Showing posts with label Irish Civil War. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Irish Civil War. Show all posts

Wednesday, December 7, 2022

Thursday, December 7, 1922. Coal, Boats, and Killings.

 


The Parliament of Northern Ireland voted unanimously to remain in the United Kingdom.  The Army of the Irish Free State severs communications with units based in Northern Ireland. Irish Parliamentarians and former members of the IRA Sean Hales of Cork and Padraig O'Maile of Mayo emerged from lunch at a hotel on Ormonde Quay in Dublin and were shot in revenge for the execution of IRA members earlier that week.  Hales was killed and O'Maile severely wounded.

The Northern Irish Parliament would govern Ulster on a home rule basis until 1972, when it was suspended due to its inability to address The Troubles.

The President's yacht was hit.


The public in Wyoming was apparently following the sensational trial of the Governor of Missippii and the results of a murder trail in Casper where the convicted assailant was a woman.


Wednesday, November 30, 2022

Thursday, November 30, 1922. Thanksgiving Day turkeys and speeches, Ominous rallies in Germany, Living by the sword in Ireland, Strange Imperial Chinese weddings.

Well, at least I didn't miss this one.

This day was Thanksgiving Day in 1922.


Unlike the entry for 1942, I can't give any personal recollections for my parents, or speculations on what they did, as they weren't born yet.

President Harding had earlier made a proclamation in advance of and in recognition of the day.

THANKSGIVING - 1922 BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA - A PROCLAMATION 

In the beginnings of our country the custom was established by the devout fathers of observing annually a day of Thanksgiving for the bounties and protection which Divine Providence had extended throughout the year. It has come to be perhaps the most characteristic of our national observances, and as the season approaches for its annual recurrence, it is fitting formally to direct attention to this ancient institution of our people and to call upon them again to unite in its appropriate celebration. 

The year which now approaches its end has been marked, in the experience of our nation, by a complexity of trials and of triumphs, of difficulties and of achievements, which we must regard as our inevitable portion in such an epoch as that through which all mankind is moving. As we survey the experience of the passing twelve-month we shall find that our estate presents very much to justify a nationwide and most sincere testimony of gratitude for the bounty which has been bestowed upon us. Though we have lived in the shadow of the hard consequences of great conflict, our country has been at peace and has been able to contribute toward the maintenance and perpetuation of peace in the world. We have seen the race of mankind make gratifying progress on the way to permanent peace, toward order and restored confidence in its high destiny. For the Divine guidance which has enabled us, in growing fraternity with other peoples, to attain so much of progress; for the bounteous yield which has come to us from the resources of our soil and our industry, we owe our tribute of gratitude, and with it our acknowledgment of the duty and obligation to our own people and to the unfortunate, the suffering, the distracted of other lands. Let us in all humility acknowledge how great is our debt to the Providence which has generously dealt with us, and give devout assurance of unselfish purpose to play a helpful and ennobling part in human advancement. It is much to be desired that in rendering homage for the blessings which have come to us, we should earnestly testify our continued and increasing aim to make our own great fortune a means of helping and serving, as best we can, the cause of all humanity. Now, therefore, I, Warren G. Harding, President of the United States of America, do designate Thursday, the thirtieth day of November, as a day of Thanksgiving, supplication and devotion. I recommend that the people gather at their family altars and in their houses of worship to render thanks to God for the bounties they have enjoyed and to petition that these may be continued in the year before us. 

In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. 

Done at the City of Washington this second day of November, in the year of our Lord, one thousand nine hundred and twenty-two, and of the Independence of the United States of America the one hundred and forty-seventh.

Liam Lynch, the Chief of Staff for the Irish Republican Army, issued orders to the IRA authorizing the assassination of Irish Free State officials in retaliation for the execution of those caught with handguns contrary to an Irish emergency law earlier in the week. The order further provided: 

All members of the Provisional 'Parliament' who were present and voted for the Murder Bill will be shot at sight. Houses of members... who are known to support Murder Bill will be destroyed. Free State army officers who approve of Murder Bill will be shot at sight; also all ex-British army officers and men who joined the Free State army since 6 December 1921.

Lynch was shot by Free State troops himself on December 6, 1923.

On the same day, oddly enough, the British announced the withdrawal of its remaining troops from Ireland, starting on December 12 and to be completed by January 5.  The UK also closed its post offices in China, something that had been operating for fifty years.

A riot over rationing in Mexico resulted in the deaths of seventeen people in clashes with police in Mexico City.

Aisin-Gioro Puyi (溥儀) age 17, the former Emperor of China, and future Emperor of collaborationist Manchucko, married Gobulo Wanrong (郭布羅·婉容), age 16, in an elaborate ceremony in the Forbidden City.

Wanrong.

