Articles of Agreement made at Fort Bridger, in Utah Territory, this second day of July, A. D. one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, by and between the United States of America, represented by its Commissioners, and the Shoshone nation of Indians, represented by its Chiefs and Principal Men And Warriors of the Eastern Bands, as follows:ARTICLE 1.
Friendly and amically relations are hereby re-established between the bands of the Shoshonee nation, parties hereto, and the United States; and it is declared that a firm and perpetual peace shall be henceforth maintained between the Shoshonee nation and the United States.ARTICLE 2.
The several routes of travel through the Shoshonee country, now or hereafter used by white men, shall be and remain forever free and safe for the use of the government of the United States, and of all emigrants and travellers under its authority and Protection, without molestation or injury from any of the people of the said nation. And if depredations should at any time be committed by bad men of their nation, the offenders shall be immediately seized and delivered up to the proper officers of the United States, to be punished as their offences shall deserve; and the safety of all travellers passing peaceably over said routes is hereby guaranteed by said nation. Military agricultural settlements and military posts may be established by the President of the United States along said routes; ferries may be maintained over the rivers wherever they may be required; and houses erected and settlements formed at such points as may be necessary for the comfort and convenience of travellers.ARTICLE 3.
The telegraph and overland stage lines having been established and operated through a part of the Shoshonee country, it is expressly agreed that the same may be continued without hindrance, molestation, or injury from the people of said nation; and that their property, and the lives of passengers in the stages, and of the employes of the respective companies, shall be protected by them.
And further, it being understood that provision has been made by the Government of the United States for the construction of a railway from the plains west to the Pacific ocean, it is stipulated by said nation that said railway, or its branches, may be located, constructed, and operated, without molestation from them, through any portion of the country claimed by them.ARTICLE 4.
It is understood the boundaries of the Shoshonee country, as defined and described by said nation, is as follows: On the north, by the mountains on the north side of the valley of Shoshonee or Snake River; on the east, by the Wind River mountains, Peenahpah river, the north fork of Platte or Koo-chin-agah, and the north Park or Buffalo House; and on the south, by Yampah river and the Uintah mountains. The western boundary is left undefined, there being no Shoshonees from that district of country present; but the bands now present claim that their own country is bounded on the west by Salt Lake.ARTICLE 5.
The United States being aware of the inconvenience resulting to the Indians in consequence of the driving away and destruction of game along the routes travelled by whites, and by the formation of agricultural and mining settlements, are willing to fairly compensate them for the same; therefore, and in consideration of the preceding stipulations, the United States promise and agree to pay to the bands of the Shoshonee nation, parties hereto, annually for the term of twenty years, the sum of ten thousand dollars, in such articles as the President of the United States may deem suitable to their wants and condition, either as hunters or herdsmen. And the said bands of the Shoshonee nation hereby acknowledge the reception of the said stipulated annuities, as a full compensation and equivalent for the loss of game, and the rights and privileges hereby conceded.ARTICLE 6.
The said bands hereby acknowledge that they have received from said Commissioners provisions and clothing amounting to six thousand dollars, as presents, at the conclusion of this treaty.ARTICLE 7.
Nothing herein contained shall be construed or taken to admit any other or greater title or interest in the lands embraced within the territories described in said Treaty with said tribes or bands of Indians than existed in them upon the acquisition of said territories from Mexico by the laws thereof.Done at Fort Bridger the day and year above written.James Duane Doty,Luther Mann, jr.,Commissioners.Washakee, his x mark.Wanapitz, his x mark.Toopsa+owet, his x mark.Pantoshiga, his x mark.Ninabitzee, his x mark.Narkawk, his x mark.Taboonshea, his x mark.Weerango, his x mark.Tootsahp, his x mark.Weeahyukee, his x mark.Bazile, his x mark.In the presence of—Jack Robertson, interpreter.Samuel Dean.
Wednesday, July 2, 2014
The Big Speech: Ft. Bridger Treaty of 1863.
