The Republic of Republic of Zamboanga was established in the Philippines. It quickly devolved into being an American protectorate. General Vicente Álvarez, who lead its establishment, fell due to intrigue with the American forces followed by the fall of the remaining Spanish fort.
On the same day, the US took control of Jolo.
Last prior edition:
Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, President of the Philippine First Republic which was at war, or from the American prospective, an agent in insurrection against the successor to Spain, the United States, moved his Seat of Government from San Isidro, Nueva Ecija to Angeles, Pampanga as Philippine battefield fortunes were fading.
Last prior edition:
I think you will be interested in the photo of our premises here even if it does have to be curved to make the thing come together. Fred took it from the roof of the new P[ost] O[ffice] and the building half completed in front of us belongs also to the P.O."
Little known in the US, Pray's heavily photographed letters have made her well known in Russia, as her long residence there, 1894 to 1930, meant that she's chronicled, and preserved, an entire epic in Russia's history which would otherwise have seen much lost. She apparently liked the region, as she stayed on after the death of her husband in 1923 and only left in 1930 when her employer closed its facility in the area, which was also experiencing hardening Stalinist repression.
From Vladivostok she moved to China and was interned in World War Two by the Japanese, becoming part of a 1943 prisoner exchange which resulted in her return to the US. She smuggled her papers out in the process. She died in 1954 at age 85.
Manuel won the Kentucky Derby.
The Battle of Calumpit (Filipino: Labanan sa Quingua), alternately known as the Battles of Bagbag and Pampanga Rivers) concluded with U.S. forces under Arthur MacArthur Jr. combating Filipino forces under General Antonio Luna. U.S. forces were comprised completely of state militia units, essentially the equivalent of today's National Guard, somewhat, those being the 20th Kansas Volunteers, the Utah Volunteer Light Artillery, the1st Montana Volunteers, the1st Nebraska Volunteers and the 51st Iowa Volunteers. All were probably mustered to fight against the Spanish in Cuba, and not the Filipino's in their native land.
U.S. forces prevailed with Medals of Honor, under the original standards, going to Colonel Frederick Funston, Private (later First Lieutenant) William B. Trembley, and Private Edward White.
The Filipinos, interestingly enough, grossly over reported American losses.
A terrible tornado struck:
A statute of Grant was unveiled in Philadelphia.
Imperial Japanese Army Second Lieutenant Hiroo Onoda formally in the Philippines. He had been recently informed by his former commanding officer, Major Yoshimi Taniguchi, that the war was over.
He found post-war Japan disappointing and became a cattle rancher in Brazil.
Contrary to popular belief, he was not the last Japanese soldier still holding out. At least one more, Teruo Nakamura, who was Taiwanese, was in Indonesia. He was actually a private and of native Taiwanese background, with a poor command of Japanese and Chinese. He'd be captured in December 1974. Another, Fumio Nakahara, may have been holding out in the Philippines as late as 1980, although that has never been determined.
A ceasefire between Iraq and the Kurdish Democratic Party was subject to an ultimatum, which provided that Kurdistan could be autonomous. The offer would expire without acceptance, and a renewed war resumed.
The United Kingdom tended its Oil Embargo related state of emergency.
Last prior:
I love that movie.
Mel Brook's great comedic spoof Western movies remains one of the all-time greats. It could not be made today.
Grenada became independent.
Prime Minister Edward Heath called for a dissolution of Parliament and new elections due to the governments' inability to resolve a coal miner's strike.
Coal mining had once been a major industry in the UK but was on its decline by the 1970s. The labor victory would be short lived as the Thatcher government of the 80s began to close coal mines down in a direction that indicated the industry was clearly done for, something she could do because of the nationalization of mines. The trend had been going on since World War Two in any event.
Eight coal fired power plants remain in operation in the UK, all of which are slated to be closed this year. Six underground mines remain in operation, and two open pit mines. Mining communities have not been able to adjust to the change, something which should concern Wyoming.
The Nixon Administration entered into an agreement to revise the 1903 Panama Canal Treaty.
Moro rebels killed 25 civilians on a raid on Pikit, Mindanao.
The Laju Incident in Singapore ended as the combined terrorist attackers from the Japanese Red Army and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine released hostages in exchange for safe passage to the Middle East.
Supposedly the small Japanese Red Army disbanded in 2001, but Japanese authorities maintain a successor organization was founded, and Japanese police have continued to maintain that known members of the group should be arrested. The PFLP still exists. Both groups were/are Communist in nature.
Related threads:
On Panay Island, in the Philippines, ten American Baptist missionaries, along with a handful of other Americans, were captured by the Japanese Army after having been in hiding for two years.
They offered to be executed in exchange for the release of Filipino's captured with them and were in fact killed by the Japanese, adults by beheading and children by bayoneting.
American forces captured the Japanese airstrip at Arawe, New Guinea.
Seventy seven B-17s were shot down, along with four P-47s. 121 aircraft were ottherwise damaged. 590 Allied airmen were killed.
The target of the raid was ball bearing plants. The RAF refused to cooperate on the basis that ball bearings were a worthless object of a raid, something that post-war analysis proved correct.
An uprising commenced at Sobibor resulting in eleven SS and Ukrainian guards being killed. SS-Untersturmführer Johann Niemann, thirty years of age and the commandant of Sobibor was the first one killed when he went to see a tailor, one of the prisoners, for a fitting. The prisoner killed him with an axe, and his pistol was taken.