In spite of the termination of the monarchy, some of its traditions were still strong, and Puyi had been ordered to marry by the Dowager Empress.  Wanrong was chosen from a collection of photographs he was given and was in fact his second choice after being informed that his first choice was suitable only to be a concubine.  A marriage to the first choice, Erdet Wenxiu 額爾德特·文繡, was performed later that night in an example of hopeless oddity.

Wenxiu.

The Chinese royal family was quite frankly extraordinarily weird in many ways by this time, and its maintenance after its fall preserved its oddities.  The marriages may not have been consummated, but if they were they were certainly not happy in numerous ways.  Puyi himself noted that they were strained as the two women were effectively slaves, rather than real spouses.  There is some fairly serious speculation that Puyi was homosexual, in spite of having at least one other concubine.

Wanrong smoking a cigarette in the 1930s.

Wanrong lived a miserable life in spite of being the claimant to the title of Empress.  As Empress of Manchuko she entered into affairs and became pregnant by a court chauffeur.  The baby was murdered after birth.  She would have divorced Puyi, but the Japanese precluded it. She was taken prisoner towards the end of the Second World War by the Red Chinese. She died in their captivity at age 39 in June, 1945.

Not too surprisingly, Wenxiu was also unhappy in her role as a second class wife and had a troubled relationship with Wanrong and Piyu.  She divorced him in 1931 and latter married Major Liu Zhendong in 1947. He later became a car dealership and then the two of them lived in poverty following the Red Chinese victory in the Chinese Civil War. She died in 1953.

Yuling.

As if this isn't odd enough, and in spite of the questions this raises, Puyi would take two more consorts over time, Tatara Yuling 他他拉·玉齡 and Li Yuqin.  Puyi grew to be very fond of Yuling, who died undergoing medical treatment in 1942 at age 22. There are some suspicions regarding her death as her physician was Japanese and she was known to harbor negative thoughts about the Japanese.  Puyi kept a picture of her with him until his death.  Yuling was half Korean.

Yuquin married Puyi in 1943 and was with Empress Wanrong when she attempted to flee at teh endo fthe Second World War.  She was released from capitivy in 1946 and became a textile factory employee and a library employee.  She sought a divorce from Puyi in 1955 but oddly was ordered to reconcile with him by the Red Chinese government.  They none the less divorced in 1958 and she latter married technician Huang Yugeng (黃毓庚). She died in 2001 in Changchun.

Puyi lived until 1967, dying in Red China. The Soviets saved his life by refusing to extradite him to the Republic of China, which viewed him as a traitor.

50,000 gathered to hear Hitler speak in Munich.

Monday, November 14, 2022

Tuesday, November 14, 1922. The Beeb broadcast the news.

The British Broadcasting Corporation delivered the first radio news report in the UK at 6:00 p.m. on this day.  That would be 11:00 a.m. MST.

The news was full of interesting stuff, including the details of a train robbery a speech by Bonar Law, and a meeting with Winston Churchill.

On the same day, in the U.S., pro-Republican pickets protested regarding the self-imposed death by starvation of Lord Mayor MacSwiney of Cork. Defining that as murder may have been a bit much.



Jānis Čakste was approved by the Saeima, to become the first President of Latvia.  He'd already acted as head of the Latvian state since 1918.  He was a lawyer by profession.

On the same day, Kyösti Kallio became Prime Minister of Finland.  He was a member of the Finnish Agrarian League, which today is its Centre Party.  The party retains an agrarian position.

A delegation of various states' National Guards met with Pershing.

They all appeared in mufti.

The lovely actress Veronica Lake was born.


Constance Frances Marie Ockelman, her real name, was famous in the late 30s and 40s for her "peek a boo" hair style.

Friday, October 28, 2022

Saturday, October 28, 1922. King Victor Emmanuel summons Mussolini.

The Saturday Evening Post went with a jester theme for its Halloween 1922 ediition, the Country Gentleman went with a jest.


King Victor Emmanuel III, Italy's king, refused a request from Prime Minister Luigi Facta to declare martial law to address the Fascist March on Rome.  The Italian army advised the king that it was fearful troops would disobey any order to fire on the Fascists, and therefore the request should be denied.

With this, the Italian government effectively surrendered to Fascism.  The King invited Mussolini to come to Rome to discuss the political situation with him.

KYW broadcast the first national radio transmission of a football game. The game was between Princeton and the University of Chicago.

Antrim Castle in Northern Ireland caught fire during a grand ball and was destroyed.  Suspicion existed that the castle fire may have been the work of the Irish Republican Army, but no charges were ever brought against anyone and no insurance claim was ever paid out.

Tuesday, October 25, 2022

Wednesday, October 25, 1922. Winners and Losers.


A "flying circus" was staged at Boling Field which even included a hot lunch being dropped in from the air.