1863 Chief Waskakie singed the Ft. Bridger Treaty of 1863, which provided:
Wyoming Fact and Fiction: What, Automobiles in Yellowstone!
Wyoming Fact and Fiction: What, Automobiles in Yellowstone!
Interesting entry on this topic. We've blogged about the amazing change in rural transportation in the early 20th Century ourselves, but not in this context..I suspect that many people can't imagine the real differences in early auto transportation as compared to the current era, and the extent to which that made things which can seem fairly easy and routine now, extraordinary and difficult.
Interesting entry on this topic. We've blogged about the amazing change in rural transportation in the early 20th Century ourselves, but not in this context..I suspect that many people can't imagine the real differences in early auto transportation as compared to the current era, and the extent to which that made things which can seem fairly easy and routine now, extraordinary and difficult.
Thursday, July 2, 1914. The military recommendation.
The German military recommends to Kaiser Wilhelm II that Austro Hungaria attack Serbia as soon as possible, as Germany could mobilize quicker than Russia or France.
It is announced that Kaiser Wilhelm will not attend Ferdinand's funeral. He had planned to go and use the occasion as an informal peace conference, but Austro Hungaria had disinvited much foreign presence.
Bosnia and Herzegovina were placed under martial law.
Last edition:
Wednesday, July 1, 1914. Fighting assurances.
Labels: 1910s, 1914, Aircraft, Austro Hungaria, Germany, July Crisis, Royal Navy, Serbia, U.S. Navy, World War One
Tuesday, July 1, 2014
Wednesday, July 1, 1914. Fighting assurances.
Germany assured Austro Hungaria that it would support it in the event of war with Serbia.
Russian officials met and advised Serbian ones in Belgrade.
The Royal Naval Air Service was established.
The U.S. Navy established the Office of Naval Aeronautics.
Last edition:
Tuesday, June 30, 1914. Fighting in Morocco, questions in Europe.
Labels: 1910s, 1914, Alberta, Austro Hungaria, boats and ships, Canada, Diplomacy, France, French Army, Germany, Greek Navy, Illinois, Morocco, panoramic, Serbia, World War One, Zaian War
Monday, June 30, 2014
Making it personal: Lex Anteinternet: Es ist nichts, Es ist nichts...
Lex Anteinternet: Es ist nichts, Es ist nichts...: Society of the Military Horse • View topic - Today in the history of mounted warfare And so it began. Tuberculitic Gavrilo Princip, ...
June 28, 1914, was a Sunday.
So, putting a personal spin on this, if you subtracted whole to the year 1914, and lived in that century, how would this news have realistically impacted you? That is, if your life played out in a reasonably predictable manner, with hindsight. That's not always an easy thing to do, as things have changed very much.
But, if you lived a century ago, would this have amounted to much more than sad news to you? When would you have even learned of it? I'm posting this on June 30, and I'd guess I would have known by Monday June 29, 1914, but I certainly wouldn't have thought the world on the verge of one of the great wars of human history, on that following Tuesday.
Tragedy of all types carried on, the August 1, 1914 killing of French Canadian Reservist Antoine Nottar by a Sergeant of the 5th Highlanders.
Tuesday, June 30, 1914. Fighting in Morocco, questions in Europe.
French troops and Zayanes fought a major battle in Morocco, with the French losing 17 dead and 77 wounded and the Zayanes 140 dead.
While the French were fighting in Morocco, German Undersecretary of State Arthur Zimmermann, who would later be associated with a series of really bad ideas, addressed requests by Austro-Hungaria and Germany for investigation into the Archduke's assassination which were rejected by Serbia.
The U.S. sold the USS Mississippi and USS Idaho to Greece.
Veteran Alberta was established.
Last edition:
Monday, June 29, 1914. Turmoil in Sarajevo.
Labels: 1910s, 1914, Austro Hungaria, Canada, Grigori Rasputin, Ontario, Russia, Serbia, Siberia, World War One
Sunday, June 29, 2014
Monday, June 29, 1914. Turmoil in Sarajevo.
