, the Great War still predominated. But Mexico was back on the front page for the 28th.

In Memoriam. John McCain

Governor Matthew H. Mead, pursuant to President Donald Trump's Proclamation issued today, has ordered both the U.S. and State of Wyoming flag be flown at half-staff statewide for Senator John McCain immediately until sunset on the day of his interment. “I join the many people across the United States and throughout the world in mourning the loss of Senator John McCain,” said Governor Matt Mead. “He demonstrated unparalleled loyalty to our country. He was a dedicated public servant. He was an American hero. We will miss him.”

Today In Wyoming's History: January 9, 1918. The last Indian Battle in the United States

Today In Wyoming's History: January 9: 1918 The Battle of Bear Valley, revolutionary Yaqui natives and the United States Army in southern Arizona; the last US v. Indian battle.

 Aftermath of the battle with Yaqui prisoners under guard.

The Army element was from the 10th Cavalry. The Yaqui's opened fire on the approaching 10th Cavalry troopers and the battle lasted approximately 30 minutes, with no US casualties. The Yaquis, however, who were hostile to Mexican forces at the time (which caused the battle to occur, as theYaqui's mistook the approaching 10th Cavalrymen for Mexicans, lost their commander and the capture of nine of their members.

This is an odd side story to the Mexican Revolution as the Yaqui's, by this point in that event, were hoping to establish an independent state in Sonora and were at war in Mexico towards that aim.  At the same time, Yaqui's had been crossing into the United States to work, and supplying their forces with arms from the funds raised towards that goal.  The Mexican government had in turn asked the United States for assistance in preventing this from occurring, while American ranchers in Arizona were finding themselves in conflict themselves with Yaqui parties.  This had resulted in increased American military patrol activity on the border.

Bear Valley itself was a natural border crossing that had seen increased strife prior to this event.  On January 8 a local rancher reported a cow being butchered to an element of the 10th Cavalry, which then deployed to the area.  The following day they saw, from a distance, the Yaqui's crossing into the area mounted.  The unit deployed as dismounted skirmishers in anticipation of action but did not encounter the Yaqui's so they returned to their mounts and proceeded in that fashion, when they were fired upon by the Yaqui force which mistook them for Mexican troops.  The commander of the action later recounted it, in a book he later wrote, as follows:

The Cavalry line maintained its forward movement, checked at times by the hostile fire, but constantly keeping contact with the Indians. Within thirty minutes or so the return shooting lessened. Then the troop concentrated heavy fire on a confined area containing a small group, which had developed into a rear guard for the others. The fire effect soon stopped most of the enemy action. Suddenly a Yaqui stood up waving his arms in surrender. Captain Ryder immediately blew long blasts on his whistle for the order to 'cease fire,' and after some scattered shooting the fight was over. Then upon command the troopers moved forward cautiously and surrounded them. This was a bunch of ten Yaquis, who had slowed the Cavalry advance to enable most of their band to escape. It was a courageous stand by a brave group of Indians; and the Cavalrymen treated them with the respect due to fighting men. Especially astonishing was the discovery that one of the Yaquis was an eleven-year-old boy. The youngster had fought bravely alongside his elders, firing a rifle that was almost as long as he was tall. ...Though time has perhaps dimmed some details, the fact that this was my first experience under fire—and it was a hot one even though they were poor marksmen—most of the action was indelibly imprinted on my mind. After the Yaquis were captured we lined them up with their hands above their heads and searched them. One kept his hands around his middle. Fearing that he might have a knife to use on some trooper, I grabbed his hands and yanked them up. His stomach practically fell out. This was the man who had been hit by my corporal's shot. He was wearing two belts of ammunition around his waist and more over each shoulder. The bullet had hit one of the cartridges in his belt, causing it to be exploded, making the flash of fire I saw. Then the bullet entered one side and came out the other, laying his stomach open. He was the chief of the group. We patched him up with first aid kits, mounted him on a horse, and took him to camp. He was a tough Indian, made hardly a groan and hung onto the saddle. If there were more hit we could not find them. Indians do not leave any wounded behind if they can possibly carry them along. One of my men spoke a mixture of Spanish, and secured the information from a prisoner that about twenty others got away. I immediately sent Lieutenant Scott, who had joined the fight, to take a strong detail and search the country for a few miles. However they did not find anything of the remainder of the band. It was dark when we returned to camp. I sent some soldiers to try and get an automobile or any transportation at the mining camps for the wounded Yaqui, but none could be located until morning. He was sent to the Army hospital at Nogales and died that day. We collected all the packs and arms of the Indians. There were a dozen or more rifles, some .30-30 Winchester carbines and German Mausers, lots of ammunition, powder and lead, and bullet molds. The next day when you [Colonel Wharfield] and Capt. Pink Armstrong with Troop H came in from the squadron camp to relieve us, we pulled out for Nogales. The Yaquis were mounted on some extra animals, and not being horse-Indians were a sorry sight when we arrived in town. Some were actually stuck to the saddles from bloody chafing and raw blisters they had stoically endured during the trip. Those Yaquis were just as good fighting men as any Apache...."

