Showing posts with label 1901. Show all posts
Showing posts with label 1901. Show all posts

Saturday, April 4, 2026

Thursday, April 4, 1901. Zulus in action.

Mankulumana, chief adviser to Dinuzulu, king of the Zulu nation, led newly armed Zulu troops to assist the British Army against the Boers in the Vryheid district of the South African Republic.

Last edition:

Tuesday, April 2, 1901. News Carver meets his end.

Thursday, April 2, 2026

Tuesday, April 2, 1901. News Carver meets his end.

The United Kingdom extended the military court system over Boer guerillas.

The British were turning increasingly desperate, and harsh, in their effort to put down the ongoing resistance of Boer Bitter Enders.

William Carver of the Wild Bunch was killed in Jack Owens' Bakery in Sonora, Texas, by Sheriff E. S. "Lige" Briant and his deputies while attempting to effect an arrest for suspicion of murder.

Carver was one of the individuals in the famous Fort Worth portrait from 1900 and went by the nickname "News".

Last edition:

Monday, April 1, 1901. Aguinaldo consents.


Wednesday, April 1, 2026

Monday, April 1, 1901. Aguinaldo consents.

Emilio Aguinaldo, Prisoner of War and formerly the president of the Philippine Republic, signed an oath of allegiance to the United States.

General Leonard Wood, the American military governor of Cuba, refused to certify the selection of Alfredo Zayas y Alfonso as the Mayor of Havana in spite of his having been chosen by the city council in a 12–10 vote.

Scottish laborers walked off the job seeking an eight hour day.

British Governor of Northern Nigeria Sir Frederick Lugard outlawed the future purchase or sale of slaves, the return of a runaway slave to his master.

Currently enslaved people and concubines were not freed and could continue to be sold.

It was Holy Monday on the new calendar.

Last edition:

Saturday, March 30, 1901. Boer captures.

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Monday, March 30, 2026

Saturday, March 30, 1901. Boer captures.


The Saturday Evening Post anticipated Easter.

The British Army captured Boer Commandant Joachim Prinsloo at Standarton.  Boer Commandant Engelbrecht surrendered in South Africa.

Last edition:

Tuesday, March 2, 2021

So, circling back to our focus, timewise, in 1916, when troops were being called up and deployed for the Punitive Expedition (was Lex Anteinternet: The Military and Alcohol. U.S. Army Beer 1943-1946). . .

what was the situation?
The law of the Officer's Club at Ft. Meyer, VA, being mowed by a mule drawn lawn mower.  This photo dates from early in the 20th Century at which time Congress had technically made the sale of alcohol illegal on Army bases, but at which point the Army chose to define beer and wine as not being excluded.

This follows from this post here:
Lex Anteinternet: The Military and Alcohol. U.S. Army Beer 1943-1946: Patrons of a bar and grill in Washington D.C. in 1943.  The man on the left is drinking a glass of beer, and it appears the woman is as well...
Let me explain.

In 1982 when I was stationed as a recruit at Ft. Sill, Oklahoma, there came a time when us boots could go to the 1-2-3 Club, a sort of combination cheap fast food/beer/high school hangout, type club.  It wasn't great, but if you had nowhere else to go, and we had nowhere else to go, it was okay*.  

The 1-2-3 Club had 3.2% beer, which I guess actually no longer is brewed by anyone, save perhaps by Guinness, as draft Guinness is only 3%.  Nobody brews it in the context of its earlier days, in which it was brewed in order to comply with certain laws. It's history goes back to 1933 as Prohibition was being repealed.  Prohibition never completely dried up the supply of legal alcohol, contrary to what people imagine it did.  Alcohol remained legal for "medicinal" purposes and extremely low alcohol beer, i.e., "Near Beer" was legal.  In 1933, prior to Prohibition being officially repealed, the legal alcohol limit for beer was increased up to 3.2%.  

