Amongst other things, the Tuesday before Latin Rite Lent is called Pancake Day.
They can be sweet, and they use up fats, so they helped prepare for Lenten fasting in this fashion.
Tuesday, February 21, 2023
A few things.
1. There's always some "bill in Congress" that won't pass that organizations seeking money can use to scare the gullible with on the telephone.
2. By the same token, if you live in an area that's on the political extreme, your Congressman or Senator sponsoring a bill that's also extreme is not a reason to believe that it'll pass, or even be particularly excited about it, should you either favor or oppose it.
3. A paid telemarketer is not likely to have the slightest interest in the actual subject that they're calling on. They'd probably call for the opposing side, if the money was there.
4. If the telemarketer is inarticulate and botches your name, that ought to be the end of it.
5. If an organization that is seeking to have you donate money is using a paid telemarketer, part of what you are donating for is probably telemarketing.
6. If certain events keep happening, and certain solutions keep being proposed, responding that your rights are being trampled or about to be, isn't really an adequate response. You have to have a real basis to your argument.
7. There's really no reason to pay any attention to Marjorie Taylor Greene on anything, so we shouldn't.
All of these will make your life easier.
Thursday, February 21, 1963. Training SEALs.
US Navy Seals in training in the Virgin Islands, February 21, 1963. Note the original verion of the M16 in use here, before it had been actually adopted as a theater rifle by the U.S.
I don't normally put posts from 60 years ago, but as I don't anticipate being around when these photos hit the 75 or 80 year mark, I thought I'd go ahead and post them.
As we have these up, we'll note a few things about the day.
The Telstar 1, the first privately funded satellite, became the first satellite destroyed by radiation. The U.S. had conducted a high altitude nuclear test the day prior.
Oops.
The satellite had inspired a hit instrumental by the Tornados.
The Soviet Communist Party wrote the Chinese one, proposing a meeting in hopes of clearing up differences between the two bodies of thuggery.
In East Berlin, the Communist government yielded in the face of a student protest which simply assigned occupations to graduating students, rather than allow them to pick their own paths, prior to being able to attend university. The occupations that had been chosen were all manual labor jobs.
Klein's Sporting Goods in Chicago received a shipment of surplus Mannlicher-Carcano rifles. One of them would later be purchased by Lee Harvey Oswald.
Sunday, February 21, 1943. Marines land on the Russells.
Marines land on Mbanka and Pavuuvu in the Solomons, near Guadalcanal. Contrary to expectation, the Japanese had withdrawn.
Together, the islands are known as the Russell Islands.
The day prior, which I failed to mention, Rockwell's Freedom of Speech was a feature of The Saturday Evening Post, along with an article on the magazine upon that freedom.
Monday, February 20, 2023
Saturday, February 20, 1943. Paricutin erupts.
A volcano broke through the surface of Dionisio Pulido's cornfield, ultimately obtaining a height of 1,000 feet before it quite erupting in 1952.
American movie executives determined to allow the Office of War Information to censor American movies.
The Saturday Evening Post went to the stands with a dramatic illustration of American troops, it's unclear if they're in the Army or the Marines, wearing the frog pattern camouflage of the era entitled "Night Attack".
Tuesday, February 20, 1923. A 66 hour day.
Today In Wyoming's History: February 20: 1923 The Legislature experienced a 66 hour "day" in a questionable legislature trick designed to keep the clock from winding up on the session. This trick has been repeated since then, but this one was the record.
Sunday, February 19, 2023
Cliffnotes of the Zeitgeist. XLV. At War With Nature and the Metaphysical
We are at war with God.
Joseph Stalin, caught in tape commenting to Molotov.
I don't pay any attention to the Grammy's anymore. I never much did. Anymore, however, nobody pays much attention to them. The same has become true of all the other big awards in entertainment that once meant so much. Now, heavily politicized in a PC fashion, they're really not very interesting and people pretty much ignore them.
Therefore, I ignored the flap over Sam Smith's performance when it came out, even though with Douthat commented on it I started to take a little note. But then I noticed something else.
It's no secret that a certain segment of Western, liberal, society is at war with our existential nature, which calls into mind, for a believer, Stalin's quote. And well it should. Communism claimed at first to act in accordance with man's nature, but soon saw it that it couldn't force the nature that it wished for, so it decided to make a new Communist man that was the antithesis to real men in some ways. It failed.
That's what we have going on now.
Sam Smith is a homosexual. While Pope Francis is certainly correct that making homosexuality illegal, as it actually is in much of the world, is wrong, celebrating it is nonsensical, just as celebrating hetrosexuality would also be. It is a deviation from the genetic norm. In spite of that, however, and particularly post Obergefel, now a person can hardly even point that out.
And as people who were well attune to development and trends pointed out, the Obergefel decision was going to inevitably lead to a full scale assault on normality and nature itself, which has busted out in the transgenderism craze. It was claimed that this would not occur, but with the guardrails down, it pretty much had to. Not surprisingly, he collaborates with German songwriter Tim Petras, a man who was chemically and probably surgically mutilated as a very early teen, and who goes by the name of Kim Petras and affects a female appearance.
In Smith's performance, he affected a Satanic visage and gave what can only be called an open embrace of what that entails. Perhaps fully unwitting, Smith has exposed openly what most in his camp have hidden, perhaps for the better.
And by so doing, he joins Stalin in that category. For all his defects, Stalin was a genius and his comment was not only open, I don't believe it to be metaphorical. At least he had the courage to admit what he was up to.
Of course, like all such efforts, it failed.
It's worth noting that this argument still prevails even for those who claim not to believe or doubt. Most of the general fundamentals of Christianity in regard to men, women, and what they do and interact, are not only Christian principles, they're principles of every religion, and exhibited in every natural society. That's why, we'd note, that Communism works no better in North Korea than East Germany. It's contrary to human nature, as is what these performers are exhibiting.
You can be at war with nature, but you won't win.
It's interesting to note. . .
Related to the above, that in the commentary in Playboy documentary that aired one of the models flat out stated that she believed Hugh Hefner to be possessed, and that a girl who was a centerfold or "bunny", I can't recall which painted something essentially stating the same thing prior to her committing suicide.
It was really Kinsey, and his bogus report, that started us down this road, although I've blamed Hugh Hefner, justifiably, a lot.
