Tuesday, October 3, 1922. Aftermaths

 Somewhere on the East Coast, a "conduit" was being built.

Construction at the time still involved a lot of horse power in the literal sense, something that was rapidly changing.

And with that change would come to an end one more daily association of men with animals, making us the poorer for it.

The Convention of Madanya began with representatives of the Allied Powers meeting with Turkish representatives in order to negotiate an end to the Chanak Crisis.  The Allied Powers were frankly impaired, as the British government was not willing to fight over the issues the crisis presented without the support of the Dominions, and they didn't have it. The French were not willing to fight either, and the Greek government had collapsed.

On the same day, Metropolitan Gregory of Kydonies, age 58, together with other priests, were executed by the Turks.

The Irish Free State offered an amnesty to its armed opponents who voluntarily surrendered their arms before October 15.

Following that date, the Irish Free State, something that had come about due to civilian use of arms, unless a person buys the claim that those civilians were under arms from a legitimate, if unrecognized, government, would arrest in large numbers Irish Republicans caught with "illegal" arms.  Ever since that time, the Irish government has been hostile to civilian's owning arms, something which is truly ironic in context.

Italian Fascists took over the city of Bolzana and deposed the Mayor, who had been in power since 1895, at which time the city had been in Austria.

Saturday, September 30, 1922. Camp Bragg becomes a Fort.

Greek Orthodox priests in the city of Kydoniae (Ayvalik) were taken into custody by the Turks while waiting, following the recommendation of their bishop, for evacuation The Turks would murder then three days later.

On the same day, Sotiros Krokidas became the interim Greek Prime Minister.

The Yankees took the American League Pennant, defeating the Boston Red Sox.

Camp Bragg, North Carolina, was redesignated as Fort Bragg, thereby indicating its permanent status.

Monday, September 25, 1922. Harington bluffs.

British General Sir Charles Harington, who had to deal the prior year with 50,000 Greek troops being deployed to Thrace, now had to deal with Turkish troops who were threatening the neutral zone.  In the first crisis, the Turks offered 20,000 troops to help, which were declined, and in the second, the Greeks offered 20,000 troops, but declined. 

Today, a century ago, Harington issued an ultimatum to the Turks to withdraw from the neutral zone.

General Harington, with Selahattin Adil Paşa, before his final departure from Istanbul, Dolmabahçe wharf

The British were in a bad way, in reality, as their government was not ready to fight without the Dominions, and Canada had refused.

The New York Giants won the National League pennant with a 5 to 4 victory over the St. Louis Cardinals

Scenes from around Boulder Canyon taken on this day, as geologist from the USGS made an epic trip.

Caldville Ruins below the Boulder damsite.  Note the geologist wearing a "wife beater" t-shirt, and hatless.  Very unusual photo for the era.

Sunday, September 24, 1922: The September 11, 1922 Revolution (Επανάσταση της 11ης Σεπτεμβρίου 1922)

The Greek Army rebelled in the 11 September 1922 Revolution (Επανάσταση της 11ης Σεπτεμβρίου 1922) so named as Greece remained on the Julian calendar at the time.

This confusing event followed in the wake of public upset at the loss of the Greek effort in Anatolia, proving if nothing else that defeated armies are dangerous to their own governments, if to nobody else.

The rebellion led to the abdication of the king, who was on his second reign, having suffered from military discontent during World War One as well.  He'd opposed entering the war.  The Greek monarchy would be restored a few days later and King George II would take over, who would also have two reigns, one ending in 1924, and a second running from 1935 to 1947.

Berryman cartoon for this day in 1922.

Saturday, September 23, 1922. Unintended paths.

The Saturday Evening Post went to the stands with a Coles Phillips illustration entitled "The broken heel hop".  The woman in the illustration still looked more cheerful than Muriel MacSwiney, who was photographed in New York City on the same day.

Mrs. Muriel MacSwiney appeared in the photograph with the then Miss Linda Kearns.  Both of them had been involved in a jailbreak that freed Irish prisoners, something that the British tended to suffer with such frequency that it raises real questions about the extent to which they were actually trying to retain them

MacSwinney was the widow of the Lord Mayor of Cork, who had died in a hunger strike.  She was the first woman to be given the Keys (Freedom) of New York.  She never recovered from her husband's death, even becoming estranged from her young daughter, Máire. She remained an activist for the rest of her long life, becoming increasingly left wing as time went on.  In the early 1920s, after this period of time, she left her daughter Máire, in Germany while she traveled Europe, losing custody of her in 1932 to the girl's aunt, who saw the completion of her education in Ireland and Germany.  In the meantime she took up with left-wing French intellectual Pierre Kaan, which produced a second daughter, Alix in 1926.  Kaan died in a German concentration camp during World War Two.