The battle ended with a peculiar result in that the prisoners proved to readily adjust to Army life and confessed that they opened fire only because of the mistaken identify.  They then volunteered for service in the U.S. Army, which was declined. They were then sent to trail for illegally transporting arms and ammunition into the United States, a felony, to which they confessed and were sentenced to a token thirty days in jail.  The sentence was preferable to them to being deported to Mexico for obvious reasons.

And so ended the Indian Wars in the context of the armed forces of the United States engaging in combat with Native Americans.  Strife with Indians in Mexico, however, between Indian bands and Mexican civilians would continue for at least another decade or so.  It's interesting to note that the final battle between soldiers of the United States and Native Americans would involve the 10th Cavalry, whose enlisted men were black.  It's also interesting to note that this final battle in a series of battles and wars stretching back at least to 1675 is almost a forgotten footnote that came as the United States found itself fighting in Europe for the first time in history in a war that would usher in the new era of mechanized warfare.

The Deportation of the Lowell Miners, July 12, 1917

On this day in 1917 up to 1,300 striking miners, members of the IWW, were deported by a deputized mob from what is now Bisbee Arizona to Tres Hermanas in New Mexico.  A committee formed to back the deportation ruled the town for a few months thereafter.  In New Mexico, the Republican Governor pleaded with President Wilson for assistance and received the same.  The refugee miners were then housed in Columbus, New Mexico, lately the location of the famed raid that started off the Punitive Expedition, for a couple of months until their plight could be addressed.  A Federal Commission declared their forced relocation to be "wholly illegal and without authority in law, either State or Federal".

What a year and a half for Columbus. Small  border town, site of a major raid, giant Army camp, and now a refugee center in one of the worst labor abuses in American history.

Scenes of Arizona, May 12, 1917

Globe Arizona, Copyright deposit May 12, 1917.

Miami Arizona, Copyright deposit May 12, 1917.

The Local News: The Casper Record for January 2, 1917

But, the Casper paper didn't feature Mexico at all.

Indeed, I'd be disinclined to put this one up, given the stories that I've been following, but for the fact that by only putting up the Cheyenne papers that covered the story in Mexico extensively I'm giving a false impression.  In Central Wyoming, when you picked up your local paper (there were two) you might not be reading about such events at all.

Residents of Natrona County Wyoming, on this day, were reading about a railroad disaster near Thermopolis. That spot, by the way, is still bad and there's been a train wreck there within the last couple of years.

Like residents of Cheyenne, they also were reading about the weird gubernatorial spot in Arizona.  Long term residents of Wyoming would recall, however, that Wyoming had a similar episode about 20 years prior to this one.

And there were the cheery economic articles, common to Wyoming papers of this era.

Enacting prohibition by referendum. November 7, 1916.

 A pro-prohibition song, which we've run before here.

Arizona, which had the initiative and referendum system, voted itself into prohibition.

The initiative amended the Arizona Constitution to prohibit the sale, possession of distribution of intoxicating beverages.

The move towards nationwide prohibition was very clearly on.

South Dakota did likewise on this day, using the same process.

As did Montana.

Such an initiative failed in Missouri, however.  And Maryland.  And California.

But it passed in Idaho.

Not all well in the New Jersey National Guard, August 31, 1916

From Reddit's 100 Years Ago Today subreddit, a story in the Bisbee paper about a "near mutiny" sparked by an unpopular lieutenant.

The Punitive Expedition: Casper Daily Press, March 24, 1916

The Big Picture: Bisbee Arizona, 1916

Friday, .April 30, 1909.

 

Last prior edition:

Thursday, April 29, 1909. Tornado devastation.

1900s, 1909, Disaster, Iran, Persia, Russia, Weather

Tuesday, April 27, 1909. Fall of the Sultan.

Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II was deposed by unanimous vote of the Turkish parliament, after a fatwa was approved by Sheik ul Islam.  A fatwa was necessary as he was the Caliph and, therefore, both a civil and a religious figure.

Rechad Effendi, the Sultan's brother, a prisoner of the deposed monarch since 1876, was invited to be the new Sultan, which he became as Sultan Mehmed V.

It was quite a promotion, at least for the time being.

And folks were photographing Arizona.

University of Arizona, April 27, 1909.

Tuscon, Arizona.

Tombstone Arizona.

Last prior edition:

Monday, April 26, 1909. The barbarity of the day.

1900s, 1909, Austro Hungaria, California, Eugenics, Hungary, Indiana, Modernity Is Barbarism, Nazi Germany, Nogales Arizona-Sonora, Stockton California, transgenderism, Virginia (Natural Bridge), Washington