During World War Two, Alfred Kinsey, with colleagues, was busy studying the sexual habits of perverts who were incarcerated, resulting in a text entitled Sexual Behavior In The Human Male, which would have been better entitled Sexual Habits of Incarcerated Perverts Who Couldn't Be Drafted. It's one of two examples of 1940s "studies" being really results driven. I.e, a report that isn't a study, but a conclusion being justified subsequently by a report, the other being SLAM Marshall's Men Under Fire.
Both texts have done a lot of damage.
Taken objectively, it turns out that really gross perverts act perversely, which didn't stop Kinsey and his associates from actually arranging some acts that should be regarded as solicitation, or prostitution, or just weird. Anyhow, their conclusions were erroneous, as is now well known, but so damaging and influential, they're still regarded as persuasive.
In reality, the overwhelming majority of men and women actually had very limited numbers of, as we like to say now, "partners". Most men and women had no sexual experience at all of the really intimate type until they were married, and it was universally regarded, irrespective of not everyone keeping the standard, that sex outside of marriage was morally wrong.
Enter perversion fan Kinsey and this began to weaken, followed by Hugh Hefner. Not too surprisingly, we are at where we now are, at war with nature.
99 Luftballons
The entire Chinese balloon flap has been very interesting. I'm sure that we're not going to know the truth of it for many years.
What we know is only the basics. The Chinese have been flying spy balloons over the United States, and in this case, although barely noted, over Canada as well. The choice of the two nations together may be simply atmospheric, perhaps that's how you get a balloon over the continental US, or it may be strategic, that flies it over and through NORAD.
It would not appear that the NORAD, American or Canadian response has been stellar. This was apparently, if we're being told the truthy, and we very well might not be, the first time a PRC spy balloon was detected, which if true is a shocking admission of a major NORAD failure. And the entire story of waiting it so long to shoot it down doesn't pass the smell test at all. This thing could have been dropped anywhere from the Aleutians to Wyoming harmlessly, but wasn't. The story about not wanting to damage stuff on the ground simply isn't credible. They were probably more likely to hit a boater where they took it down than they were to hit a human over much of its course.
Which means somebody is probably fibbing.
We now know that U2s accompanied the balloon nearly its entire route over the US. The high altitude spy plane was spying on the balloon, likely picking up anything it emitted, and perhaps messing with its own emissions. That alone may be sufficient justification, justification that can't be admitted, for not dropping it until we did.
Chances are good, I'd note, that U2s are flying near the one now in the Southern Hemisphere.
The big question is why are the Chinese doing this?
Well, one reason is that they got away with it so far, and it did a good job of testing NORAD. We overflew quite a few places with U2s until we simply couldn't, and it was never our intent to test air responses in doing it. We probably also intruded on Soviet waters with submarines for various spying reasons, and the Soviets and Russians probably still do that in some locations.
Nations spy.
But spying in this manner is really interesting.
They may have been able to pick up a lot of electronic data from the ground that a satellite simply couldn't. And, importantly for a nation that is preparing for war with the United States, and it is, testing NORAD made sense.
A new Cold War?
This question came up on all the weekend shows. Are we in a new Cold War. Nobody would say yes.
Well, we obviously are.
One analysis, that the level of trade was too high to support that claim, is nonsense. We didn't have a lot of trade with the Eastern Bloc countries, as they had nothing we really wanted to buy at the time. China has been different, and intentionally so. The real model is the trade level between the Western combatants in World War One, prior to the war. It was enormous, none of which kept the war from happening.
And this war will go hot.
Are the Chinese going to attack Taiwan?
Well, rather, they will probably try. 
I'd give it about 70% chance of happening by mid-decade. I.e., we're close.
It'll also be an epic fail.
Crossing the Taiwan Strait will prove beyond them, their casualties will be massive, and their government will fall.
Liars.
Fox news crew with the network.
To nobody's really surprise, unless they chose to be completely self-deluded, Fox News personnel privately acknowledged that they knew Trump hadn't won the 2020 election. Indeed, privately, some, notably Tucker Carlson, blasted him.
In spite of this, they just keep on keeping on. If Fox had any honor, all of these people would go, and go right now.
But they won't. And they'll just keep shoving the crap they're shoveling.
Lying about being Jewish
It's interesting that there is now some political cache, apparently, to being Jewish.
We've long had Jewish politicians in the United States, and even before that. Francis Salvador, for example, served in the South Carolina provincial legislature at the time of the Revolution and hew as Jewish. But it can't be doubted, additionally, that being Jewish was once a serious hindrance to obtaining higher office. While Salvador was undoubtedly an exception, by and large successful 19th Century Jewish politicians in the US, and there were some, came from districts where their constituents at least partially had the some background.
Exceptions started in the 19th Century, however. Portland, Oregon had back to back Jewish mayors starting in 1869. Washington Bartlett was the Jewish Governor of California starting in 1887. And so on.
Be that as it may, Jewish Americans being quiet about their religious identity, in some instances, was pretty common well into the 20th Century. Indeed, most Jewish actors in American films changed their names, if they had a name that might identify them as being Jewish.
Now that's changed so much that we apparently have two freshman members of Congress claiming Jewish identify when they have none. George Santos is one, and now Anna Paulina Luna is another. Luna claimed to be raised as a Messianic Jew and that she’s part Ashkenazi Jewish, but has now converted fully to Christianity.
In actuality, she's always been a Christian and one of her grandfathers, a German immigrant, served i the German Army during World War Two.
What's up with this?
Last Prior Edition:
Lex Anteinternet: Cliffnotes of the Zeitgeist. XLIV. Pope Francis writes Fr. James Martin, S.J.
February 19, 1943. Donets Campaign launched
The Germans went on the offensives in a region of Ukraine which is in the news constantly now, seeking to regain territory recently lost around Kharkov. They were successful in their month-long effort. Moreover, Soviet casualties were massively outsized compared to the Germans, which were comparatively light.
Members of the 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler stand by a Marder III tank destroyer at the time of this offensive. The Marker series of tank destroyers used both German and Soviet guns and was built on a Czech 38(t) chassis. By Bundesarchiv, Bild 101III-Roth-173-01 / Roth, Franz / CC-BY-SA 3.0, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5478279
Amos 'n' Andy appeared for the first time on NBC. It remains popular with fans of old radio shows, although I've never grasped how that it continues to be, as it suffers, even in the radio format, from the white in blackface situation. Having said that, by the fall of 1943 black supporting actors were included.
U.S. forces continued to retreat in Tunisia.