The Dáil Éireann approved the Irish Free State Constitution Act of 1922.  It would become effective on December 6, 1922, when King George V proclaimed it, which created the Irish Free State as an independent and coequal member of the British Commonwealth.

On the same day, the Irish Republican Army declared the formation of a rival republican government with Eamon de Valera as "President of Ireland", a cabinet of ministers and a twelve member Council of State. By this point, however, the IRA did not holding any Irish territory of consequence.

Mussolini delivered an ultimatum to the Italian government, demanding that it surrender power to the Fascists.

Prince Andrew of Greece, a Greek army officer, was arrested on Corfu and charged with contributing the disastrous Greek defeat in the Greco-Turkish War.  The Prince, the father of the late Prince Consort Philip (Philippos) of the United Kingdom, would be allowed to leave the country.  Other Greek officers were executed or sentenced to long prison sentences.

The Red Army took Vladivostok.  As it did so, Imperial Russian General Mikhail Diterikhs was evacuated with such troops as could be evacuated by the Japanese.


Diterkhs was descended from German Lutherans from the Sudentenland and was a deeply religious Orthodox Christian.  He moved to China, as many Russian Whites from the far eastern part of Siberia did, where he died at age 63 in 1937.

Monday, October 10, 2022

Tuesday, October 10, 1922. Iraq created, the beginning of the end of the IRA.

Lillian Thompson and her dog, on this day in 1922.

The United Kingdom and Iraq signed the Anglo-Iraqi Treat of 1922, creating "Irak".  It only obtained limited self-government through the treaty, and the UK controlled its foreign relations.

Irish Catholic Bishops condemned the Irish Republican Army and issued an order denying them the sacraments.  This began to cause a collapse in IRA membership.

Physicians riding in Washington, D. C., 10/10/22.


Monday, October 3, 2022

Tuesday, October 3, 1922. Aftermaths

 Somewhere on the East Coast, a "conduit" was being built.

Construction at the time still involved a lot of horse power in the literal sense, something that was rapidly changing.

And with that change would come to an end one more daily association of men with animals, making us the poorer for it.


The Convention of Madanya began with representatives of the Allied Powers meeting with Turkish representatives in order to negotiate an end to the Chanak Crisis.  The Allied Powers were frankly impaired, as the British government was not willing to fight over the issues the crisis presented without the support of the Dominions, and they didn't have it. The French were not willing to fight either, and the Greek government had collapsed.

On the same day, Metropolitan Gregory of Kydonies, age 58, together with other priests, were executed by the Turks.

The Irish Free State offered an amnesty to its armed opponents who voluntarily surrendered their arms before October 15.

Following that date, the Irish Free State, something that had come about due to civilian use of arms, unless a person buys the claim that those civilians were under arms from a legitimate, if unrecognized, government, would arrest in large numbers Irish Republicans caught with "illegal" arms.  Ever since that time, the Irish government has been hostile to civilian's owning arms, something which is truly ironic in context.

Italian Fascists took over the city of Bolzana and deposed the Mayor, who had been in power since 1895, at which time the city had been in Austria.

Friday, September 9, 2022

Saturday, September 9, 1922. The Turks enter Smyrna.

On this day in 1922 the Turkish Army entered Smyrna, which would be renamed Izmir, ending hte military phase of the Greco Turkish War with a final Turkish victory.

By that afternoon, Turkish troops had started to riot.  Bad went to worse, and massacres of the Armenians then commenced, with it being cut off from entry by Turkish troops.  The Armenian Bishop Ghevont Tourian sought asylum in a Catholic institution.

It would get worse.

The third  Dáil Éireann, the parliament of the Irish Republic, convened after long delay to ratify the treaty with the United Kingdom, which was a foregone conclusion.

A United Stated Geological Survey expedition was exploring the area around Glen Canyon.

First camp, Colorado River opposite mouth of Escalante River

In the "Hole in the Wall" looking toward Colorado

"Hole in the Wall" on west side of Colorado River six miles above the San Juan.

"Hole in the Wall" on west side of Colorado River six miles above San Juan River.

Sunday, August 28, 2022

Monday, August 28, 1922. The dawn of electronic advertising.

A.C.M. Co. Mill, Bonner Montana.  Copyright deposit, August 28, 1922

WEAF in New York City, a radio station owned by Western Electric, which itself was a subsidary of AT&T, ran the first radio commercial.  

The audio ad was for the newly opened Queensboro Apartments in Jackson Heights and ran for fifteen minutes.


The military funeral of Michael Collins was held.  It had massive public turnout.

The terrible mine disaster in California hit the front page of the Casper newspaper.


Prohibition's prospects in Sweden and Mexico were also noted.


Unusually casually dressed man photographed on this day in front of a Navy seaplane.

.
Horse on this day at the Washington Animal Rescue.

Treasury watchtower, photographed on this day.