Anti-Serb riots broke out in Sarajevo. A state of siege was declared. Gavrilo Princip and Nedeljko Čabrinović to assassinate the Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Most of the conspirators were arrested on this day. Woodrow Wilson cabled his condolence to the Austro-Hungarian imperial household. The Austro-Hungarian government debated how to respond to the assassination.
Khioniya Guseva attempted and failed to assassinate Grigori Rasputin.
The Conservatives won the elections in Ontario.
Last prior edition:
Sunday, June 28, 1914. The beginning of the modern world.
Saturday, June 28, 2014
Es ist nichts, Es ist nichts...
Society of the Military Horse • View topic - Today in the history of mounted warfare
And so it began.
Tuberculitic Gavrilo Princip, on this day, assassinated Archduke Ferdinand of Austria and his wife lighting the fire that would kill millions in the next four years.
And so it began.
Tuberculitic Gavrilo Princip, on this day, assassinated Archduke Ferdinand of Austria and his wife lighting the fire that would kill millions in the next four years.
Sunday, June 28, 1914. The beginning of the modern world.
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The seal of the Black Hand.
On this day, in 1914, the modern world, for good or ill, was ushered in at the muzzle end of Gavrilo Princept's M1910 Belgian Automatic. Princept was acting as a member of the Young Bosnian's, in concert with the Black Hand, two Serbian nationalist movements that saw the increasingly imperialist nature of the Austro-Hungarian Empire as frustrating their aspirations for a larger Serbia.
Bosnia & Herzegovina had been occupied by Austro Hungaria since 1878, having been ruled prior to that by the Ottoman Empire.. In 1908 the Austro Hungarian Empire formally annexed the region as a defense to renewed Ottoman aggression, or Serbian aggression. The annexation spawned resistance groups, including the Narodna Odbrana, of which the Black Hand was part. Ultimately Young Bosnia, a more radical group, formed. Young Bosnia, moreover, was inclined towards violence.
The resulting violence lead to Austro-Hungarian police action. Archduke Ferdinand's July 1914 visit to Sarajevo was at the local governor's request, and was designed to demonstrate Austro-Hungarian strength and resolve.
It was a grave error.
A look back to a prior post.
Es ist nichts, Es ist nichts...
Society of the Military Horse • View topic - Today in the history of mounted warfare
And so it began.
Tuberculitic Gavrilo Princip, on this day, assassinated Archduke Ferdinand of Austria and his wife lighting the fire that would kill millions in the next four years.
And so it began.
Tuberculitic Gavrilo Princip, on this day, assassinated Archduke Ferdinand of Austria and his wife lighting the fire that would kill millions in the next four years.
Today In Wyoming's History: June 28: 1914 Archduke Franz Joseph assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia, shortly leading to World War One.
Sometimes forgotten, there were two assassination attempts on that day, the first one by Nedeljko Čabrinović, who unsuccessfully threw a bomb at the Archduke's vehicle. It bounced off the car and wounded 20 people behind it. He attempted unsuccessfully to kill himself with cyanide but failed. He died in 1916 from illness and maltreatment in detention.
Gavrilo Princept, of course, was successful with his attempt and pointlessly killed the Archduke's wife Sophie in the same actions.
Anti-Serbian riots broke out in Sarajevo as soon as the news broke, so the violence was off and running.
A prior local look at things:
Making it personal: Lex Anteinternet: Es ist nichts, Es ist nichts...
Lex Anteinternet: Es ist nichts, Es ist nichts...: Society of the Military Horse • View topic - Today in the history of mounted warfare And so it began. Tuberculitic Gavrilo Princip, ...
June 28, 1914, was a Sunday.
So, putting a personal spin on this, if you subtracted whole to the year 1914, and lived in that century, how would this news have realistically impacted you? That is, if your life played out in a reasonably predictable manner, with hindsight. That's not always an easy thing to do, as things have changed very much.