Saturday, February 18, 2023
The Best Posts of the Week of February 12, 2023
The best posts of the week of February 12, 2023
What's wrong with the (modern, western) world, part 2. Care, lack of care, and an existential lack of focus.
This man is your friend:
February 18, 1943. On the anniversary of her death. Czeslawa Kwoka.
She was Polish, 14 years old, and Catholic.
She was executed by way of an injection of phenol into her heart, shortly after Whilem Brasse photographed her. Her murder occurred at Auschwitz.
The way that this is noted, when it is, is that "next to Jews", Poles were the second biggest victims of the Holocaust, which tends to put aside the fact that many of the Jews killed by the Germans were Polish Jews, and therefore Poles. Poland was the center of Jewish European culture prior to the Second World War and the Germans destroyed it. Not to diminish that, however, is the fact that millions of Poles who were not Jews were also murdered for simply being Poles. Ms. Kwoka was probably murdered as she was 14 and deemed incapable of providing useful work. Her mother had been murdered some day prior, likely because she was also deemed incapable of useful work. Huge numbers of Poles would be shot, gas and starved for that reason, and for the reason that the Germans sought to eliminate the Poles.
Next to the Poles were the Belorussians, which also sets aside that many Jewish Belorussians were killed as Jews. Likewise, Ukrainian and Jewish Ukrainians were murdered in huge numbers, all for the crime of being Slavs or Jewish. And we have to add to that the huge number of Red Army prisoners of war starved to death by the Germans for being, once again, Slavs.
It's unimaginable due to its scale.
And on this day, Czeslawa Kwoka was one of them.
On the same day, Joseph Goebbels went on the radio and called for "Total War". Hitler had already decreed that this was to take place and had ordered the mobilization of German women within a certain age range.
Hans Scholl and Sophie Scholl of the White Rose resistance movement at the University of Munich were arrested. They'd be convicted of treason four days later.
The Japanese extended the ghetto system to Shanghai, creating a Jewish ghetto there made up of those who had fled Europe. 20,000 people were confined to two square miles.
Soong Mei-link, Chiang Kai-shek's wife, became the first private citizen to address the U.S. Congress. She was also the second woman to do so. She made the following statement:
Mr. Speaker and Members of the House of Representatives of the United States:
At any time it would be a privilege for me to address Congress, more especially this present august body which will have so much to do in shaping the destiny of the world. In speaking to Congress I am literally speaking to the American people. The Seventy-seventh Congress, as their representatives, fulfilled the obligations and responsibilities of its trust by declaring war on the aggressors. That part of the duty of the people’s representatives was discharged in 1941. The task now confronting you is to help win the war and to create and uphold a lasting peace which will justify the sacrifices and sufferings of the victims of aggression.
Before enlarging on this subject, I should like to tell you a little about my long and vividly interesting trip to your country from my own land which has bled and borne unflinchingly the burden of war for more than 5 1/2 years. I shall not dwell, however, upon the part China has played in our united effort to free mankind from brutality and violence. I shall try to convey to you, however imperfectly, the impressions gained during the trip.
First of all, I want to assure you that the American people have every right to be proud of their fighting men in so many parts of the world. I am particularly thinking of those of your boys in the far-flung, ut-of-the-way stations and areas where life is attended by dreary drabness—this because their duty is not one of spectacular performance and they are not buoyed up by excitement of battle. They are called upon, day after colorless day, to perform routine duties such as safeguarding defenses and preparing for possible enemy action. It has been said, and I find it true from personal experience, that it is easier to risk one’s life on the battlefield than it is to perform customary humble and humdrum duties which, however, are just as necessary to winning the war. Some of your troops are stationed in isolated spots quite out of reach of ordinary communications. Some of your boys have had to fly hundreds of hours over the sea from an improvised airfield in quests often disappointingly fruitless, of enemy submarines.
They, and others, have to stand the monotony of waiting—just waiting. But, as I told them, true patriotism lies in possessing the morale and physical stamina to perform faithfully and conscientiously the daily tasks so that in the sum total the weakest link is the strongest.
Your soldiers have shown conclusively that they are able stoically to endure homesickness, the glaring dryness, and scorching heat of the Tropics, and keep themselves fit and in excellent fighting trim. They are amongst the unsung heroes of this war, and everything possible to lighten their tedium and buoy up their morale should be done. That sacred duty is yours. The American Army is better fed than any army in the world. This does not mean, however, that they can live indefinitely on canned food without having the effects tell on them. These admittedly are the minor hardships of war, especially when we pause to consider that in many parts of the world, starvation prevails. But peculiarly enough, oftentimes it is not the major problems of existence which irk a man’s soul; it is rather the pin pricks, especially those incidental to a life of deadly sameness, with tempers frayed out and nervous systems torn to shreds.
The second impression of my trip is that America is not only the cauldron of democracy, but the incubator of democratic principles. At some of the places I visited, I met the crews of your air bases. There I found first generation Germans, Italians, Frenchmen, Poles, Czechoslovakians, and other nationals. Some of them had accents so thick that, if such a thing were possible, one could not cut them with a butter knife. But there they were—all Americans, all devoted to the same ideals, all working for the same cause and united by the same high purpose. No suspicion or rivalry existed between them. This increased my belief and faith that devotion to common principles eliminates differences in race, and that identity of ideals is the strongest possible solvent of racial dissimilarities.
I have reached your country, therefore, with no misgivings, but with my belief that the American people are building and carrying out a true pattern of the Nation conceived by your forebears, strengthened and confirmed. You, as epresentatives of the American people, have before you the glorious opportunity of carrying on the pioneer work of your ancestors, beyond the frontiers of physical and geographical limitations. Their brawn and thews braved undauntedly almost unbelievable hardships to open up a new continent. The modern world lauds them for their vigor and intensity of purpose, and for their accomplishment. Your have today before you the immeasurably greater opportunity to implement these same ideals and to help bring about the liberation of man’s spirit in every part of the world. In order to accomplish this purpose, we of the United Nations must now so prosecute the war that victory will be ours decisively and with all good speed.
Sun-tse, the well-known Chinese strategist said, “In order to win, know thyself and thy enemy.” We have also the saying: “It takes little effort to watch the other fellow carry the load.”
In spite of these teachings from a wise old past, which are shared by every nation, there has been a tendency to belittle the strength of our opponents.