Page 8 of the same newspaper noted above was advertising suits for boys now that school was back in session.


It'd be a rare kid who'd dress like that at school today.  For that matter, nobody would have dressed like that when I was a kid.

The same page was advertising housing to the refinery workers next to the refinery.

See Ben Realty continued to exist up until just a few years ago.
 

Monday, August 22, 2022

Tuesday, August 22, 1922. Michael Colllins Killed.

Boston Post via Wikipedia..

Michael Collins, a principal architect of the frankly terrorist strategy of the Irish Republicans, and now Commander In Chief of the Irish Free State's army, was ambushed and gunned down at Béal na Bláth.

Collins' body in the hospital.

With the Irish Civil War seemingly winding down, the former guerilla leader, was touring the country inspecting regions which the Irish Free State had regained control of.  His trip on this occasion, through IRA stronghold Cork, was advised against, but Collins, perhaps being fatalistic, and having survived numerous prior attempts on his life, went ahead anyway.  Along the way his party stopped at Long's Pub and asked directions of a man standing at the crossroads who turned out to be an IRA sentry who recognized Collins. An ambush was set up for his return trip to Cork City.

When the ambush occurred, the Free State commander for the county ordered the convoy forward, but Collins, demonstrating a poor understanding of the proper tactics when ambushed, ordered the convoy stopped to fight the ambushers.  Collins was supposedly killed in the engagement by Denis "Sonny" O'Neill, a former Britsh Army sniper, not without irony as O'Neill had obviously answered the United Kingdom's call when Collins had opposed it.  Indeed, O'Neill had previously been a member of the Royal Irish Constabulary before the war.

There is some doubt, however, about this version of events, however, as O'Neill, while regarded as a fine shot, had been wounded in action in 1918 and made a prisoner of the Germans.  He was unable to resume employment with the Constabulary due to his injuries and was regarded as disabled at the time.  He was, however, granted a captain's military pension under DeValera's government in the 1940s.

Given all of this, and even at the time, conspiracy theories abound as to who actually killed Collins.

Whoever did, Collins' while widely admired, provides an example of living by the sword and dying by it.  Collins, more than any other man, was the architect of modern terrorist warfare.  He may have died a leader of a conventional army, but his most notable success was not as the leader of one.

Another view with more biographical details:

August 22, 1922: The Assassination of Michael Collins


Sunday, August 21, 2022

Monday, August 21, 1922. Parabellum.

Prior to World War One, the Plattsburg Movement had seen thousands of men, mostly on the East Coast, sign up for voluntary military training as civilians.  After the war a real resentment of the war itself set in, but enough of the spirit of that movement must have remained that some activities of that type continued on.  Here we see photos from a Civilian Military Training Camp at Ft. Meade, that also passed in review in Washington D.C. on this day.  It drew Pershing and President Harding.











 

Regarding the recent war, French Prime Minister Raymond Poincare stated that France would not accept a moratorium on German reparations unless Germany's mines and national forests were placed in Allied hands during the same.

George Bernard Saw was quoted in the Chicago Tribune regarding the Irish Civil War, stating:

Everyone in Ireland is tired of the present political situation. I don't know what Éamon de Valera and Erskine Childers are after. When popular opinion turned against them they should have accepted the popular verdict and then tried to convert the Irish people to their views

Sunday, August 14, 2022

Monday, August 14, 1922. The Shipping Board.

In London, a conference between Weimar Germany and the United Kingdom about adjusting the German reparations, which was horrifying the French, broke off without results.

The IRA took Dundalk.   Following the fall of Cork, the IRA's campaign had reverted to a guerilla campaign.

A packed lunch and later dinner for 48 people at Loch Marie hotel in Scotland inflected the diners with botulism from canned duck paste.  Eight would ultimately die from the disease.  All of those who died had sandwiches made from the duck paste.

It's stories like this that have always freaked me out about home canning.

Hebrew, Arabic, and English were designated as the official languages in Palestine.

President Harding's Shipping Board was headed to a conference, giving us a glimpse into regular men's ware of the period.


It was summer, and therefore warm, which explains the straw boater hat.  Nonetheless, this fellow was otherwise wearing a three piece suit.

Note the watch chain.


Another three piece suit, but this fellow has an early version of a fedora that he's carrying.  Note the watch chain yet again.

Also, this fellow has rimless glasses, but they're the old style with the bridge that rested on the nose.  I.e, no nose pieces.



Dressed for traveling, and with a suit that's a bit rumply, this fellow has opted for a wool newsboy cap, something I wear in the winter myself, but not in the summer.  Also a three piece suit and he also has a watch chain.

We'll throw in this Army aviator whose photo was taken the same day for an unrelated reason.



Lt. Paul Wilkins in the uniform of that period.

The Semi Centennial Geyser erupted in Yellowstone.