She remained an activist until the end of her life in 1982 at age 90, and ironically died in England, where she had taken up residence near her second daughter Alix.  Máire MacSwiney, went on to marry a significant Irish politician and died in 2012 at age 93.

MacSwiney's life isn't atypical of revolutionaries of the period, who often started off basically in the middle of a movement and then evolved into leftwing movements in general, losing themselves to the movement.  She started off as a Catholic Irish nationalist, which she likely would have remained, had her husband not died of the dubious revolutionary act of self starvation.  From there, she ended up becoming so involved in increasingly left wing causes that she more or less removed herself from the life of her daughter with her husband, and had a second by a left-wing intellectual whom she ultimately did not make a life with.  It's hard to admire her.

Kearns was an Irish nurse and Fianna Fáil politician.  She died at age 62 in 1951.

The C-2 airship completed the first transcontinental airship flight across the United States, landing at Ross Field in Arcadia, California.  The trip had started on September 14.

Allied representatives sent Turkey a proposal to hold a conference to resolve the Chanak Crisis.

Tom Lovelace of the Pittsburgh Pirates made his first, and only, appearance in Major League Baseball, breaking his leg sliding into first base in the ninth inning.  He went back into the minors, where he played until 1932.

Tuesday, Stepember 18, 1922. Massacre on Cunda.

Several hundred Greek residents of Cunda Island were massacred by the Turkish Army, with surviving children sent to orphanages.

President Harding vetoed the version of the Bonus Bill that reached his desk.  On the same day, the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act created the highest tariffs in US history.

Monday, September 18, 1922. Canada throws the anchor out on Anatolian Intervention

Japanese Prince Kuni Kuniyoshi and his wife on this day in 1922.

The Turkish Army, or rather the army of the revolutionary Young Turks, which had replaced the Turkish parliament and brought about what would effectively be the modern era in Turkey, captured Artake and Pergaea, ending, completely defeating the Greeks.  On the same day, the Canadian government informed the British government that Parliament (the British one) would have to act before Canada would send troops to the Dardanelles.

Canada knew that Parliament would be reluctant to do this, and the Canadians were reluctant to form military units for an Anatolian expedition.  

Who could blame them?

Hungary was admitted into the League of Nations.

Just this week, FWIW, Turkey was declared by the EU to be essentially a post, or quasi, democratic state.  By its own admission, it's an Illiberal Democracy, but it nonetheless took offense.

The former Kasier Wilhelm II announced his engagement to Hermine Reuss of Greiz. His first wife, the Kaiserin August Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein had died in April 1921.  Hermine was a widow.

In spite of the fact that the German monarchy did not exist, the announcement was unpopular with German monarchists as well as with Wilhelm's sons, who deemed it too soon to the Kasierin's death.

She'd outlive the former Kaiser by six years and see the emergence of post-war Germany, passing in 1947.  Following her second husband's death in 1941, she moved to Nazi Germany and lived on his retained estate in Silesia.  She fled the advancing Red Army in 1945 and was arrested by the Soviet thereafter.  She died at age 59 in a small apartment she had secured in Frankfurt.

The Yankee's won the pennant, defeating the St. Louis Brown's

Navajo men at Lee's Ferry on this date in 1922.

Saturday, September 16, 1922. Strife.

British troops landed with heavy artillery in Turkey in order to prevent the Turks from taking control of the Dardanelles following the Greek defeat.  Meanwhile, Anastasios Charalambis became Prime Minister of Greece in the midst of a military revolt, replacing Nikolaos Tirantafyllakos, who had stepped down.  His service would last but a single day before King Constantine called upon him to abdicate and Sotirios Krokidas was appointed by the military as the new premier.

Things were not going well in Greece.

The League of Nations approved the Trans Jordan Memorandum setting the boundaries of the Kingdom of Jordan and Palestine.  Those boundaries formed the later frame for the boundaries of the state of Israel.

Lev Kamenev was named to a position which was the functional titular equivalent of Prime Minister of the Soviet Union.  Kamenev assumed the position as Lenin was becoming increasingly ill.

He was, of course, executed during Stalin's regime, during which the swimming pool of blood rose higher.

Henry Ford enacted a lock out of his plants, idling 100,100 workers, rather than pay what he regarded as profiteers in the coal and steel industries.

Work was progressing on the James Scott Water Fountain in Detroit.

And the USGS was out on the Colorado River again.

Wednesday, July 13, 1922. The Straw Hat Riot

Men wearing boaters, Times Square, July 1921.