But, if you lived a century ago, would this have amounted to much more than sad news to you? When would you have even learned of it? I'm posting this on June 30, and I'd guess I would have known by Monday June 29, 1914, but I certainly wouldn't have thought the world on the verge of one of the great wars of human history, on that following Tuesday.
Tragedy of all types carried on, the August 1, 1914 killing of French Canadian Reservist Antoine Nottar by a Sergeant of the 5th Highlanders.
The killing had impacts far beyond what the conspirators could have imagined. In a way, ultimately, their goals were achieved, but not without the death of millions. And beyond that, it led to the accelerated demise of the Old Order.
Indeed, it was the imperiled state of the Old Order in Europe that brought about the cataclysm. Europe had been struggling to deal with the decline of the monarchical Old Order since 1798, with some states, such as the United Kingdom and the Scandinavia states handling it well, and others not. Generally, the more democratic a nation was, the more it was able to deal with the massive social change of the end of the Renaissance, the rise of an industrial and middle class, and the decline in a rational basis for monarchy. The more the monarchical class remained in power, and attempted to do so, the stronger radical groups within the same societies remained.
The monarchical imperialist class was strongest in Russia, the German Empire, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Radical socialism was strong in all of those countries as well. The shot that Princept fired would kill all three empires, but it would also bring about untold turmoil and violence that continues to this very day. Monarchy and the Old Order would die, but Communism and Fascism would rise up in the vacuum, and in some regions of the globe, notably Russia, the sorting out of power continues on.
The 12th Tour de France commenced.
Last prior edition:
Friday, June 27, 2014
The Construction Crew
Yesterday morning when I went to work, a construction crew from the city was moving a heavy planter and doing work with front end loader where a car had recently crashed into an old planter (how on earth that happened I had not a crew). They were doing a quick efficient job, early in the morning before traffic could crowd the street or parking lot.
When I cross the street something occurred to me, remarkable in this era only in that I noted it. Every single member of the construction crew was a young woman. Probably none of them were over 30 years of age, and not one man was on the crew.
This isn't really remarkable, except that it wasn't all that long ago when women construction workers were a real rarity. Heavy construction with heavy equipment, such as this, was certainly almost all male, not all that long ago. Indeed, a couple of years ago some heavy construction crews downtown were both all male, and all Hispanic, reflecting a traditional situation in which these jobs often went to immigrant men.
Well, not this crew. An interesting sign of how times have changed.
When I cross the street something occurred to me, remarkable in this era only in that I noted it. Every single member of the construction crew was a young woman. Probably none of them were over 30 years of age, and not one man was on the crew.
This isn't really remarkable, except that it wasn't all that long ago when women construction workers were a real rarity. Heavy construction with heavy equipment, such as this, was certainly almost all male, not all that long ago. Indeed, a couple of years ago some heavy construction crews downtown were both all male, and all Hispanic, reflecting a traditional situation in which these jobs often went to immigrant men.
Well, not this crew. An interesting sign of how times have changed.
Saturday, June 27, 1914. Distributing weapons.
Danilo Ilić, a member of the Black Hand, distributed pistols, bombs and cyanide pills to the six assassins that would be placed along the procession route Archduke Franz Ferdinand would take the following day.
US Presidential adviser Edward M. House met with British Foreign Secretary Edward Gray as part of a U.S. effort to preserve peace in Europe.
Last prior edition:
Friday, June 26, 1914. Intervening in the Dominican Republic.
Thursday, June 26, 2014
Friday, June 26, 1914. Intervening in the Dominican Republic.
The US landed Marines and Sailors at Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic, to end the city's bombardment and protect the port from disruption during the country's civil war.
The South African senate passed the Indian Relief Bill abolishing a tax against Indian citizens, recognizing Indian ceremonial marriages, relaxing immigration laws, and pardoning members of the Indian resistance movement, which Mahatma Gandhi then suspended.
Last prior edition:
Thursday, June 25, 1914. Deaths and a disaster.