Following the end of Prohibition, some states restricted beer sales based on the 3.2% amount, and Oklahoma was one of them.  Generally, if you were below a certain age you could buy 3.2%.  You couldn't buy beer with a higher alcohol content than that.  This was, of course before "Light Beer", which generally has around 4% ABV.  Coors, which is pretty light to start with, introduced Light Beer prior to World War Two, far earlier than many people might suppose, and relaunched it in 1978.  Millers Lite actually came out in 1967, prior to the Coors relaunch, but as Gablingers Diet Beer, a market name doomed to failure. The recipe was later sold to Millers.

I never really did grasp why Coors would market light beer.  Coors is pretty light to start with and there were already all those 3.2% beers around.  Oh well, my view obviously isn't the clever marketing one, as light beers became a pretty big deal.

Anyhow, in 1982 you could buy 3.2% beer at the 1-2-3 Club on Ft. Sill, or 3.2% beer downtown in Lawton, Oklahoma.  Obviously, Ft. Sill also had a NCO Club, or clubs, and an Officer's Club, or clubs.

Camp Guernsey had a NCO Club and an Officers Club as well.  Camp Humphreys, Korea had them as well and I had a nice bulgogi there for lunch while there.

I guess this is somewhat of a thing of the past now, to my surprise.  The Army has completely done away with Officers Clubs and now there are unitized clubs.  Privates can go to the same club that officers can, although 1-2-3 Clubs remain.  Without knowing for sure, I suspect that not only is the culture of such clubs now radically different, but probably a lot of more senior officers and NCOs rarely show up at the club.  This is part of the current culture in which we do not wish to recognize any differences at all in the social status of anyone, but frankly, I think this likely a mistake, although one reflecting the current military culture.   The current military is small compared to the giant Cold War Army that followed the giant World War Two Army, and its much more selective than its been at any prior point in history.  There are certainly problems in the current U.S. military, to be sure, but one current feature of it is that the up and out and selective nature of it means that the guys were sort of fit the definition of a "working man" that were sung about by Tennessee Ernie Ford aren't really in the service anymore.  That may have some negative aspects to it as well, but its a fact.  Anyhow, given the current make up of the currently fairly small army, the traditional separation in all things between enlisted men and officers has been much reduced and the clubs are gone.

So what was the situation in 1916?

Starting in 1890, about the time that the temperance movement was really gaining cultural steam, the Army banned the sale of hard alcohol at military posts that were located in areas that had Prohibition. So, for example, if you were stationed in a county that was dry, the Army post was as well, sort of.  The Army barred the sale only of hard alcohol, so beer and wine was still sold and you could still consume them at the post canteen.

In 1901, however, Congress entered the picture with the Canteen Act of 1901 which prohibited the sale of any intoxicating beverage including beer and wine.  This was pretty clearly intended to make all alcoholic beverages a thing of the past on post, but in practice the Army simply chose to define "intoxicating" beverages to mean those having a pretty stout alcohol content.  So, once again, no Kentucky bourbon on post, but beer was probably okay.  

This continued to be the practice up  until May 18, 1917, when the Selective Service Act stretched the military prohibition beyond the base to include a five mile alcohol exclusion zone and, moreover, it was made a crime to sell alcohol to a uniformed soldier anywhere.  Congress, recalling the end run the Army did with the 1901 act, defined "intoxicating" to be anything containing 1.4% alcohol or more, a very low threshold.

To complete the story, when Prohibition ended the 1901 statute remained in effect and the Army, at this point, continued to enforce the 1.4% limit.  Halfway through the Second World War, however, the Army changed this allowed 3.2%, the figure that had been created earlier when Prohibition was lifted.  This standard remained in place until 1953 when a legal ruling determined that the entire Canteen Act of 1901 had been repealed by the 1951 amendments to the Universal Military Training and Selective Service Act.

So, going back to our query about 1916, in 1916 a soldier stationed almost anywhere in the U.S. was probably able to buy beer at the post canteen.  Beyond the post fence, there would have undoubtedly been saloons catering to soldiers that sold everything.  The scene of a night of leave in 1941 Honolulu depicted in From Here To Eternity in that regard was likely pretty accurate on occasion.  And at that point, in some of the US, the "saloon trade" was unrestricted.  Having said that, in some locations Prohibition had already come in.