The Straw Hat Riot broke out in New York City when youths in Manhattan began removing and stomping on straw hats worn by factory workers in the area.  This developed into a brawl when they tried to do the same with longshoremen, which was phenomenally stupid on their part.  By that evening, the matter was a full-blown riot that would go on for eight days.

In an era in which hat wearing was considered necessary for men, this was a fairly serious matter. September 15 was the unofficial cutoff date in society for the cessation of the wearing of straw hats, after which men switched to felt hats.  The tradition of destroying straw hats had actually begun with stockbrokers who would good naturedly destroy colleagues straw boaters for violating the unwritten date, which itself moved.  It had once been September 11.

Boaters (sometimes called sailors) were by far the most popular urban summertime straw hat.  The type had acquired that name as sailors did in fact wear them at one time, in a version that had a somewhat larger volume in the crown.  They were so popular, however, that they saw use far outside of what we'd expect.  For instance, many of Custer's men at Little Big Horn were actually wearing boaters, rather than their issue felt hat, as they had just purchased them from a vendor on the Yellowstone.

Contrary to common recollection, they remained in fairly widespread use up into the 1950s, when they started to suffer the same decline, but more steeply, than other men's hats.

Boaters weren't the only straw hat in urban use, of course.  Panama Hats also saw use at this time, but much less.  Indeed, early on wearing a Panama Hat had been regarded as improper.

More on hats and standards of dress appears here:

Caps, Hats, Fashion and Perceptions of Decency and being Dressed.

The USGS crew put in for lunch at Church Rock.

Putting in for lunch at Church Rock.

 

Turkish troops set fire to the Basmane neighborhood of Smyrna resulting in the deaths of 10,000 people in the wind fanned conflagration.

An agreement was reached on the nationwide US railroad strike.

France and Poland entered into a ten-year self-defense pact.

Pershing was photographed on his birthday.

Monday, September 11, 1922. The Turkish Massacre of Smyrna's Armenians.

Turkish troops massacred Armenian residents of Smyrna Province.  It was a systematic murder of that city's ancient Armenian population.  Ultimately the Turks would set on fire the Armenian quarter of the city and end its eons old Armenian heritage.

Allied troops landed at Canakkale to set up a neutral zone between Greece and Turkey.

Seeing a split of the Communist Party in Russia coming, Lenin proposed that Trotsky become Lenin's Sovnarkom deputy.  Trotsky declined.

Herman Silverman, right, in his effort to hike around the world.  He was a bantamweight fighter who was doing the same in order to get into condition, and as part of the fulfillment of a wager.  Note the Montana Peak style hat.

Curtiss had a glider out.

The USGS was out again with their cameras in the Glen Canyon area.

Maidenhair Canyon. A beautiful side canyon which enters the Colorado from the west at a point below San Juan River.

Maidenhair Canyon enters the Colorado from the west at a point two miles below San Juan River.

Oak Creek dam site on the Colorado River, seven miles below San Juan River. Left abutment wall.

Sunday, September 10, 1922. The Murder of Bishop Chrysostomos.

The very first Our Gang, an episode entitled One Terrible Day, was released.

I reported on this event earlier, but I apparently had the wrong event for the terrible occurrence.

As these photos show, the Red Cross reported to assist at the mine.

Greek Orthodox Bishop Chrysostomos of Smyrna was lynched by a mob after the Turks took the city.  What exactly occurred is not known, but the Bishop, who was a Greek nationalist, refused to evacuate and reported to congratulate the Turks on their victory.  He was horribly murdered and is regarded as a Saint by the Greek Orthodox.

Not sure how that happened, but the Bishop was murdered on this day.

The USGS expedition on the Colorado, which we featured yesterday, was still in progress.

Saturday, September 9, 1922. The Turks enter Smyrna.

On this day in 1922 the Turkish Army entered Smyrna, which would be renamed Izmir, ending hte military phase of the Greco Turkish War with a final Turkish victory.

By that afternoon, Turkish troops had started to riot.  Bad went to worse, and massacres of the Armenians then commenced, with it being cut off from entry by Turkish troops.  The Armenian Bishop Ghevont Tourian sought asylum in a Catholic institution.

It would get worse.

The third  Dáil Éireann, the parliament of the Irish Republic, convened after long delay to ratify the treaty with the United Kingdom, which was a foregone conclusion.

A United Stated Geological Survey expedition was exploring the area around Glen Canyon.

First camp, Colorado River opposite mouth of Escalante River

In the "Hole in the Wall" looking toward Colorado

"Hole in the Wall" on west side of Colorado River six miles above the San Juan.

"Hole in the Wall" on west side of Colorado River six miles above San Juan River.