Wednesday, June 25, 2014
Thursday, June 25, 1914. Deaths and a disaster.
Fireman George Breddy, one of the survivors to date of the Canadian Arctic Expedition on Wrangell Island, was found dead of a gunshot wound.
Accused during his stay on the island of theft and hoarding, some missing items were found on his body. It wasn't certain if his death was due to homicide or suicide.
Only fourteen of the original twenty-five survivors of the HMCS Karluk's sinking were now left alive.
A massive fire broke out in Salem, Massachusetts, creating widespread destruction and the calling out of the local National Guard units, including elements of the Eighth Massachusetts Infantry Regiment; the Second Corps of Cadets, the Ninth Massachusetts Infantry Regiment and some Naval militia.
Last prior edition:
Wednesday, June 24, 1914. Playing international chess.
Labels: 1910s, 1914, Austro Hungaria, Balkans, Bulgaria, Diplomacy, Germany, Norway, Ottoman Empire, Romania, Russia, Serbia, United States
Tuesday, June 24, 2014
Wednesday, June 24, 1914. Playing international chess.
Austro Hungaria wrote Germany that Romania could no longer be considered a reliable ally on Balkan issues. In fact, Imperial Russia was working on forming an alliance with Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro against Austro-Hungaria. Austro Hungaria therefore was seeking to have Germany go with it in forming an alliance of Germany, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria against Russia.
The U.S. and Norway concluded a treaty for the advancement of general peace.
Last prior edition:
Tuesday, June 23, 1914. The decisive Villista Victory.
Monday, June 23, 2014
Instant Communications and the Erosion of Leisure?
Recently I worked on a Saturday, like most Saturdays. I think I left work that day about 3:00.
I don't "push" my email to my cell phone, like a lot of other people do. I don't do this intentionally, as I don't have the discipline not to check it. The only time that I do that is when I'm on the road.
The prior day, a client had called me with an emergency. I called the opposing attorney, who was not there, and left a message and followed up with an email. All I could do, under the circumstances, late on a Friday.
After I left work on Saturday, my client emailed me twice. Once to inform me that the problem still existed, and then to inquire why I hadn't yet solved it. Only 24 hours had gone by, most of it in a weekend.
The following day, the opposing attorney emailed me, which I didn't realize as I don't check my work emails while I'm in town, and not in my office, as a rule. But he apparently does.
I'm sure this isn't unique to the law, but its bad all the way around. Twenty four hour a day communications has risen to the level of a 24 hour work expectation. This means that, at some level, peoples lives now are more their work than ever, and they are what their professions are, with no other life that cannot be invaded. As trends go, people like to cite to instant communications as an advancement, but I doubt it really is. Time for the personal life is gone.
We see now where over half of all Americans are disenchanted with their employment and in high stress occupations this is particularly so. I can't help but thing people leaving their Iphones on all the time contribute to that. Well, don't do it. It'll wait till Monday.
I don't "push" my email to my cell phone, like a lot of other people do. I don't do this intentionally, as I don't have the discipline not to check it. The only time that I do that is when I'm on the road.
The prior day, a client had called me with an emergency. I called the opposing attorney, who was not there, and left a message and followed up with an email. All I could do, under the circumstances, late on a Friday.
After I left work on Saturday, my client emailed me twice. Once to inform me that the problem still existed, and then to inquire why I hadn't yet solved it. Only 24 hours had gone by, most of it in a weekend.
The following day, the opposing attorney emailed me, which I didn't realize as I don't check my work emails while I'm in town, and not in my office, as a rule. But he apparently does.
I'm sure this isn't unique to the law, but its bad all the way around. Twenty four hour a day communications has risen to the level of a 24 hour work expectation. This means that, at some level, peoples lives now are more their work than ever, and they are what their professions are, with no other life that cannot be invaded. As trends go, people like to cite to instant communications as an advancement, but I doubt it really is. Time for the personal life is gone.