Footnotes

*There were other places to go, to be sure. Ft. Sill had a swimming pool open to privates, but I never went there.  The one time I had on base free time when we could have gone, I had a horrible case of progressing pneumonia and no interest in going to a pool.

I did once go to the library, as odd as that may seem, simply because I was sort of tired of the intellectual quality of my stay at Ft. Sill and because I hoped it to be quiet.  It was quiet, and very nice.  I looked like a fish out of water there, however, and I simultaneously froze and fell asleep there.  The freezing due to my having acclimated to the 100F+ Oklahoma summers and the sleep due to simply being exhausted. 

Tuesday, March 27, 2001

Wednesday, March 27, 1901. Surrenders on Mindanao.

General Nicolas Capistrano, leader of the Philippine army on Mindanao, surrendered to U.S. Army General William Kobbé, after Captain John J. Pershing arranged the meeting.  


Gen. Capistrano.

Gen. Capistrano was a successful lawyer in civilian life who would go on to a successful post war career in that field and in politics.  Interestingly, he faded from public view after 1920 and the later details of his life, including the date of his death, are unknown. 

Zulu warriors were armed in the Nqutu and Nkandhla districts of Zululand and placed under British command in a situation that effectively made them partisan rangers.

Secretary of the Navy John Davis Long terminated orders for the USS New York to use force against Morocco to enforce private American claims to property.  The ship was redirected to the Philippines.

Last edition:

Monday, March 25, 1901. Arming the Zulus.

Sunday, March 25, 2001

Monday, March 25, 1901. Arming the Zulus.

Zululand was placed under martial law and orders given to supply the Zulus north of the Thukela with arms and ammunition in defense against the Boers.

Birmingham was hit by a devastating tornado.


Last edition:

Saturday, March 23, 1901. Capturing Aguinaldo.

Friday, March 23, 2001

Saturday, March 23, 1901. Capturing Aguinaldo.


A small part of troops, including Filipino collaborators, captured Emilio Aguinaldo after deploying a ruse causing the collaborators to be admitted into Aguinaldo's camp.

The insurrection was already winding down, but Aguinaldo's capture would accelerate that.

Russia chose not to enforce a law which conscripted protesting students, which indeed would have been a bad move.  

A law requiring the conscription of military age politicians and their children in the even of armed conflict lasing more than a week, however, would be a great idea.

France banned the sale of alcohol in overseas military posts.

Last edition:

Thursday, March 21, 1901. Surrenders on Panay.

Wednesday, March 21, 2001

Thursday, March 21, 1901. Surrenders on Panay.

 Philippine Insurrectionist on Panay began to surrender under orders from Ananías Diokno.

The RRS Discovery, a British National Antarctic Expedition ship was launched.  She was the last wooden three masted ship to be built in the United Kingdom.

Nikola Tesla applied for the patent for "Apparatus for the Utilization of Radiant Energy" that being "a machine to capture the sun's cosmic rays and turn them into electricity".

Maine adopted a flag.


Last edition:

Wednesday, March 20, 1901. Selbsttäuschung

Tuesday, March 20, 2001

Wednesday, March 20, 1901. Selbsttäuschung

Engaging in a massive act of self delusion on behalf of the German Navy, Hubert von Rebeur-Paschwitz accompanied the ship SMS Vineta to Boston to scout out possible German landing sites for an American invasion.


He's serve after the Great War as the Kaiser Wilhelm II's adjutant until retiring.  He died at age 69 in 1933.

Last edition:

Saturday, March 16, 1901. Boers reject British surrender terms.

Friday, March 16, 2001

Saturday, March 16, 1901. Boers reject British surrender terms.

Louis Botha informed Lord Kitchener of the Boer rejection of British peace terms.  The sticking points were British demands that blacks receive full citizenship and a rejection of full amnesty to Boer Leaders in the Cape Colony.