When Japan thrust total war on China in 1937 military experts of every nation did not give China even a ghost of a chance. But when Japan failed to bring China cringing to her knees as she vaunted, the world took solace in this phenomenon by declaring that they had overestimated Japan’s military might.
Nevertheless, when the greedy flames of war inexorably spread in the Pacific following the perfidious attack on Pearl Harbor, Malaya, and lands in and around the China Sea, and one after another of these places fell, the pendulum swung to the other extreme. Doubts and fears lifted their ugly heads and the world began to think that the Japanese were Nietzschean supermen, superior in intellect and physical prowess, a belief which the Gobineaus and the Houston Chamberlains and their apt pupils, the Nazi racists, had propounded about the Nordics.
Again, now the prevailing opinion seems to consider the defeat of the Japanese as of relative unimportance and that Hitler is our first concern. This is not borne out by actual facts, nor is it to the interests of the United Nations as a whole to allow Japan to continue not only as a vital potential threat but as a waiting sword of Damocles, ready to descend at a moment’s notice.
Let us not forget that Japan in her occupied areas today has greater resources at her command than Germany.
Let us not forget that the longer Japan is left in undisputed possession of these resources, the stronger she must become. Each passing day takes more toll in lives of both Americans and Chinese.
Let us not forget that the Japanese are an intransigent people.
Let us not forget that during the first 4 1/2 years of total aggression China has borne Japan’s sadistic fury unaided and alone.
The victories won by the United Sates Navy at Midway and the Coral Sea are doubtless steps in the right direction—they are merely steps in the right direction—for the magnificent fight that was waged at Guadalcanal during the past 6 months attests to the fact that the defeat of the forces of evil though long and arduous will finally come to pass. For have we not on the side of righteousness and justice staunch allies in Great Britain, Russia, and other brave and indomitable peoples? Meanwhile the peril of the Japanese juggernaut remains. Japanese military might must be decimated as a fighting force before its threat to civilization is removed.
When the Seventy-seventh Congress declared war against Japan, Germany, and Italy, Congress for the moment had done its work. It now remains for you, the present Representatives of the American people, to point the way to win the war, to help construct a world in which all peoples may henceforth live in harmony and peace.
May I not hope that it is the resolve of Congress to devote itself to the creation of the post-war world? To dedicate itself to the preparation for the brighter future that a stricken world so eagerly awaits?
We of this generation who are privileged to help make a better world for ourselves and for posterity should remember that, while we must not be visionary, we must have vision so that peace should not be punitive in spirit and should not be provincial or nationalistic or even continental in concept, but universal in scope and humanitarian in action, for modern science has so annihilated distance that what affects one people must of necessity affect all other peoples.
The term “hands and feet” is often used in China to signify the relationship between brothers. Since international interdependence is now so universally recognized, can we not also say that all nations should become members of one corporate body?
The 160 years of traditional friendship between our two great peoples, China and America,which has never been marred by misunderstandings, is unsurpassed in the annals of the world.
I can also assure you that China is eager and ready to cooperate with you and other peoples to lay a true and lasting foundation for a sane and progressive world society which would make it impossible for any arrogant or predatory neighbor to plunge future generations into another orgy of blood. In the past China has not computed the cost to her manpower in her fight against aggression, although she well realized that manpower is the real wealth of a nation and it takes generations to grow it. She has been soberly conscious of her responsibilities and has not concerned herself with privileges and gains which she might have obtained through compromise of principles. Nor will she demean herself and all she holds dear to the practice of the market place.
We in China, like you, want a better world, not for ourselves alone, but for all mankind, and we must have it. It is not enough, however, to proclaim our ideals or even to be convinced that we have them. In order to preserve, uphold, and maintain them, there are times when we should throw all we cherish into our effort to fulfill these ideals even at the risk of failure.
The teachings drwn from our late leader, Dr. Sun Yat-sen, have given our people the fortitude to carry on. From 5 1/2 years of experience we in China are convinced that it is the better part of wisdom not to accept failure ignominiously, but to risk it gloriously. We shall have faith that, at the writing of peace, American and our other gallant allies will not be obtunded by the mirage of contingent reasons of expediency.
Man’s mettle is tested both in adversity and in success. Twice is this true of the soul of a nation.
At this point, a committee appointed by the U.S. Government entered, and the following additional address was made.
The VICE PRESIDENT. Senators, distinguished guests, Mme. Chiang Kai-shek, wife of the Generalissimo of the armies of China, will now address you.
Mr. President, Members of the Senate of the United States, ladies and gentlemen, I am overwhelmed by the warmth and spontaneity of the welcome of the American people, of whom you are the representatives. I did not know that I was to speak to you today at the Senate except to say, “How do you do? I am so very glad to see you,” and to bring the greetings to my people
to the people of America. However, just before coming here, the Vice President told me that he would like to have me say a few words to you.
I am not a very good extemporaneous speaker; in fact, I am no speaker at all; but I am not so very much discouraged, because a few days ago I was at Hyde Park, and went to the President’s library. Something I saw there encouraged me, and made me feel that perhaps you will not expect overmuch of me in speaking to you extemporaneously. What do you think I saw there? I saw
many things. But the one thing which interested me most of all was that in a glass case there was the first draft of tone of the President’s speeches, a second draft, and on and on up to the sixth draft. Yesterday I happened to mention this fact to the President, and told him that I was extremely glad that he had to write so many drafts when he is such a well-known and acknowledgedly fine speaker. His reply to me was that sometimes he writes 12 drafts of a speech. So, my remarks here today, being extemporaneous, I am sure you will make allowances for me.
The traditional friendship between your country and mine has a history of 160 years. I feel, and I believe that I am now the only one who feels this way, that there are a great many similarities between your people and mine, and that these similarities are the basis of our friendship.
I should like to tell you a little story which will illustrate this belief. When General Doolittle and his men went to bomb Tokyo, on their return some of your boys had to bail out in the interior of China. One of them later told me that he had to mail out of his ship. And that when he landed on Chinese soil and saw the populace running toward him, he just waved his arm and shouted the only Chinese word he knew, “Mei-kuo, Mei-kuo,” which means “America,” [Applause.] Literally translated from the Chinese it means “Beautiful country.” This boy said that our people laughed and almost hugged him, and greeted him like a long lost brother. He further told me that the thought that he had come home when he saw our people; and that was the first time he had ever been to China. [Applause.]