We see now where over half of all Americans are disenchanted with their employment and in high stress occupations this is particularly so. I can't help but thing people leaving their Iphones on all the time contribute to that. Well, don't do it. It'll wait till Monday.
Tuesday, June 23, 1914. The decisive Villista Victory.
Pancho Villa's División del Norte defeated the Mexican federal army in the Battle of Zacatecas. It was a decisive victory with nearly 90% Federal casualties and directly brought down the Huerta government, which was already looking for a way out of the war.
The bloodiest battle of the Mexican Revolution in its own right, the bloodshed was made worse by Villistas killing all Federal officials taken prisoner, Colorado's, and Federal officers. Killing of prisoners continued until General Felipe Ángeles arrived at dusk and ordered the executions to cease, and the bodies of the dead buried to prevent disease.
Vila was unable to fully exploit the victory as Carranza refused coal for local trains to be used by Villa, given the discord between them, and the US, which had lifted an arms embargo on Villa, reimposed it. Villa, ironically, would end up withdrawing to the north after the battle even though it had destroyed the Federal Army. All of this provided ample evidence that even though Carranza and Villa were both Constitutionalist, that the discord between them was reaching an irreparable state.
U.S. infantry brigade photographed at Texas City, Texas on this day in 1914.
Mob violence over a labor dispute destroyed the Western Federation of Miners office in Butte, Montana and resulted in two deaths and the building being dynamited.
The first flight of the flying boat America took place in anticipation of a transatlantic flight that would not occur due to the outbreak of World War One.
The Kiel Canal, which had been under reconstruction for seven years, reopened with the British Fleet under Sir George Warrender visiting as the Kaiser inspected the dreadnought HMS King George V.
Last prior edition:
Sunday, June 22, 2014
Some Gave All: In 'The Agony of War,' a life of trouble, a moment...
Some Gave All: In 'The Agony of War,' a life of trouble, a moment...: In 'The Agony of War,' a life of trouble, a moment of immortality | NOLA.com
Saturday, June 21, 2014
It’s Official: The Boomerang Kids Won’t Leave - NYTimes.com
It’s Official: The Boomerang Kids Won’t Leave - NYTimes.com
Or so says The New York Times.
But is that really an unprecedented trend, or a return to the historical norm?
We're used to the idea that children grow up, "move out of the nest", and go on to lives of their own. And any right thinking parent wants a child to have his or her own life as an adult, to be sure. And it's always been the case that the young tended to move on to that life. As Genesis tells us regarding marriage; "For this reason, a man shall leave behind his father and mother, and he
shall cling to his wife; and the two shall be as one flesh."
But is the phenomenon of a person being at home into their adult years, if unmarried, really all that odd and distressing. Not really.
We've addressed it here, but men and women leaving home before their married, while certainly not uncommon, wasn't all that usual if they stayed in one location. In eras with thinner resources, which is most of human history, young men and young women tended to stay at home with their parents until they were married, unless they moved away for work or for some other reason. That was pretty much the norm.
There were a variety of reasons for that, a lot which had to do with resources or ready resources. Prior to the post World War Two era, it just wasn't that easy to live independently on your own. Cooking meals, washing clothes, etc. took a lot more effort in prior eras, and attempting it on your own often wasn't easily possible. The same technological revolutions that made it possible for women to have jobs outside the home, made it possible for men and women to live singly on their own easily.
Up until now, that is, apparently.
What we're seeing is probably due to a contraction of resources, even though we live in the richest era in human history. Just as with our story on homesteading of the other day, the cost of living on your own has increased for the young. It's increasingly difficult for them to find work, and housing costs continue to be prohibitively high for many, maybe most.
And, of course, there's an aspect of this story that has to do with family, and perhaps that's a good thing. At some point in the 1950s or 1960s people became accustomed to "youth rebellion", but that isn't the historical norm either. We're seeing, it would seem, a return to an era when children strongly identified, even as adults, with their families. Social commentators who can recall only back to 1960 or so might lament that, but I don't know that they really should.
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