Gen. Mariano Trias surrendered to the U.S in the Philippines.

It was a Saturday.




Last edition:

Friday, March 15, 1901. U.S. troops out of Beijing, Ballie Crutchfield murdered.

Thursday, March 15, 2001

Friday, March 15, 1901. U.S. troops out of Beijing, Ballie Crutchfield murdered.

American troops were ordered to withdraw from Beijing as the Boxer Rebellion was over, and we aren't an imperialist power.

African American woman Ballie Crutchfield was lynched as the mob could not find her brother, whom they wished to.

Her brother was sought in regard to a matter over the ownership of a wallet.  Ms. Crutchfield was seized, shot in the back of the head, and thrown in a creek.  No one was arrested for her murder.

The first Van Gogh retrospective was given for the late artist.

I'll be frank, I'm not that much of a Van Gogh fan.

Last edition:

Wednesday, March 13, 1901 Death of Harrison, Carnegie starts funding libraries.

Tuesday, March 13, 2001

Wednesday, March 13, 1901 Death of Harrison, Carnegie starts funding libraries.

Former President Benjamin Harrison, 1889 to 1893, died at age 67 from pneumonia.

Harrison in 1896, age 62, at which time he already looked like he was in his mid 70s by contemporary standards.

Harrison was a lawyer and a farmer, and served as a Union General during the Civil War.

In reply to an inquiry by Admiral Otto von Diederichs, and at the request of Kaiser Wilhelm, Field Marshal Alfred von Schlieffen sent his calculations for the force necessary to invade and defeat the United States.

He calculated it would take over 200,000 men even to get started, and still a lot more than that.

His reply was not well received.

Andrew Carnegie, who had just sold his stock in Carnegie Steel, commenced on his funding of libraries.

The Arizona Rangers were established.

Last edition:

Tuesday, March 12, 1901. No aid.

Monday, March 12, 2001

Tuesday, March 12, 1901. No aid.

Almost all black African residents of Cape Town, South Africa, were forcibly removed by orders of John Gregory, the Chief Medical Officer of Britain's Cape Colony, for the ostensible purpose of controlling an outbreak of the bubonic plague and quarantined at the Matiland Plague Hospital at Uitvlugt.

The Russian Writers' Union for Mutual Aid was ordered permanently disbanded by Dmitry Sipyagin, the Minister of Internal Affairs, after officers of the group had participated in a political demonstration a week earlier.

Have you heard Trump's comments about the press?

Last edition:

Monday, March 11, 1901. Tourism and Hawaii.

Sunday, March 11, 2001

Monday, March 11, 1901. Tourism and Hawaii.

The era of major tourist hotels started in Hawaii, when the Moana Hotel opened on Waikiki Beach.

The hotel remains in business today.

Cpt. Ralph Van Deman started identity files for Filipino persons of interest, starting what is a basic intelligence methods.  He'd go on to become the director of the United States Department of War's Military Intelligence Section.  During World War Two, as a civilian, he was an ardent opponent of Japanese internment.

The tanker Atlas departed from Port Arthur, Texas, with 3,000 barrels of crude oil from the Spindletop oil fields, bound for the Standard Oil refineries in Philadelphia, marking the first shipments of Texas oil.

The United Kingdom rejected the Hay–Pauncefote Treaty, as amended by the United States Senate, because the Senate voted to fortify any canal built across Central America between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Last edition:

Sunday, March 10, 1901. Blood rain.

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Saturday, March 10, 2001

Friday, March 9, 2001

Saturday, March 9, 1901. Tolstoy excommunicated.

The Russian Orthodox Church excommunicated Leo Tolstoy.  It was deserved, given his adoption of unconventional religious views.

The Oldsmobile plant was destroyed in a fire, which oddly enough would benefit the company as it was forced to rely on purchased parts, rather than manufacturing all of their own parts, massively dropping the price of their automobiles.

March 9, 1901 – Olds Motor Vehicle Co. prototypes destroyed in fire

Last edition:

Friday, February 8, 1901. Russian overreach.

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