I came to your country as a little girl. I know your people. I have lived with them. I spent the formative years of my life amongst your people. I speak your language, not only the language of your hearts, but also your tongue. So coming here today I feel that I am also coming home. [Applause.]
I believe, however, that it is not only I who am coming home; I feel that if the Chinese people could speak to you in your own tongue, or if you could understand our tongue, they would tell you that basically and fundamentally we are fighting for the same cause [great applause]; that we have identity of ideals’ that the “four freedoms,” which your President proclaimed to the world, resound throughout our vast land as the gong of freedom, the gong of freedom of the United Nations, and the death knell of the aggressors. [Applause.]
I assure you that our people are willing and eager to cooperate with you in the realization of these ideals, because we want to see to it that they do not echo as empty phrases, but become realities for ourselves, for your children, for our children’s children, and for all mankind. [Applause.]
How are we going to realize these ideals? I think I shall tell you a little story which just came to my mind. As you know, China is a very old nation. We have a history of 5,000 years. When we were obliged to evacuate Hankow and go into the hinterland to carry on and continue our resistance against aggression, the Generalissimo and I passed one of our fronts, the Changsha front. One day we went in to the Heng-yang Mountains, where there are traces of a famous pavilion called “Rub-the-mirror” pavilion, which perhaps interest you to hear the story of that pavilion.
Two thousand years ago near that spot was an old Buddhist temple. One of the young monks went there , and all day long he sat cross-legged, with his hands clasped before him in and attitude of prayer, and murmured “Amita-Buddha! Amita-Buddha! Amita-Buddha!” He murmured and chanted day after day, because he hoped that he would acquire grace.
The Father Prior of that temple took a piece of brick and rubbed it against a stone hour after hour, day after day, and week after week. The little acolyte, being very young, sometimes cast his eyes around to see what the old Father Prior was doing. The old Father Prior just kept on this work of rubbing the brick against the stone. So one day the young acolyte said to him, “Father Prior, what are you doing day after day rubbing this brick of stone?” The Father Prior replied, “I am trying to make a mirror out of this brick.” The young acolyte said, “But it is impossible to make a mirror out of a brick, Father Prior.” “Yes,” said the Father Prior, “and it is just as impossible for you to acquire grace by doing nothing except murmur ‘Amita-Buddha’ all day long, day in and day out.” [Applause.]
So my friends, I feel that it is necessary for us not only to have ideals and to proclaim that we have them, it is necessary that we act to implement them. [Applause.] And so to you, gentlemen of the Senate, and to you ladies and gentleman in the galleries, I say that without the active help of all of us, our leaders cannot implement these ideals. It’s up to you and to me to take to heart the lesson of “Rub-the-Mirror” pavilion.
I thank you.
Normally referred to as Madame Chiang Kai-shek in the west, she was the daughter of a Chinese Methodist missionary and was a Methodist herself. Indeed, her family had opposed her marriage to Chiang Kai-shek on the basis that he was a married Buddhist, and he provided proof of his divorce and conversion to Christianity prior to the marriage. In fact, his marital history was problematic as he had two prior wives and a concubine, the latter not unusual in China at the time, prior to marrying Soong Mei-link.
The groundbreaking for the nuclear production facilities at Oak Ridge, Tennessee took place.
Today In Wyoming's History: February 18: 1943 Converse County woman collected furs to be used for vests for merchant marines. Attribution: Wyoming State Historical Society
Friday, February 17, 2023
Today In Wyoming's History: Buckle your seatbelts Laramie, it's going to be a bumpy ride. The Coldest Case In Laramie.
Today In Wyoming's History: Buckle your seatbelts Laramie, it's going to be a ...:
Buckle your seatbelts Laramie, it's going to be a bumpy ride. The Coldest Case In Laramie.
Laramie, Spring 1986.
Kim Barker, a journalist who is best known for her book on Afghanistan, Whiskey Tango Foxtrot, is coming out with a podcast on a 1985 unsolved murder in Laramie. Moreover, Barker was apparently a high school student at the time.
And she doesn't like the city of her alma mater at all. Of it, in the promotions for this podcast, she's stated:
"I've always remembered it as a mean town. Uncommonly mean. A place of jagged edges and cold people. Where the wind blew so hard it actually whipped pebbles at you."
Wow.
And there's more:
I don't like crime books, but oddly I do like some crime/mystery podcasts. I'm not sure why the difference, and as I'm a Wyomingite and a former resident of Laramie, I'll listen to the podcast.
But frankly, I’m already jaded, and it's due to statements like this:
It was an emblem of her time in Laramie, a town that stood out as the meanest place she’d ever lived in.
Really, you've been to Afghanistan, and Laramie is the meanest place you've lived in?
Hmmm. . . . This is, shall we say, uncommonly crappy. And frankly, this discredits this writer.
I've lived in Laramie twice.
All together, I guess, I've lived in Casper, Laramie, and Lawton (Ft. Sill) Oklahoma. I've been to nearly every town and city in Wyoming, and I've ranged as far as Port Arthur, Texas to Central Alaska, Seoul, South Korea to Montreal.
The author may recall it that way, but if she does, it says more about her life at the time than Laramie.
And indeed, I suspect that's it.
If you listen to the trailer, you hear a string. . . dare I say it, of teenage girl complaints, preserved for decades, probably because she exited the state soon after high school, like so many Wyomingites do. I can't verify that, as her biography is hard to find. Her biography on her website starts with her being a reporter, as if she was born into the South East Asian news bureau she first worked for. A little digging brings up a source from Central Asia, which her reporting is associated with, and it notes that its very difficult to find information on her. It does say, however, that she grew up in Billings, Montana and grew up with her father. Nothing seems to be known about her mother. She's a graduate of Norwestern University, which supports that she probably graduated from high school in Laramie and then took off, never to look back. How long did she live there is an open question, and what brought her father there is another. Having said all of that, teenage girls being relocated isn't something they're generally keen on, and Billings is a bigger city than Laramie. I have yet to meet anyone who didn't like Billings.
Now, I didn't go to high school in Laramie, but I was in Laramie at the time that Barker was, and these events occurred. 1985 is apparently the critical date, and I was at UW at the time. I very vaguely recall this event occurring, and didn't at first. I vaguely recall one of the things about Laramie that Barker mentions in her introduction, which was the male athlete branding. What I recall is that there was a local scandal regarding that, and it certainly wasn't approved by anyone.