Three Hundred inmates escaped, although many were killed in nearby minefields or recaptured and immediately killed. Fifty did survive and escape. Those prisoners who had opted not to escape were also killed and the camp closed.
José P. Laurel, formerly a Philippines Supreme Court Justice, took the oath of office as President of the puppet Second Philippine Republic. The Republic's then signed an alliance with Japan.
He also appealed to the Vatican at this time for recognition, which was refused on the stated basis that the Vatican did not wish to recognize any new states during the war. Nonplussed, he sought the Filipinization of the Church in the Philippines.
We've already dealt with him in a previous post, and as noted there, he had a post-war political career in the country, demonstrating that the common view that East Asian collaborators were universally despised by their own people is not true.
Today in World War II History—April 4, 1943: Mrs. Thomas Sullivan christens destroyer USS The Sullivans in honor of her five sons killed in the sinking of light cruiser USS Juneau in November 1942.
.jpg)
The collaborationist Kalibapi party was formed in the Philippines, where it was organized to be the sole, Japanese friendly, political party. While it did serve in that role, its nationalistic policies led it to refuse to declare war on the US and UK, causing the Japanese to form a second collaborationist party in 1944.
The Germans took Bizerte.
Bizerte is the northernmost city in Africa. France, valuing its deep water port, retained the city after Tunisia secured independence, leading to a brief undeclared war between the countries in 1961. In October 1963, the French turned the city over to Tunisia, following a great deal of international pressure to do so.
The Mexican Claims Act of 1942 settled American claims, some dating back sixty years, against Mexico for property losses.
On this date in 1942, US and Filipino forces surrendered to the Japanese at Corregador.
The loss of the island fortress was inevitable, and in many ways the amazing thing was how long the final stages of the conquest of the Philippines took.
On this day in 1942 Gen. Ralph Royce, who had been recalled to service while working in commercial aviation in the Philippines, commenced three days of raid with B-25s and B-17s from an airfield in Mindanao which remained in U.S. control. Most of the sorties were flown by B-25s, with those sorties having been taken without authority from the Dutch in Australia.
The raids were quite successful and Royce was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. The force returned to Australia after three days, evacuating what personnel it could as it departed.
Jawaharal Nehru pledged that India would not surrender to the Axis.
The Hungarian 2nd Army departed Hungary for the Eastern Front.
The behind schedule Philippine offensive of the Japanese, the only one running behind schedule, makes use of reinforcements, including troops brought in from China, Japans strategic imperative, by launching a renewed offensive against Bataan. It works, as after massive bombardment, the Japanese break through the 41st Philippine Division.
On this day in 1942 the Hukbalahap Rebellion, a Communist peasant rebellion, commenced in the Philippines. The Huks, as they were called, conducted a guerilla war against the Japanese which lasted through the war and turned into a rebellion against the Philippine government which lasted until 1954.
The movement was supported by the US during the war, and opposed by it after the war.
It was interestingly put down after the war not only by military means, but by political reforms that co-opted the most pressing grievances of the Huks, leaving them essentially without a political base.
Stafford Cripps met with Mahatma Gandhi and presented British plans for a semi-independent India after World War Two.
Cripps was a left wing lawyer and a member of the Labour Party. He'd been ambassador to the Soviet Union before it was attacked, during which time Cripps had warned Stalin that a German attack was inevitable. Churchill had appointed him to the position due to Cripp's Marxist sympathies. He became a member of the war cabinet during the war and his mission to India presented a plan of his own devising which met with support from nobody on either side of the issue. After the war he was a figure in the Labour government and was one of those who approved of the sending of jet engines to the Soviet Union, something Stalin had dismissed as impossible due to being "foolish", which resulted in the design going into the early Mig 15s.
The Japanese won at Toungoo.
In a bizarre event, German internees managed to convince their native Indonesian guards to rise up in a rebellion against the Dutch on the island of Nias, and declared it to be an independent state. This followed Japanese landings on other Indonesian islands. The Japanese would land on Nias in April and they removed all of the Europeans, save for a physician, from the island.
Today in World War II History—March 11, 1942: 80 Years Ago—Mar. 11, 1942: In the Philippines, Gen. Douglas MacArthur evacuates Corregidor by PT boat with his family and staff for Mindanao. Col. Karl Bendetsen is appointed director of US Wartime Civil Control Administration to supervise removal of Japanese-Americans from the West Coast. Britain bans sale of white bread, replaced by National Wheatmeal Loaf made of whole wheat and potato flour.
February 22, 1942: Air Marshal Sir Arthur “Bomber” Harris takes command of RAF Bomber Command. President Roosevelt orders Gen. Douglas MacArthur to leave Bataan for Australia.
So states the opener of Sarah Sundin's blog for the day.
An unrelenting advocate of the RAF's Area Bombing Directive, he remains an extremely controversial figure, perhaps the most controversial British figure of the Second World War.
Harris was born and raised in England, but moved to Rhodesia at age 18. While just about to enter ranching in that country in 1914, he reluctantly joined the 1st Rhodesian Regiment. He transferred to the RAF as a pilot in 1916. He remained in the RAF after the war and never returned to Rhodesia even though he considered it to be his country, although for a time after his retirement from the RAF he managed a mining company in South Africa.
As also discussed by Sundin, Douglas MacArthur was ordered by Franklin Roosevelt to leave the Philippines.
The Admiral Scheer and Prinz Eugen arrived at Bergen, Norway. Later that day, the left for Trondheim.