A lot of her miscellaneous complaints, however, are really petty and any high school anywhere in the United States, save perhaps for private ones, might be able to have similar stories said about it. Boys being sent out to fight if they engaged in fighting within the school wasn't that uncommon in the 80s. I don't recall it happening at my high school, outside of the C Club Fights, but I do recall it from junior high, in the 1970s, and experienced it myself. I don't regard it as an act of barbarism, although I woudln't approve of it. As noted, I recall this branding story, which was a scandal and not approved of, but today an equally appalling thing goes on all over the United States with the tattooing of children for various reasons, including minors, in spite of its illegality. Certainly college sports teams feature this frequently, and I'd wager many high school athletes experience a similar example of tribalism.
What's really upsetting, however, is the assertion that Laramie was, and is, "mean".
When I went to Laramie in 1983 for the first time, I didn't look forward to it. I found the town alien at first and strange. I probably would have found any place I went to under those circumstances to be like that. I was from Central Wyoming and had lived there my entire life, save for a short stint at Ft. Sill, Oklahoma. But by the time I graduated in 1986, I had acclimated to it and there were parts of living in Albany County I really liked. I was back down there a year later, this time not dreading it, and as a graduate student I was pretty comfortable in the town.
I also wasn't a teenager being dislocated from the place I grew up in.
In my last couple of years of undergraduate studies, and in all of my graduate years, I was pretty comfortable with the city. I knew the places and things there, and had friends there. In the summers, and I spent a couple there, it was a really nice place in particular to live.
And let's be honest. Just as the land of high school angst might seem awful, the land you are in when you are young usually isn't.
If I had any complaints, at that time, it was about housing and prices. Housing was always a crisis for a student, and a lot of the places I lived were not very nice. Some were pretty bad. And prices locally were really high, it seemed to us. Local merchants complained about students shopping in Ft. Collins, but we did that as it was cheaper than shopping in Laramie.
The weather in Laramie is another thing. It's 7,000 feet high, in the Rockies, and therefore it can be cold and snowy. The highway closes a lot. In the early 1980s, it was really cold and snowy, with temperatures down below 0 quite regular. Interestingly, by the late 1980s this was less the case. And it does have wind, but ten everyplace from El Paso to the Arctic Circle is pretty windy. Wyoming weather can be a trial for some people, particularly those who are not from here.
Which gets, I guess, to this. A Colorado colleague notes that you have to be tougher just to live in the state. You do. Being from here makes you that way. As the line in the film Wind River puts it, in an exchange between the characters:
Jane Banner: Shouldn't we wait for back up?
Ben: This isn't the land of waiting for back up. This is the land of you're on your own.
And that can be true. If you aren't at least somewhat self-reliant, this may not be the place for you.
The further you get away from Laramie, the more this can be true. Laramie is the most "liberal" city in regular Wyoming, surpassed in that regard only by Jackson. Albany County nearly always sends at least one Democrat to the legislature. If there's left wing social legislation pending, there's a good chance it comes out of Albany County. Albany County is the only county in the state, outside of Teton, where all the things that drive the social right nuts are openly exhibited, due to the University of Wyoming. In real terms, about 1/3d of the city's population are students at any one time, and a lot of those who are not students are employed by the University of Wyoming.
When I graduated from law school, I noted that a lot of students who passed through the College of Law stayed there if they could. That says something about the town. Several good friends of mine over the years who are lawyers stayed there, including ones that had come there from other Wyoming locations. Even a few of my non law school friends worked and lived there for a time, although none of them do any longer.
And in the years since I lived there the influence of Ft. Collins has come in, with downtown establishments mimicking those that are fifty miles to the south. I've known people who retired and left the town, but I also have known people who retired to it.
It's not mean.
But the whole world is mean to some teenagers, with their limited experience and exaggerated sensibilities. Some people keep that perception for the rest of their lives.
Blog Mirror: Gila National Forest moves forward with lethal removal of feral cattle from Gila Wilderness
Gila National Forest moves forward with lethal removal of feral cattle from Gila Wilderness
Release Date: Feb 16, 2023
Area Closure begins Feb. 20, 2023
The Gila National Forest has issued a decision to remove feral cattle within the boundaries of the Gila Wilderness using lethal methods. These feral cattle are not domesticated animals and pose a significant threat to public safety and natural resources. A closure order covering the area of operations will go into effect on Monday, Feb. 20, and aerial shooting will commence from Thursday, Feb. 23 through Sunday, Feb. 26. For public safety, Gila National Forest officials are asking people to avoid the closure area while the order is in effect.
“This has been a difficult decision, but the lethal removal of feral cattle from the Gila Wilderness is necessary to protect public safety, threatened and endangered species habitats, water quality, and the natural character of the Gila Wilderness,” said Camille Howes, Gila National Forest Supervisor. “The feral cattle in the Gila Wilderness have been aggressive towards wilderness visitors, graze year-round, and trample stream banks and springs, causing erosion and sedimentation. This action will help restore the wilderness character of the Gila Wilderness enjoyed by visitors from across the country.”
The Gila National Forest is working with USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Wildlife Services to remove feral cattle from within the boundaries of the Gila Wilderness. Due to the terrain, their numbers are challenging to determine but the best estimate is that there are approximately 150 head of cattle. The most efficient and humane way to deal with this issue is with the responsible lethal removal of the feral cattle.
Some cattle growers have expressed concern that branded cattle could have strayed into the Gila Wilderness over the past year, due to fences and water gaps that were damaged during an unusually strong monsoon season. The Forest Service is committed to continued efforts toward collaborative solutions and will continue to coordinate with permittees in their efforts to locate, gather, and remove their branded cattle from areas where they are not authorized.
All dispatched cattle will be left onsite to naturally decompose. Forest Service staff will ensure no carcasses are adjacent to or in any waterbody or spring, designated hiking trail, or known culturally sensitive area. A wilderness minimum requirements decision guide has been completed and approved before using any methods otherwise prohibited under the Wilderness Act.
For additional information, visit the Gila National Forest website or contact Maribeth Pecotte at (575) 388-8211.
They should just allow them to be hunted.
Wednesday, February 17, 1943. Joe DiMaggio joins the Army.
Hitler flew to Erich Von Manstein's headquarters in Zaporizhia intending to dismiss him as Von Manstein had suggested that he be appointed overall chief of staff. While there, he became engrossed with the situation facing Army Group South and did not do so, but, after two days, agreed to allow Manstein to take troops from Army Group A for an offensive aimed at Kharkov.
The Afrika Korps won the Tunisian battle of Sidi Bou Zid.
Joe DiMaggio enlisted in the U.S. Army. During his wartime service, he played baseball for the Seventh Air Force. A request for a combat assignment would be refused.
Saturday, February 17, 1923. Indianization
The Country Gentleman ran a J. F. Kernan illustration depicting, I guess, an example of homey music. I have to wonder what the Scrapbook of Fakery related.
The Saturday Evening Post had a Cole Philliips illustration.
The British government, under increasing pressure from Indian independence movements, announced its Eight Unit Scheme of Indianiszation of the Indian Army, under which those units were to be moved towards being under the command of King's Commissioned Indian Officers.
The British Indian Army is a really confusing topic. It was very large, under British control, but administered fairly separately from the regular British Army. This could lead to conflicts. For example, during World War One the eastern part of the Middle East was a zone for the Indian Army, which pursued a somewhat different goal from the British Army out of Cairo.
Today In Wyoming's History: February 17: The Legislature was also set to come home, something that every citizen holds their breath for . . .
1923 Seventeenth state legislature adjourns.
Wyoming Catholic Cowboys - raw and real: Shearing Sheep
Wyoming Catholic Cowboys - raw and real: Shearing Sheep: Ranching sheep runs deep within the Neiber decedents. Mom and Dad's place is on part of my great-great grandfather Neiber's homestea...
Thursday, February 16, 2023
The Political Left, having recently rediscovered democracy, now rediscover's shame. A blog entry by Robert Reich.
Marjory Taylor Greene, left, Howler Monkey's right (By Steve from washington, dc, usa - howler monkees doing their thing, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3963947). One of these examples is shameful, and it ain't the one on the right.
This is an interesting and in my view largely correct, insightful blog entry by Robert Reich:
It also comes, I'd note, on the same day that a Wyoming Republic commentator made what are somewhat similar comments, calling a member of the GOP Central Committee a hypocrite in no uncertain, and indeed highly crude, terms, although if true, they'd be deserving ones.
And hence, I guess, my comment.
While I think that what Reich is complaining about is in fact shameful, which starts with Marjorie Taylor Greene acting like a Howler Monkey during the State of the Union Address, how the crap can anyone on the hardcore political left sincerely make this claim? The hard left in the country has spent the last 50 years totally dismantling any concept of shame in absolutely everything whatsoever.
And that's a lot of the reason why we are exactly where we are.
Do we have no shame?
Of course not. We were told that nothing is shameful.
And indeed, this tracks well into the purpose of this blog, looking at then. . .and now. And, moreover, we often fail to note this trend, i.e., descent, in literature, as we assume that everyone in the past was living in the sewer or wanted to be like us, in the sewer.
That's truly not how it was.
I'll admit that I am torn in how to present this post. When I started drafting it, I found I went into detail on where shame has exited. I hadn't intended in the first place that the thread be a catalog of things formerly shameful, and now no longer shameful. And in looking at it, I don't think that's the correct approach. Maybe I'll expand on individual items later.
But what I will note, is there are a lot of things that were once regarded as highly shameful, in the arena of personal conduct, that no longer are, and in some instances, left-wing social engineers have gone so far as to impose shame on anyone commenting on them, or not engaging in them. Shame hasn't really left in that sense, it's been transferred.
Taking what is a short arch of history, but a long one in terms of individual lives, since World War Two, and really, since the late 1960s, a massive effort has been expended on this by the left. Even as late as the early 1980s, for instance, many things that are now not shameful, were.
Sex outside of marriage, particularly for women (or girls) was shameful.1 Having a baby out of wedlock was shameful.2 Homosexuality was shameful.3 Men dressing in women's clothes or affecting a female appearance was shameful. Prostitution was shameful4 . Avarice was shame, including avarice in these areas.5
Even into the 1970s, being divorced conveyed an element of shame.6 Living with the opposite gender and not being married was shameful.
Well beyond that, having a child and not supporting the child economically, even to the point of your own well-being being impaired, was shameful.
While it was definitely changing during the 60s, putting yourself on display, i.e., being an "exhibitionist" was shameful.
Pornography, even after Playboy, and its consumption, was shameful.
All this started getting ripped down in the late 1940s, it accelerated in the 60s and 70s, and it's gone on to really stretch the balloon in our present age. The results have quite frankly been a disastrous assault on nature.
Now, I don't wish to suggest that every conveyance of shame was warranted or a good thing. There were some really bad results. The high abortion rates of the 70s and 80s were partially due to it being simply too shameful in many people's minds to bear a child out of wedlock, with the shame being imposed both on the young woman, but also on her family. That this has ended is a good thing.
But the Me Generation's deep dive into themselves, and "if it feels good, do it", as the ethos, has been hugely destructive. The KIA, MIA, and WIA of the Sexual Revolution has caused a limping society. The focus on "me" lead to a focus on "mine", destroying community and boosting greed.
And in no small part, it's lead to where we are in things like Reich has complained about, and not just in this post. It's all sort of the same package. If the whole world is about me, me, me, and my needs, needs, needs, I really don't need to care what anyone else thinks or even reality. The difference, therefore, between Marjorie Taylor Greene howling for attention and a transgender advocates demanding that a man be viewed as a woman, as he wants to be, are really thin. Likewise, the difference between a AoC and Elon Mus isn't all that much.
Also, really thin is the difference between individualized self-expression, including pantless individualized self-expression, and Harvey Weinstein pulling the latter off of somebody else. It all just goes together. In a way that they likely couldn't recognize, Hugh Hefner, Harvey Weinstein, Marjorie Taylor Greene, and Lauren Boebert are all fellow travelers on the same destructive cultural bus.
Reich cites to shame being a necessary social engine, and it is. But you can't partially restore shame, really, as it has to be based on a larger something. You can't just say "bad", and it's bad, because it's bad. Bad things are bad, but due to something else making them bad.
We've been seeing a lot of this recently, interestingly, and some of that's a good sign. The Me Too movement is an effort to restore shame where it had once been. At least up into the 50s, if not beyond, men who expected women to put out were called "wolves", and to be tagged that was shameful. While the name was no longer around by the late 70s, early 80s, the same conduct was still not admired at that time, but Hefner and company were ripping it down, and in deed, raping it down, basically. Hollywood, where actress self prostitution was pretty common all along, was interestingly the first to really say "enough", on an individual level, and try to reverse it.
But you really have to restore the metaphysical basis for why that's wrong, to really get anywhere.
Young people, left without the guide rails of the culture that was torn down, have partially restored it as well, although groping for a basis for it remains. And in some odd ways, as we recently addressed, even the transgender movement, deep down, is an effort to reach out to get back to a less material, less perverted, time.
So here we now are. Having become comfortable with a Quasi Judaical Dictatorship that's suddenly betrayed autocracy and restored democracy, the left finds itself now championing what it had become comfortable omitting, and here at last, its rediscovered, shame.
So is this a "everything was better in the past" post? No it isn't.
But shame exist for a reason, and excising it wholly was a mistake.
Footnotes.
1. People will instantly claim that there was a double standard, and to some degree that was true, but not to the degree that people commonly imagine. It is true that it's becoming public knowledge that a girl had sex outside of marriage would tarnish, and often severely, her reputation, and if it was a case of multiple men, it would put her in a category that would be difficult to ever get out of, but men who were multiple standard violators likewise got tagged with a permanent, indeed lifelong, reputation they couldn't get out of either. They had greater leeway than women, but not absolute leeway.
2. As noted in later in the thread, this probably partially lead to the high abortion rates of the 70s and 80s. It also, however, lead to a lot of children being given up for adoption in a process in which the pregnant girl often absented herself, or her family absented her, for a period of time so that the pregnancy would not be discovered. I know at least one person who experienced, this, later going on to a very respected adult life and the pregnancy not being discovered until after she had died. As there was a high demand for healthy infants to adopt, and frankly white healthy infants (and there still is), this often worked out well for the adopted as well. Again, I personally know one such person whose mother was a college student when she became pregnant and the father never knew.
Indeed, that latter item is surprisingly common. You'd think the distressed young woman would have always told the father, but often, they didn't. This is because they didn't want, quite often, to be faced with the choice of marrying the individual, which also often occurred. Such marriages usually happened quickly before the woman "showed". In cases in which the women were in their 20s, they often just didn't want to be married to the man in the end, and for teens, their families didn't want to put them in that spot, quite often. And of course, date rape wasn't really a concept at the time, and therefore in cases in which that resulted in pregnancy, not wanting to marry the man made sense.
3. This tended to have an arresting influence on open displays of homosexuality, and it also led to quite a few homosexuals simply suppressing it individually, or even refusing to acknowledge it in any sense.
4. It still mostly is, of course, but there are ongoing efforts to break this down.
The degree to which prostitution is shameful, although not really being a prostitute, tends to change by era. In rough and ready frontier areas, the institution tends to exist pretty openly, and it also tended to very much be associated with certain armies, sometimes by compulsion. That doesn't necessarily mean that the individual shame associated with it evaporates, but rather the tolerance of it is pretty open. In other eras, there's very low tolerance for it.
There tends to be a myth that prostitutes were the founding women in a lot of regions of the frontier, which is just flatly false. I've heard this myth associated with one local, now long deceased, historian, but as I've never read his work, and for acquired bias reasons I'm unlikely to, I don't know if that's really true. Be that as it may, the most typical fate for prostitutes was early death, due to the lack of protection from disease.
5. But not just in these areas. Being "greedy" has been something that's always been around, but which wasn't tolerated in the way it now is until after the Reagan Administration came in.
Americans have always had a very high tolerance for the accumulation of wealth, but not to the present level. Simply being wealthy is not a sign of avarice, but having wealth was at one time very much associated with a social expectation of charity. Quite a few wealthy people still exhibit that trait today.
"I pay my taxes", while something nobody likes doing, was actually something the very wealthy used in their self-defense at one time, as the upper tax rate was extremely high.
6. Fault, of course, had to be demonstrated for divorce up until nearly everyplace, or maybe everyplace, adopted "no-fault divorce".
Divorce is really regarded as being routine today, but even into the 1970s it was a mark against a person.
Tuesday, February 16, 1943. Mildred Harnack executed. Theresienstadt temporairly spared. Domenikon not spared. Norwegian paratroopers drop. Stalin asks for a "second front".
Himmler ordered a cessation of deportations of elderly Jews from the Theresienstadt ghetto, resulting in a complete sessaion of deportations of all Jews from there for six months. Oddly, the ghetto had been designated as a location where elderly Jews could live out tehir lives, albeit not comfortably, resulting in the order, but a peson has to wonder to what extent the order simply wasn't practical, given the massive strain hte war had put on the German railways system, which was being compounded by German deportations.
Italian soldiers commenced reprisal murders of Greek civilians at Domenikon which would result in 175 Greek men being killed.
Norwegian paratroopers were dropped by the British at Skrykenvann in preparation for a raid on the hydro plant at Vemork, targeted at heavy water production.
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East German stamp in honor of the Harnacs.
Mildred Harnack, née Fish, a 41-year-old Milwaukee, Wisconsin native, was executed by guillotine at Germany's Plötzensee Prison on orders of Adolph Hitler.
Harnack was an academic who married Arvid Harnack, a German academic. The couple moved to Arvid's native land, and in the 1930s the couple, if not outright Communists, were at least serious fellow travelers, something not that unusual for academics at the time. While this was the case, they nonetheless were members of the American Church in Berlin, a Protestant church which Americans attended prior to the war.
The Harnacks were members of the Red Orchestra, which lead to her arrest and execution.
The story of her death is largely unknown in the US and was in fact suppressed by the US government due to their Communist sympathies. The U.S. Army's Counterintelligence Corps (CIC) concluded her execution "justified", which legally it likely was, given that the sentence for treason was death everywhere at the time. That doesn't make her effort any less noble, of course.
Josepah Stalin, who was fighting a one front, if gigantic, war wrote to Franklin Roosevelt, reiterating the need for a "second front". The United States was, of course already engaged in a second front in North Africa, a third front in the Pacific, and a basically a fourth front on the Atlantic, none of which involved the Soviets.
The Western Allies, throughout the war, loyally plade this sharade with Stalin, who was, of course, a former German ally, none of which is to belittle the giant Soviet war effort, but which is also not to ignore that the effort was being heavily supplied by the Western Allies. Soviet propoganda, particularly in the USSR itslef, was so effective on thsi score, hoewver, that unfortunately modern Russians still believe it.
Former slave George Washington Buckner, and later U.S. Minister to Liberia (1913 to 1915) died in Indiana at age 87. He was also a physician.
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